Model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for time–frequency analysis of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors

Joint time–frequency analysis is an emerging method for interpreting the underlying physics in fuel cells,batteries,and supercapacitors.To increase the reliability of time–frequency analysis,a theoretical correlation between frequency-domain stationary analysis and time-domain transient analysis is urgently required.The present work formularizes a thorough model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for electrochemical energy devices involving not only the model reduction from fractional-order models to integer-order models and from high-to low-order RC circuits but also insight into the evolution of the characteristic time constants during the whole reduction process.The following work has been carried out:(i)the model-reduction theory is addressed for typical Warburg elements and RC circuits based on the continued fraction expansion theory and the response error minimization technique,respectively;(ii)the order effect on the model reduction of typical Warburg elements is quantitatively evaluated by time–frequency analysis;(iii)the results of time–frequency analysis are confirmed to be useful to determine the reduction order in terms of the kinetic information needed to be captured;and(iv)the results of time–frequency analysis are validated for the model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for lithium-ion batteries,supercapacitors,and solid oxide fuel cells.In turn,the numerical validation has demonstrated the powerful function of the joint time–frequency analysis.The thorough model reduction of fractional impedance spectra addressed in the present work not only clarifies the relationship between time-domain transient analysis and frequency-domain stationary analysis but also enhances the reliability of the joint time–frequency analysis for electrochemical energy devices.

Mechanism of inflammatory response and therapeutic effects of stem cells in ischemic stroke:current evidence and future perspectives

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide,with an increasing trend and tendency for onset at a younger age.China,in particular,bears a high burden of stroke cases.In recent years,the inflammatory response after stroke has become a research hotspot:understanding the role of inflammatory response in tissue damage and repair following ischemic stroke is an important direction for its treatment.This review summarizes several major cells involved in the inflammatory response following ischemic stroke,including microglia,neutrophils,monocytes,lymphocytes,and astrocytes.Additionally,we have also highlighted the recent progress in various treatments for ischemic stroke,particularly in the field of stem cell therapy.Overall,understanding the complex interactions between inflammation and ischemic stroke can provide valuable insights for developing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.Stem cell therapy may potentially become an important component of ischemic stroke treatment.

Therapeutic utility of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells-based approaches in pulmonary diseases:Recent advancements and prospects

Pulmonary diseases across all ages threaten millions of people and have emerged as one of the major public health issues worldwide.For diverse disease con-ditions,the currently available approaches are focused on alleviating clinical symptoms and delaying disease progression but have not shown significant therapeutic effects in patients with lung diseases.Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSCs)isolated from the human UC have the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation.Moreover,in recent years,these cells have been demonstrated to have unique advantages in the treatment of lung diseases.We searched the Public Clinical Trial Database and found 55 clinical trials involving UC-MSC therapy for pulmonary diseases,including coronavirus disease 2019,acute respiratory distress syndrome,bron-chopulmonary dysplasia,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and pulmonary fibrosis.In this review,we summarize the characteristics of these registered clinical trials and relevant published results and explore in depth the challenges and opportunitiesfaced in clinical application.Moreover,the underlying mole-cular mechanisms involved in UC-MSC-based therapy for pulmonary diseases are also analyzed in depth.In brief,this comprehensive review and detailed analysis of these clinical trials can be expected to provide a scientific reference for future large-scale clinical application.

Pectolinarin inhibited LPS-stimulated inflammation in microglial BV_(2) cells via NF-κB signaling pathway

Background:Neuro-inflammation is regarded as one of the critical pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases,which is characterized by the activated microglial cells.Pectolinarin(Pec),a natural flavonoid that exists in many Chinese herbal medicines,has been reported to have various biological activities.However,the effects and mechanisms on neuro-inflammation are not clear.Methods:In this study,the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of Pec on neuro-inflammation were investigated in the LPS-stimulated microglial BV_(2) cells.BV_(2) microglial cells were treated with Pec or vehicle,followed by LPS.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,real-time quantitative PCR,nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species assay,and western blot were performed to examine the effects of Pec on neuro-inflammatory responses.Results:We showed that Pec significantly inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factorαand interleukin 6 in mRNA and protein levels induced by LPS.Moreover,the production of nitric oxide,iNOS,reactive oxygen species,and COX-2 were suppressed by Pec in LPS-stimulated microglial BV_(2) cells.In addition,Pec inhibited LPS-induced inflammation via nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway,as evidenced by the reduction of the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase,the degradation of IκBα,and the nuclear translocation of p65.Conclusion:Taken together,Pec exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated microglial BV_(2) cells via nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway,which might provide therapeutic potential for neuro-inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.

