Elimination of GGTA1,CMAH,β4GalNT2 and CIITA genes in pigs compromises human versus pig xenogeneic immune reactions

Background:Pig organ xenotransplantation is a potential solution for the severe organ shortage in clinic,while immunogenic genes need to be eliminated to improve the immune compatibility between humans and pigs.Current knockout strategies are mainly aimed at the genes causing hyperacute immune rejection(HAR)that occurs in the first few hours while adaptive immune reactions orchestrated by CD4 T cell thereafter also cause graft failure,in which process the MHCⅡmolecule plays critical roles.Methods:Thus,we generate a 4-gene(GGTA1,CMAH,β4GalNT2,and CIITA)knockout pig by CRISPR/Cas9 and somatic cell nuclear transfer to compromise HAR and CD4 T cell reactions simultaneously.Results:We successfully obtained 4KO piglets with deficiency in all alleles of genes,and at cellular and tissue levels.Additionally,the safety of our animals after gene editing was verified by using whole-genome sequencing and karyotyping.Piglets have survived for more than one year in the barrier,and also survived for more than 3 months in the conventional environment,suggesting that the piglets without MHCⅡcan be raised in the barrier and then gradually mated in the conventional environment.Conclusions:4KO piglets have lower immunogenicity,are safe in genomic level,and are easier to breed than the model with both MHCⅠandⅡdeletion.

基于Delphi+Excel2000制作复杂报表

利用Dephi来操作Excel应用程序中的workbooks ,worksheets和cells等对象 ,来研究制作复杂报表的方法 ,取得了较好的效果 ,该方法方便灵活 ,增强了Excel处理表格的能力 .

Influence of phosphoric anions on oxygen reduction reaction activity of platinum, and strategies to inhibit phosphoric anion adsorption

Nation-membrane-based proton exchange fuel cells （PEMFCs） typically operate at below 100 ℃. However, H3PO4-doped polybenzimidazole （PBI）-based PEMFCs can operate at 100-200 ℃. This is advantageous because of accelerated reaction rates and enhanced tolerance to poisons such as CO and S02, which can arise from reformed gas or the atmosphere. However, the strong adsorption of phosphoric anions on the Pt surface dramatically decreases the electrocatalytic activity. This study exploits the ＂third-body effect＂, in which a small amount of organic molecules are pre-adsorbed on the Pt surface to inhibit the adsorption of phosphoric anions. Pre-adsorbate species inhibit the ad- sorption of phosphoric anions, but can also partially occlude active sites. Thus, the optimum pre-adsorbate coverage is studied by correlating the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） activity of Pt with pre-adsorbate coverage on the Pt surface. The influence of the pre-adsorbate molecule length is investigated using the organic amines, butylamine, octylamine, and dodecylamine, in both 0.1 mol/L HCI04 and 0.1 mol/L H3P04. Such amines readily bond to the Pt surface. In aqueous HCI04 electrolyte, the ORR activity of Pt decreases monotonically with increasing pre-adsorbate coverage. In aqueous H3P04 electrolyte, the ORR activity of Pt initially increases and then decreases with in- creasing pre-adsorbate coverage. The maximum ORR activity in H3P04 occurs at a pre-adsorbate coverage of around 20%. The effect of molecular length of the pre-adsorbate is negligible, but its coverage strongly affects the degree to which phosphoric anion adsorption is inhibited. Butylamine adsorbs to Pt at partial active sites, which decreases the electrochemically active surface area. Ad- sorbed butylamine may also modify the electronic structure of the Pt surface. The ORR activity in the phosphoric acid electrolyte remains relatively low, even when using the pre-adsorbate modified Pt/C catalysts. Further development of the catalyst and electrolyte is required before the commercialization of H3PO4-PBl-based PEMFCs can be realized.

