Creep properties and resistivity-ultrasonic-AE responses of cemented gangue backfill column under high-stress area

To investigate the creep and instability properties of a cemented gangue backfill column under a highstress area,the uniaxial compression creep tests were conducted by single-step and multi-step loading of prismatic samples made of cemented gangue backfill material(CGBM)under the high stressstrength ratio.The creep damage was monitored using an electrical resistivity device,ultrasonic testing device,and acoustic emission(AE)instrument.The results showed that the CGBM sample has a creep hardening property.The creep failure strength(CFS)is slightly larger than the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),ranging in ratio from 108.9%to 116.5%.The instantaneous strain,creep strain,and creep rate increase with increasing stress-strength ratio in the single-step loading creep tests.The instantaneous strain and creep strain decrease first and then increase during the multi-step loading creep process.The axial creep strain of the CGBM column can be expressed by the viscoelastic-plastic creep model.Creep instability is caused by the accumulation of strain energy under multi-step loading and the continuous lateral expansion at the unconstrained middle position during the creep process.The creep stability of a CGBM column in a high-stress area can be monitored based on the variation of electrical resistivity,ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV),and AE signals.

Effects of curing under step-by-step load on mechanical and deformation properties of cemented gangue backfill column

A step-by-step load was utilized to mimic the load history of the backfill column in the in-situ curing process.The inner damage of the specimen during curing and uniaxial compressive testing was monitored by electrical resistivity and ultrasonic equipment.Results show that:1)Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and elastic modulus(EM)of the samples curing under pressure are higher than those of the control samples without pressure,ranging in ratio from 0.5%to 20.2%and 7.1%to 52.3%,respectively,and are influenced by the initial loading age(ILA)and stress strength ratio(SSR).The SSR during curing should not exceed 80%.2)The earlier the ILA is,the higher the total strain becomes.The higher the SSR applies,the larger the total strain gets.The creep strain increases with the increase of SSR and can be described by Burger’s viscoelastic creep model.When SSR is less than 80%,the earlier the ILA is,the smaller the creep strain becomes after the last step-loading.3)The stability of the early age backfill column under pressure can be monitored based on the change of ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)and electrical resistivity.

Consolidation behavior of cement—and lime／cement—mixed column foundations

The consolidation behavior of mixed in place cement and lime/cement mixed column was studied. Consolidation of the composite foundation was modeled as a three dimensional axi symmetric problem. The authors used the finite difference method to obtain the pore pressure variation with time at any location below the surface. A computer program developed by the authors was used to draw some interesting conclusions about the consolidation behaviors of cement and lime/cement mixed pile foundation. Finally, a combined model including the permeability coefficients of cement mixed piles and soil, was studied and its feasibility was evaluated.

Studies on parallel seismic testing for integrity of cemented soil columns

The principle and process of parallel seismic (PS) testing for the integrity testing of cemented soil columns are in- troduced in this paper. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) for the pile-soil system is established for impulse responses. Under saturated soil or unsaturated soil condition, several vibrating velocity-time histories at different depths in parallel hole are obtained based on the numerical simulation. It shows that the length of the pile and the one-dimensional (1D) P-wave velocity in the pile can be determined easily from the features of the mentioned velocity-time histories. By examining the slopes of the first arrival time plotted versus depth or the depth where the amplitude of the first arrival significantly decreases, the length of the pile can be determined. The effects of the 3D P-wave propagation through the saturated soil and the defect of the cemented soil column on the velocity-time histories are also investigated.

Reliability assessment for serviceability limit states of stiffened deep cement mixing column-supported embankments

The reliability and deterministic analyses of wood-cored stiffened deep cement mixing and deep cement mixing column-supported embankments(referred to as WSCSE and DCSE,respectively)considering serviceability limit state requirements are presented in this paper.Random field theory was used to simulate the spatial variability of soil
cement mixing(SCM)material in which the adaptive Kriging Monte Carlo simulation was adopted to estimate the failure probability of a column
supported embankment(CSE)system.A new method for stochastically generating random values of unconfined compressive strength(qu)and the ratio(Ru)between the undrained elastic modulus and qu of SCM material based on statistical correlation data is proposed.Reliability performance of CSEs concerning changes in the mean(μ),coefficient of variation(CoV),and vertical spatial correlation length(θv)of qu and Ru are presented and discussed.The obtained results indicate that WSCSE can provide a significantly higher reliability level and can tolerate more SCM material spatial variability than DCSE.Some performance of DCSE and WSCSE,which can be considered satisfactory in a deterministic framework,cannot guarantee an acceptable reliability level from a probabilistic viewpoint.This highlights the importance and necessity of employing reliability analyses for the design of CSEs.Moreover,consideration of only μ and CoV of qu seems to be sufficient for reliability analysis of WSCSE while for DCSE,uncertainties regarding the Ru(i.e.both μ and CoV)and θv of qu cannot be ignored.