Fe-N-C core-shell catalysts with single low-spin Fe(Ⅱ)-N_(4)species for oxygen reduction reaction and high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Fe-N-doped carbon materials(Fe-N-C)are promising candidates for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)relative to Pt-based catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs).However,the intrinsic contributions of Fe-N_(4)moiety with different chemical/spin states(e.g.D1,D2,D3)to ORR are unclear since various states coexist inevitably.In the present work,Fe-N-C core-shell nanocatalyst with single lowspin Fe(Ⅱ)-N_(4)species(D1)is synthesized and identified with ex-situ ultralow temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy(T=1.6 K)that could essentially differentiate various Fe-N_(4)states and invisible Fe-O species.By quantifying with CO-pulse chemisorption,site density and turnover frequency of Fe-N-C catalysts reach 2.4×10^(-9)site g^(-1)and 23 e site~(-1)s^(-1)during the ORR,respectively.Half-wave potential(0.915V_(RHE))of the Fe-N-C catalyst is more positive(approximately 54 mV)than that of Pt/C.Moreover,we observe that the performance of PEMFCs on Fe-N-C almost achieves the 2025 target of the US Department of Energy by demonstrating a current density of 1.037 A cm^(-2)combined with the peak power density of 0,685 W cm^(-2),suggesting the critical role of Fe(Ⅱ)-N_(4)site(D1).After 500 h of running,PEMFCs still deliver a power density of 1.26 W cm^(-2)at 1.0 bar H_(2)-O_(2),An unexpected rate-determining step is figured out by isotopic labelling experiment and theoretical calculation.This work not only offers valuable insights regarding the intrinsic contribution of Fe-N_(4)with a single spin state to alkaline/acidic ORR,but also provides great opportunities for developing high-performance stable PEMFCs.

混合联肢PEC墙结构简化力学分析模型及承载力计算

为克服钢筋混凝土墙肢底部易发生脆性破坏的缺点,提高联肢剪力墙结构的抗震性能,采用PEC剪力墙肢代替混合联肢剪力墙结构中的钢筋混凝土剪力墙肢,形成新型混合联肢PEC墙结构.通过改变钢连梁截面尺寸、PEC墙肢宽厚比以及楼层数形成3个系列共8个模型,研究了弹性耦连比和改变弹性耦连比的方式对混合联肢PEC墙结构滞回性能和应力分布的影响.结果表明:各个系列模型滞回曲线均饱满而稳定,未出现明显捏缩现象,证明混合联肢PEC墙结构抗震性能好、耗能能力强,适用于高烈度抗震设防地区;与已有联肢墙结构研究成果一致,弹性耦连比是影响混合联肢PEC墙结构整体性能的主要因素,并不会因为实现方式不同而影响结构应力分布规律;为保证结构达极限承载能力状态时各层钢连梁均发生剪切屈服并充分发展塑性,同时避免受拉侧墙肢发生延性较差的小偏心受拉破坏,应控制弹性耦连比小于等于70%;基于有限元模型分析结果,探讨了混合联肢PEC墙结构受力机理,建立了结构简化力学分析模型,给出了极限承载力计算公式;试验及有限元模型分析结果与理论计算结果误差在15%以内,且均为理论值偏低,证明本文提出的混合联肢PEC墙结构极限承载力计算公式精度较高且偏于安全,可用于计算结构极限承载力.