PTEN and PDCD4 are Bona Fide Targets of microRNA-21 in Human Cholangiocarcinoma

Objective To investigate the expression profile of microRNA-21 in human cholangiocarcinoma tis- sues and to validate its bona fide targets in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Methods The expression profile of microRNA-21 in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cholan- giocarcinoma cell line, QBC939, was evaluated by using real-time PCR analysis. The bona fide targets of microRNA-21 were analyzed and confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot, respec- tively. The expressional correlation of microRNA-21 and its targets was probed in human cholangiocarci- noma tissues by using real-time PCR, locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization （LNA-ISH）, and immunohis- tochemistry analysis. Results Real-time PCR analysis revealed that microRNA-21 expression depicted a significant up-regulation in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues about 5.6-fold as compared to the matched normal bileduct tissues （P〈0.05）. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay revealed endogenous microRNA-21 in cholan- giocarcinoma cell line, QBC939, inhibited the luciferase reporter activities of wild-type PTEN （P〈0.01） and PDCD4 （P〈0.05） and had no this effect on mutated PTEN and PDCD4. Moreover, loss of microRNA-21 function led to a significant increase of PTEN and PDCD4 protein levels in QBC939 cells. Elevated microRNA-21 levels were accompanied by marked reductions of PTEN and PDCD4 expression in the same cholangiocarcinoma tissue. Conclusion microRNA-21 expression is up PDCD4 are direct effectors of microRNA-21. regulated in human cholangiocarcinoma and PTEN,

Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of all-trans retinoic acid derivatives

A series of retinoate and retinamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and their anti-tumor activities were investigated in NB4 by MTT and flow cytometry assays （FCM）. All compounds showed cytotoxicity, especially compounds la and ld exhibited a higher cytotoxicity than other derivatives and all-trans rethaoic acid （ATRA）. Furthermore, compound 1d could induce NB4 cell lines differentiation efficiently. O 2009 Fei Hu Chert. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

dentification of testosterone-/androgen receptor-regulated genes in mouse Sertoli cells

Androgen and androgen receptor （AR） play important roles in male spermatogenesis and fertility, yet detailed androgen/AR signals in Sertoli cells remain unclear. To identify AR target genes in Sertoli cells, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of testis between mice lacking AR in Sertoli cells （S-AR-/y） and their littermate wild-type （WT） mice. Digital gene expression analysis identified 2276 genes downregulated and 2865 genes upregulated in the S-AR-/y mice testis compared to WT ones. To further nail down the difference within Sertoli cells, we first constructed Sertoli cell line TM4 with stably transfected AR （named as TM4/AR） and found androgens failed to transactivate AR in Sertoli TM4 and TM4/AR cells. Interestingly, additional transient transfection of AR-cDNA resulted in significant androgen responsiveness with TM4/AR cells showing 10 times more androgen sensitivity than TM4 cells. In the condition where maximal androgen response was demonstrated, we then analyzed gene expression and found the expression levels of 2313 genes were changed more than twofold by transient transfection of AR-cDNA in the presence of testosterone. Among these genes, 603 androgen-/ AR-regulated genes, including 164 upregulated and 439 downregulated, were found in both S-AR-/y mice testis and TM4/AR cells. Using informatics analysis, the gene ontology was applied to analyze these androgen-/AR-regulated genes to predict the potential roles of androgen/AR in the process of spermatogenesis. Together, using gene analysis in both S-AR-/y mice testis and TM4/AR cells may help us to better understand the androeen/AR signals in Sertoli cells and their influences in spermatogenesis.

The clinical association of programmed cell death protein 4(PDCD4) with solid tumors and its prognostic significance:a meta-analysis

Background: Programmed cell death protein 4(PDCD4) is a novel tumor suppressor protein involved in pro?grammed cell death. Its association with cancer progression has been observed in multiple tumor models, but evidence supporting its association with solid tumors in humans remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the clinical signiicance and prognostic value of PDCD4 in solid tumors.Methods: A systematic literature review was performed to retrieve publications with available clinical informa?tion and survival data. The eligibility of the selected articles was based on the criteria of the Dutch Cochrane Centre proposed by the Meta?analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology group. Pooled odds ratios(ORs), hazard ratios(HRs), and 95% conidence intervals(CIs) for survival analysis were calculated. Publication bias was examined by Begg's and Egger's tests.Results: Clinical data of 2227 cancer patients with solid tumors from 23 studies were evaluated. PDCD4 expression was signiicantly associated with the diferentiation status of head and neck cancer(OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.87–9.66) and digestive system cancer(OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.84–4.48). Down?regulation of PDCD4 was signiicantly associated with short overall survival of patients with head and neck(HR: 3.44, 95% CI 2.38–4.98), breast(HR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.36–2.54), digestive system(HR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.75–2.56), and urinary system cancers(HR: 3.16, 95% CI 1.06–9.41).Conclusions: The current evidence suggests that PDCD4 down?regulation is involved in the progression of several types of solid tumor and is a potential marker for solid tumor prognoses. Its clinical usefulness should be conirmed by large?scale prospective studies.