Neural stem cells for Parkinson’s disease management:Challenges,nanobased support,and prospects

Parkinson’s disease(PD),characterized by loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons,is one of the most predominant neurodegenerative diseases affecting the elderly population worldwide.The concept of stem cell therapy in managing neurodegenerative diseases has evolved over the years and has recently rapidly progressed.Neural stem cells(NSCs)have a few key features,including selfrenewal,proliferation,and multipotency,which make them a promising agent targeting neurodegeneration.It is generally agreed that challenges for NSC-based therapy are present at every stage of the transplantation process,including preoperative cell preparation and quality control,perioperative procedures,and postoperative graft preservation,adherence,and overall therapy success.In this review,we provided a comprehensive,careful,and critical discussion of experimental and clinical data alongside the pros and cons of NSC-based therapy in PD.Given the state-of-the-art accomplishments of stem cell therapy,gene therapy,and nanotechnology,we shed light on the perspective of complementing the advantages of each process by developing nano-stem cell therapy,which is currently a research hotspot.Although various obstacles and challenges remain,nano-stem cell therapy holds promise to cure PD,however,continuous improvement and development from the stage of laboratory experiments to the clinical application are necessary.

Neurotoxicity mechanism of aconitine in HT22 cells studied by microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry

Aconitine,a common and main toxic component of Aconitum,is toxic to the central nervous system.However,the mechanism of aconitine neurotoxicity is not yet clear.In this work,we had the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids can trigger excitotoxicity as a pointcut to explore the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by aconitine.HT22 cells were simulated by aconitine and the changes of target cell metabolites were real-time online investigated based on a microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry system.Meanwhile,to confirm the metabolic mechanism of aconitine toxicity on HT22 cells,the levels of lactate dehydrogenase,intracellular Ca^(2+),reactive oxygen species,glutathione and superoxide dismutase,and ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein were detected by molecular biotechnology.Integration of the detected results revealed that neurotoxicity induced by aconitine was associated with the process of excitotoxicity caused by glutamic acid and aspartic acid,which was followed by the accumulation of lactic acid and reduction of glucose.The surge of extracellular glutamic acid could further lead to a series of cascade reactions including intracellular Ca^(2+)overload and oxidative stress,and eventually result in cell apoptosis.In general,we illustrated a new mechanism of aconitine neurotoxicity and presented a novel analysis strategy that real-time online monitoring of cell metabolites can provide a new approach to mechanism analysis.

T形PEC柱抗震性能的数值模拟分析

利用ABAQUS软件对14个T形PEC柱进行低周反复加载模拟,分析不同参数对T形PEC柱抗震性能的影响规律。结果表明:T形PEC柱的滞回曲线呈饱满的平行四边形,且刚度退化稳定,耗能能力和延性良好;提高混凝土强度等级虽然可增大柱的初始刚度,但混凝土强度等级过高则会导致柱的延性降低,刚度退化加剧,抗震性能降低;在T形PEC柱内设置横向拉杆,且将x方向和z方向的横向拉杆相互焊接,有利于对混凝土形成套箍作用从而提高柱的抗震性能,但拉杆间距不宜大于150 mm;在T形PEC柱的两侧阴角处分别设置1根纵筋并将其与横向拉杆绑定后形成钢筋笼,能够明显的改善柱的抗震性能。

MXenes for perovskite solar cells:Progress and prospects

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been developed over the past decade as the forefront of the state-of-theart photovoltaic technologies owing to their high efficiency and low cost,where nanostructured functional materials play key roles in performance optimization.As a versatile class of two-dimensional(2D)materials,transition metal carbides/nitrides MXenes have gained enormous attentions in PSCs since 2018 due to their superior properties such as excellent metallic conductivity,abundant surface functional groups,tunable work functions,high optical transparency,and mechanical robustness.The explorations of MXenes are of significance in performance promotion and commercialization expansion of devices.As such,this review focuses on the diversified advantages of MXenes,comprehensively summarizing their applications and developments in PSCs as additives,electron/hole transporting layers,interfacial engineering layers,and electrodes in sequence and explaining the relevant mechanisms behind.Simultaneously,the problems emerged from the related studies are considered and the corresponding suggestions like opening up the type of MXenes usage,taking further insight of the modulation of surface termination groups on Fermi levels,understanding the effect on energy level structures of perovskite or other functional layers,and realizing commercialization,etc.are provided for the future in-depth explorations.This review is intended to provide overall perspective of the current status of MXenes and highlight the direction for the future advancements in MXenes design and processes towards efficient,stable,large-area,and low-cost PSCs.