Appendix is a priming site in the development of ulcerative colitis

AIM： The role of the appendix has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis （UC）. The aims of this study were to elucidate the immuno-imbalances in the appendix of UC patients, and to clarify the role of the appendix in the development of UC. METHODS： Colonoscopic biopsy specimens of the appendix, transverse colon, and rectum were obtained from 86 patients with UC： active pancolitis （A-Pan; n = 15）, active letf-sided colitis （A-Lt; n = 25）, A-Lt with appendiceal involvement （A-Lt/Ap; n = 10）, inactive pancolitis （I-Pan; n = 14）, and inactive left-sided colitis （I-Lt; n = 22）, and from controls. In the isolated mucosal T cells, the CD4/CD8 ratio and proportion of activated CD4＋ T ceils were investigated, and compared with controls. RESULTS： in the appendix, the CD4/CD8 ratio significantly increased in A-Lt and A-Lt/Ap. The ratio in the appendix also tended to increase in A-Pan. In the rectum, the ratio significantly increased in all UC groups. In the appendix, the proportion of CD4＋CD69＋ （early activation antigen） T cells significantly increased in all UC groups. In the rectum, the proportion of CD4＋CD69＋ T cells significantly increased only in A-Pan. The proportion of CD4＋HLADR＋ （mature activation antigen） T cells significantly increased only in the rectum of A-Pan, but not in the otherareas of any groups. CONCLUSION： The increased CD4/CD8 ratio and predominant infiltration of CD4＋CD69＋ T cells in the appendix suggest that the appendix is a priming site in the development of UC.

Autoimmune pancreatitis with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in salivary glands and biliary tract

A 62-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of liver dysfunction, diffuse pancreatic swelling, and trachelophyma. At admission, the patient was free of pain. Physical examination showed enlarged and palpable bilateral submandibular masses, but no palpable mass or organomegaly in the abdomen. Laboratory findings were as follows： total protein 90 g/L with γ-globulin of 37.3% （33 g/L）, total bilirubin 4 mg/L, aspartate aminotransferase 39 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase 67 IU/L,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 647 IU/L, and amylase 135 IU/L. Autoantibodies were negative, and tumor markers were within the normal range. Serum IgG4 level was markedly elevated （18 900 rag/L）. Computed tomography （CT） showed diffuse swelling of the pancreas and dilatation of both common and intra-hepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography （ERP） revealed diffuse irregular and narrow main pancreatic duct and stenosis of the lower common bile duct. Biopsy specimens from the pancreas, salivary gland and liver showed marked periductal IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration with fibrosis. We considered this patient to be autoimmune pancreatitis （AIP） with fibrosclerosis of the salivary gland and biliary tract, prescribed prednisolone at an initial dose of 40 mg/d. Three months later, the laboratory data improved almost to normal. Abdominal CT reflected prominent improvement in the pancreatic lesion. Swelling of the salivary gland also improved. At present, the patient is on 10 mg/d of prednisolone without recurrence of the pancreatitis. We present here a case of AIP with fibrosclerosis of salivary gland and biliary tract.

Advanced Glycation End Products Promote Differentiation of CD4^+ T Helper Cells toward Pro-inflammatory Response

This study investigated the effect of advanced glycation end products（AGEs） on differentiation of na ve CD4＋T cells and the role of the receptor of AGEs（RAGE） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors（PPARs） activity in the process in order to gain insight into the mechanism of immunological disorders in diabetes. AGEs were prepared by the reaction of bovine serum albumin（BSA） with glucose. Human na ve CD4＋T cells, enriched from blood of healthy adult volunteers with negative selection assay, were cultured in vitro and treated with various agents including AGEs, BSA, high glucose, PGJ2 and PD68235 for indicated time. In short hairpin（sh） RNA knock-down experiment, na ve CD4＋T cells were transduced with media containing shRNA-lentivirus generated from lentiviral packaging cell line, Lent-XTM293 T cells. Surface and intracellular cytokine stainings were used for examination of CD4＋T cell phenotypes, and real-time PCR and Western blotting for detection of transcription factor mRNA and protein expression, respectively. The suppressive function of regulatory T（Treg） cells was determined by a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. The results showed that AGEs induced higher pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cells differentiated from na ve CD4＋T cells than the controls, whereas did not affect anti-inflammatory Treg cells. However, AGEs eliminated suppressive function of Treg cells. In addition, AGEs increased RAGE mRNA expression in na ve CD4＋T cells, and RAGE knock-down by shRNA eliminated the effect of AGEs on the differentiation of CD4＋T cells and the reduction of suppressive function of Treg cells. Furthermore, AGEs inhibited the mRNA expression of PPARγ, not PPARα; PPARγ agonist, PGJ2, inhibited the effect of AGEs on na ve CD4＋T cell differentiation and reversed the AGE-reduced suppressive function of Treg cells; on the other hand, PPARγ antagonist, PD68235, attenuated the blocking effect of RAGE shRNA on the role of AGEs. It was concluded that AGEs may promote CD4＋T cells development toward pro-inflammatory state, which is associated with increased RAGE mRNA expression and reduced PPARγ activity. ＋

CD4+ T cell responses in hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver damage, with virus-induced end-stage disease such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma resulting in a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Evidence that CD4+ T cell responses to HCV play an important role in the outcome of acute infection has been shown in several studies. However, the mechanisms behind viral persistence and the failure of CD4+ T cell responses to contain virus are poorly understood. During chronic HCV infection, HCV-specific CD4+ T cell responses are rela- tively weak or absent whereas in resolved infection these responses are vigorous and multispecific. Persons with a T-helper type I profile, which promotes cellular effec- tor mechanisms are thought to be more likely to experi- ence viral clearance, but the overall role of these cells in the immunopathogenesis of chronic liver disease is not known. To define this, much more data is required on the function and specificity of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, especially in the early phases of acute disease and in the liver during chronic infection. The role and possible mechanisms of action of CD4+ T cell responses in deter- mining the outcome of acute and chronic HCV infection will be discussed in this review.

Ribavirin and IFN-α combination therapy induces CD4+ T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine secretion in patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM: To investigate the anti-viral mechanism of combination therapy of interferon (IFN)-α and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: Twenty patients were assigned to receive either IFN-α plus ribavirin (group A,n = 14) or no treatment as a control (group B,n = 6). Patients were analyzed for T-cell proliferative responses specific for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-antigen and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS: Combination therapy induced HBV-antigen specific CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses in four patients (28.6%). Production of high levels of HBV-specific IFN-γ,tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α,interleukin (IL)-12 by PBMCs was found in five patients (35.7%),who showed significantly lower HBV DNA levels in serum at 12 mo after treatment ended (P = 0.038) and at 24 mo of follow-up (P = 0.004) than those without high levels of cytokine production. CONCLUSION: HBV-antigen specific CD4+ T cells may directly control HBV replication and secretion of anti-viral T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines by PBMCs during combination therapy of chronic hepatitis B with ribavirin and IFN-α.

Proliferation and Apoptosis of Bone Marrow CD4^+ T Cells in Patients with Aplastic Anemia and Impacts of the Secreted Cytokines on Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood

Recent studies indicate that immune-associated aplastic anemia(AA)resembles such autoimmune diseases as insulin-dependent diabetes and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis that belong to organ-specific autoimmune diseases.Many independent investigation groups have successfully isolated the pathopoiesis-associated T cell clone causing hematopoiesis failure with a CD4 phenotype from peripheral blood and bone marrow(BM)in AA patients.In the current study,BM CD4+ T cells were isolated from AA patients and healthy con...

Immunological effect of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina and a known immune booster called immunace and their admixtures on HIV/AIDS clients:a comparative study

Objective:To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina(V.amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretrwiral therapy. Methods:Fresh V.amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State.The leaves were rinsed with distilled water.Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture.Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination.They took the medication for four weeks.The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients.Results:The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement.And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count.The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group(P<0.05).The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups.Conclusions:It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V.amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore,we suggest that the V.amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.

Molecular Mechanism of Induction on Apoptosis of Human Esophageal Cancer HCE-4 Cells by Active Components from Astragalus membranaceus

[Objectives] To investigate the pharmacologic effects of active components from A. membranaceus on human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells and its apoptosis mechanism. [Methods] The viabilities of HCE-4 cells were measured by MTT assay. The induction of active components from A. membranaceus on apoptosis of HCE-4 cells was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The apoptotic-related protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting. [Results] Formononetin and astragaloside IV suppressed the proliferation of HCE-4 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining results showed that formononetin and astragaloside IV could induce HCE-4 cells apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. The Western blotting results showed that formononetin and astragaloside IV could significantly down-regulate p-AKT,pro-caspase-3,and increase cle-caspase-3 protein expression in HCE-4 cells. [Conclusions]Active components from A. membranaceus such as formononetin and astragaloside IV significantly inhibited the proliferation of human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells by inducing mitochondrial dependent apoptosis via AKT signaling pathway.