带PEC柱钢板剪力墙结构(弱轴连接)抗震性能有限元分析

为研究边缘柱为部分外包混凝土组合柱的钢板剪力墙结构(弱轴连接)的抗震性能,使用有限元软件ABAQUS完成1榀边缘柱为H型钢柱、5榀边缘柱为PEC柱的钢板剪力墙结构(弱轴连接)在循环荷载作用下的有限元数值模拟,得到结构的应力分布、破坏模式、滞回曲线、耗能性能、骨架曲线以及刚度退化曲线,并完成了1榀带PEC柱的钢板剪力墙结构(弱轴连接)的试验,验证了有限元模拟的正确性.分析表明在钢板剪力墙结构中(弱轴连接),将PEC柱作为剪力墙的边缘框架柱,同样可以很好的约束屈曲后的钢板剪力墙,使其充分发挥屈曲后的性能,显著提升整体结构的抗侧刚度、承载力以及耗能性能.

Over-expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed death-1 on antigen-presenting cells as a predictor of organ dysfunction and mortality during early sepsis: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to explore the changes of programmed death-ligand 1(PDL1)and programmed death-1(PD-1)expression on antigen-presenting cells(APCs)and evaluate their association with organ failure and mortality during early sepsis.METHODS:In total,40 healthy controls and 198 patients with sepsis were included in this study.Peripheral blood was collected within the first 24 h after the diagnosis of sepsis.The expression of PDL1 and PD-1 was determined on APCs,such as B cells,monocytes,and dendritic cells(DCs),by flow cytometry.Cytokines in plasma,such as interferon-γ(IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-4(IL-4),IL-6,IL-10,and IL-17A were determined by Luminex assay.RESULTS:PD-1 expression decreased significantly on B cells,monocytes,myeloid DCs(mDCs),and plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs)as the severity of sepsis increased.PD-1 expression was also markedly decreased in non-survivors compared with survivors.In contrast,PD-L1 expression was markedly higher on mDCs,pDCs,and monocytes in patients with sepsis than in healthy controls and in non-survivors than in survivors.The PD-L1 expression on APCs(monocytes and DCs)was weakly related to organ dysfunction and infl ammation.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)of the PD-1 percentage of monocytes(monocyte PD-1%)+APACHE II model(0.823)and monocyte PD-1%+SOFA model(0.816)had higher prognostic value than other parameters alone.Monocyte PD-1%was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality.CONCLUSION:The severity of sepsis was correlated with PD-L1 or PD-1 over-expression on APCs.PD-L1 in monocytes and DCs was weakly correlated with infl ammation and organ dysfunction during early sepsis.The combination of SOFA or APACHE II scores with monocyte PD-1%could improve the prediction ability for mortality.

PEC柱-钢梁摩擦耗能部分自复位组合框架抗震试验研究

为系统研究梁柱采用自复位连接组合框架的抗震机理,选取预拉杆长度设置、PEC柱截面强弱轴布置和柱脚连接方式3个设计参数,设计制作了4榀PEC柱-钢梁梁柱摩擦耗能部分自复位连接组合框架1∶2缩尺试件并进行拟静力抗震试验。通过试验现象观察和数据分析,对试件的滞回特性、抗侧刚度退化、复位能力、滞回耗能等抗震性能进行研究。结果表明:摩擦耗能部分自复位连接通过T形件长圆孔合理设置实现了“设计地震水平阶段实现复位,大震设计水平阶段自复位连接连接转化为伴随出现螺栓承压型受力实现部分自复位”的性能化设计目标;设计地震阶段,试件主要通过辅助摩擦耗能件耗能,且卸载残余侧移小于自复位结构侧移限值(0.3%),在大震作用阶段,试件通过辅助摩擦耗能件与结构构件损伤联合耗能,承载能力仍继续增大,且仍具有部分自复位能力;预拉杆设置有限长度可显著增强结构整体性,PEC柱弱轴布置一定程度上降低了结构整体性,而PEC柱脚采用铰接可显著削弱结构整体性。

Progress and perspective of single-atom catalysts for membrane electrode assembly of fuel cells