Effect of realgar on telomerase activity and hTERT-mRNA expression in NB4 cells

Objective: To evaluate whether realgar could down-regulate human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression and telomerase activity in acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line-NB4 cells. Methods: The expression of hTERT-mRNA was analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Telomerase activity was determined by polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunoassay (PCR-ELISA). Flow cytometry using PI staining was applied to analyze the cell cycle and apoptosis. Results: Treatment of NB4 cells with 155, 300, 600 μg/L realgar reduced telomerase activity significantly accompanying with decrease of hTERT-mRNA and increasing cell apoptosis. G2/M phase arrest appeared when treated with realgar in 300, 600 μg/L. Conclusion: It is suggested that telomerase activity of NB4 cells can be specifically inhibited by realgar through the down-regulation of hTERT gene expression. G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis by realgar in NB4 cells might be related to the reduction of telomerase activity and hTERT-mRNA expression.

Interfaces of high-efficiency kesterite Cu_2ZnSnS(e)_4 thin film solar cells

Cu2ZnSnS（e）4 （CZTS（e）） solar cells have attracted much attention due to the elemental abundance and the non- toxicity. However, the record efficiency of 12.6% for CuzZnSn（S,Se）4 （CZTSSe） solar cells is much lower than that of Cu（In,Ga）See （CIGS） solar cells. One crucial reason is the recombination at interfaces. In recent years, large amount inves- tigations have been done to analyze the interfacial problems and improve the interfacial properties via a variety of methods. This paper gives a review of progresses on interfaces of CZTS（e） solar cells, including： （i） the band alignment optimization at buffer/CZTS（e） interface, （ii） tailoring the thickness of MoS（e）2 interfacial layers between CZTS（e） absorber and Mo back contact, （iii） the passivation of rear interface, （iv） the passivation of front interface, and （v） the etching of secondary phases.

All-transRetinoic Acid Regulates Th1/Th2 Balance in CD4+T cells When GATA-3 is Deficient

The essential effect of vitamin A on immune function occurs through various mechanisms including direct effect on ThloTh2 balance modulation. However, it is unclear whether or not vitamin A can regulate Thl-Th2 balance under a strong Thl-polarizing condition. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine the effect of vitamin A metabolite allotrans retinoic acid （ATRA） on ThloTh2 differentiation in CD4~ T cells under GATA-3 deficiency, which can induce Thl-polarizing condition. In the present study, GATA-3 deficiency T cells were induced by siRNA and checked by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. GATA-3 deficiency CD4＋ T cells and normal CD4＋ T were treated for 48 h with or without ATRA.

外周血CD4^(+)PD-1^(+)Tcells及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞ATP含量与复发性卵巢癌疗效的相关性分析

目的 探讨外周血CD4^(+)程序性细胞死亡受体-1(PD-1)^(+)T cells及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量与复发性卵巢癌疗效的相关性。方法 选取30例复发性卵巢癌患者为复发组,30例未复发卵巢癌患者为非复发组;另选取30名同期体检健康者作为对照组。评估外周血CD4^(+)PD-1^(+)T cells及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞ATP含量与复发性卵巢癌疗效的相关性。结果 复发组和非复发组的CD4^(+)PD-1^(+)T cells较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。复发组和非复发组的CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞ATP含量较对照组明显降低(P<0.05)。复发组治疗后CD4^(+)PD-1^(+)Tcells显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗后CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞ATP含量显著高于治疗前(P<0.05)。CD4^(+)PD-1^(+)T cells与复发性卵巢癌疗效成负相关(r=-0.393,P=0.039),CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞ATP含量与复发性卵巢癌疗效成正相关(r=0.449,P=0.031)。结论 复发性卵巢癌患者外周血CD4^(+)PD-1^(+)T cells及CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞ATP含量与疗效密切相关。

4‑Terminal Inorganic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells Offer 22%Efficiency

After fast developing of single-junction perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells in the past 10 years,it is becoming harder and harder to improve their power conversion efficiencies.Tandem solar cells are receiving more and more attention because they have much higher theoretical efficiency than single-junction solar cells.Good device performance has been achieved for perovskite/silicon and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells,including 2-terminal and 4-terminal structures.However,very few studies have been done about 4-terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells.In this work,semi-transparent inorganic perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells are used to fabricate 4-terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells,achieving a power conversion efficiency of 21.25%for the tandem cells with spin-coated perovskite layer.By using drop-coating instead of spin-coating to make the inorganic perovskite films,4-terminal tandem cells with an efficiency of 22.34%are made.The efficiency is higher than the reported 2-terminal and 4-terminal inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells.In addition,equivalent 2-terminal tandem solar cells were fabricated by connecting the sub-cells in series.The stability of organic solar cells under continuous illumination is improved by using semi-transparent perovskite solar cells as filter.