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that can continuously input fuel and oxidant into the device through an electrochemical reaction to release electrical energy.Although noble metals show good activity in fuel cell-related electrochemical reactions,their ever-increasing price considerably hinders their industrial application.Improvement of atom utilization efficiency is considered one of the most effective strategies to improve the mass activity of catalysts,and this allows for the use of fewer catalysts,saving greatly on the cost.Thus,single-atom catalysts(SACs)with an atom utilization efficiency of 100%have been widely developed,which show remarkable performance in fuel cells.In this review,we will describe recent progress on the development of SACs for membrane electrode assembly of fuel cell applications.First,we will introduce several effective routes for the synthesis of SACs.The reaction mechanism of the involved reactions will also be introduced as it is highly determinant of the final activity.Then,we will systematically summarize the application of Pt group metal(PGM)and nonprecious group metal(non-PGM)catalysts in membrane electrode assembly of fuel cells.This review will offer numerous experiences for developing potential industrialized fuel cell catalysts in the future.

Clinical application prospects and transformation value of dental follicle stem cells in oral and neurological diseases

Since dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)were first reported,six types of dental SCs(DSCs)have been isolated and identified.DSCs originating from the craniofacial neural crest exhibit dental-like tissue differentiation potential and neuroectodermal features.As a member of DSCs,dental follicle SCs(DFSCs)are the only cell type obtained at the early developing stage of the tooth prior to eruption.Dental follicle tissue has the distinct advantage of large tissue volume compared with other dental tissues,which is a prerequisite for obtaining a sufficient number of cells to meet the needs of clinical applications.Furthermore,DFSCs exhibit a significantly higher cell proliferation rate,higher colony-formation capacity,and more primitive and better anti-inflammatory effects than other DSCs.In this respect,DFSCs have the potential to be of great clinical significance and translational value in oral and neurological diseases,with natural advantages based on their origin.Lastly,cryopreservation preserves the biological properties of DFSCs and enables them to be used as off-shelf products for clinical applications.This review summarizes and comments on the properties,application potential,and clinical transformation value of DFSCs,thereby inspiring novel perspectives in the future treatment of oral and neurological diseases.

Metabolic and proteostatic differences in quiescent and active neural stem cells

Adult neural stem cells are neurogenesis progenitor cells that play an important role in neurogenesis.Therefore,neural regeneration may be a promising target for treatment of many neurological illnesses.The regenerative capacity of adult neural stem cells can be chara cterized by two states:quiescent and active.Quiescent adult neural stem cells are more stable and guarantee the quantity and quality of the adult neural stem cell pool.Active adult neural stem cells are chara cterized by rapid proliferation and differentiation into neurons which allow for integration into neural circuits.This review focuses on diffe rences between quiescent and active adult neural stem cells in nutrition metabolism and protein homeostasis.Furthermore,we discuss the physiological significance and underlying advantages of these diffe rences.Due to the limited number of adult neural stem cells studies,we refe rred to studies of embryonic adult neural stem cells or non-mammalian adult neural stem cells to evaluate specific mechanisms.

DMMIC derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for metabolite profiling of the glutathione anabolic pathway in esophageal cancer tissues and cells

In this work,a new pyrylium derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was developed for metabolite profiling of the glutathione anabolic pathway(GAP)in cancer tissues and cells.The pyrylium salt of 6,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl isochromenylium tetrafluoroborate(DMMIC)was used to label the amino group of metabolites,and a reductant of dithiothreitol(DTT)was employed to stabilize the thiol group.By combining DMMIC derivatization with LC-MS,it was feasible to quantify the 13 main metabolites on the GAP in complex biological samples,which had good linearity(R^(2)=0.99810.9999),precision(interday precision of 1.6%e19.0%and intraday precision of 1.4%e19.8%)and accuracy(83.4%-115.7%).Moreover,the recovery assessments in tissues(82.5%e107.3%)and in cells(98.1%e118.9%)with GSH-^(13)C2,^(15)N,and Cys-^(15)N demonstrated the reliability of the method in detecting tissues and cells.Following a methodological evaluation,the method was applied successfully to investigate difference in the GAP between the carcinoma and para-carcinoma tissues of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and the effect of p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde(CMSP)on the GAP in KYSE150 esophageal cancer cells.The results demonstrate that the developed method provides a promising new tool to elucidate the roles of GAP in physiological and pathological processes,which can contribute to research on drugs and diseases.

Prospects for the use of olfactory mucosa cells in bioprinting for the treatment of spinal cord injuries

The review focuses on the most important areas of cell therapy for spinal cord injuries.Olfactory mucosa cells are promising for transplantation.Obtaining these cells is safe for patients.The use of olfactory mucosa cells is effective in restoring motor function due to the remyelination and regeneration of axons after spinal cord injuries.These cells express neurotrophic factors that play an important role in the functional recovery of nerve tissue after spinal cord injuries.In addition,it is possible to increase the content of neurotrophic factors,at the site of injury,exogenously by the direct injection of neurotrophic factors or their delivery using gene therapy.The advantages of olfactory mucosa cells,in combination with neurotrophic factors,open up wide possibilities for their application in threedimensional and four-dimensional bioprinting technology treating spinal cord injuries.

The MORC2 p.S87L mutation reduces proliferation of pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with the spinal muscular atrophy-like phenotype by inhibiting proliferation-related signaling pathways

Mutations in the microrchidia CW-type zinc finger protein 2(MORC2)gene are the causative agent of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z(CMT2Z),and the hotspot mutation p.S87L is associated with a more seve re spinal muscular atrophy-like clinical phenotype.The aims of this study were to determine the mechanism of the severe phenotype caused by the MORC2 p.S87L mutation and to explore potential treatment strategies.Epithelial cells were isolated from urine samples from a spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)-like patient[MORC2 p.S87L),a CMT2Z patient[MORC2 p.Q400R),and a healthy control and induced to generate pluripotent stem cells,which were then differentiated into motor neuron precursor cells.Next-generation RNA sequencing followed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes involved in the PI3K/Akt and MAP K/ERK signaling pathways were enriched in the p.S87L SMA-like patient group and were significantly downregulated in induced pluripotent stem cells.Reduced proliferation was observed in the induced pluripotent stem cells and motor neuron precursor cells derived from the p.S87L SMA-like patient group compared with the CMT2Z patient group and the healthy control.G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest was observed in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the p.S87L SMA-like patient.MORC2 p.S87Lspecific antisense oligonucleotides(p.S87L-ASO-targeting)showed significant efficacy in improving cell prolife ration and activating the PI3K/Akt and MAP K/ERK pathways in induced pluripotent stem cells.Howeve r,p.S87L-ASO-ta rgeting did not rescue prolife ration of motor neuron precursor cells.These findings suggest that downregulation of the PI3K/Akt and MAP K/ERK signaling pathways leading to reduced cell proliferation and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in induced pluripotent stem cells might be the underlying mechanism of the severe p.S87L SMA-like phenotype.p.S87L-ASO-targeting treatment can alleviate disordered cell proliferation in the early stage of pluripotent stem cell induction.

Tissue-specific cancer stem/progenitor cells:Therapeutic implications

Surgical resection,chemotherapy,and radiation are the standard therapeutic modalities for treating cancer.These approaches are intended to target the more mature and rapidly dividing cancer cells.However,they spare the relatively quiescent and intrinsically resistant cancer stem cells(CSCs)subpopulation residing within the tumor tissue.Thus,a temporary eradication is achieved and the tumor bulk tends to revert supported by CSCs'resistant features.Based on their unique expression profile,the identification,isolation,and selective targeting of CSCs hold great promise for challenging treatment failure and reducing the risk of cancer recurrence.Yet,targeting CSCs is limited mainly by the irrelevance of the utilized cancer models.A new era of targeted and personalized anti-cancer therapies has been developed with cancer patient-derived organoids(PDOs)as a tool for establishing pre-clinical tumor models.Herein,we discuss the updated and presently available tissue-specific CSC markers in five highly occurring solid tumors.Additionally,we highlight the advantage and relevance of the threedimensional PDOs culture model as a platform for modeling cancer,evaluating the efficacy of CSC-based therapeutics,and predicting drug response in cancer patients.