Experimental Study of Concrete Column Shape Modification Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Shells and Expansive Cement Concrete

Fiber Reinforced Polymer （FRP） composites are an effective material for strengthening circular concrete columns. The effectiveness of FRP confinement for square and rectangular columns is greatly reduced due to stress concentrations at the sharp comers and loss of the membrane effect at the fiat sides of the cross-section. Shape modification can eliminate the effects of column comers and flat sides, and thereby restore the membrane effect and improve the compressive behavior of FRP-confined square and rectangular concrete columns. Shape modification using chemical post-tensioning, achieved by using expansive cement concrete, is described and several mix designs for obtaining the optimal level of expansion are presented. In addition, parametric studies regarding the optimal geometry of the shape-modified cross-section are presented utilizing the analytical model.

Geo-Grid Combined with Concrete and Limestone Columns to Reduce the Embankment Subsidence Located on Inclined Layers of Soft Soil

Soft soil has low shear strength and its density is high;construction of embankments on them would cause problems such as large and non-uniform subsidence. One way to avoid these subsidence is using of geo-grid combined with cement and lime columns. Geo-grids due to their tensile strength, and cement and lime columns due to their bearing capacity and their body friction, reduce embankment subsidence. Extensive researches have been done in order to reduce the subsidence of the embankments located on the roads, but few studies have being done about the inclined embankments on soft soil layers. In this paper, the road embankment has been located on inclined soft soil layers;the study will try to reduce embankment subsidence and uniform them using geo-grid combined with cement and lime column subsidence. The results show that the realization of this issue will cause subsidence reduction and uniformity in the embankment surface.

海上窄压力窗口控压固井浆柱结构设计方法

针对海上油气井窄压力窗口固井顶替效率低下的技术难题,通过轻钻井液的施加以优化浆柱结构以及施加环空回压的方法实现安全高效固井的目标。考虑停泵压胶塞环空回压值≯5 MPa、冲洗液环空紊流接触时间>10min以及注替结束井筒自压稳3个关键技术要求,合理优化固井浆柱结构,计算控压固井全过程井筒当量循环密度(ECD),使井筒ECD在安全密度窗口内,形成了海上窄压力窗口控压固井浆柱结构设计方法。以乐东10-1气田某高温高压井为例,优化设计了该井的浆柱结构,并模拟计算了控压固井全过程井筒ECD及紊流接触时间。结果表明:轻钻井液用量为14~50 m^(3)且密度在1.822~2.142 g/cm^(3)之间、冲洗液用量>13 m^(3)且密度在2.36~2.45 g/cm^(3)之间、水泥浆密度在2.4~2.51 g/cm^(3)之间,可实现冲洗液紊流接触时间>10 min且满足压稳不漏的固井要求。该设计方法可实现海上窄压力窗口井安全施工和提高固井顶替效率的要求。

基于声发射特征的不同高径比矸石胶结充填柱单轴压缩损伤演化

为研究高径比对矸石胶结充填柱单轴压缩性能的影响,本实验制备了高径比为0.5~4.0的5组圆柱体试件进行单轴压缩试验,同时利用数字图像相关技术(DIC)和声发射进行监测,探讨了不同高径比充填柱的破坏特征.研究表明:矸石胶结充填柱的峰值应力和峰值应变都会随着高径比的增大而减小,并与高径比呈指数关系;充填柱的破坏形式在高径比大于2.0后从整体破坏转为局部破坏,局部应变大于16%可以导致充填柱整体失稳;充填柱的高径比从1.0升高到4.0,损伤程度下降到11%;充填柱在累计振铃计数快速上升区中的破坏占总破坏的比例随高径比的增大从22.6%增加到72.3%,高径比大于2.0时该比例达到40.9%且上升速度加快,破坏的集中程度较高;声发射最终累积振铃计数先随着高径比增大而增大,在高径比为2.0以后开始减小,且高径比对振铃集中出现的位置有较大影响;用声发射能量与振铃计数的比值(E/C)反应能量释放剧烈程度,平均E/C随高径比增大从1.26增大到2.76,高径比大于2.0时峰后能量释放较为剧烈.试验结果可以为结构充填开采中充填柱高径比的选取提供参考.

临近既有铁路增建新线地基处理施工影响比较分析

我国东南沿海一带,铁路既有线的建设时代久远、铁路路基建设标准低,地基土质条件差,受增建新线铁路路基的地基处理施工影响明显。对地基处理施工进行现场监测,选取施工影响小的地基处理方法对保障既有铁路运营安全至关重要。根据超孔隙水压力、地表位移和深层位移的现场施工监测数据,分析地基处理施工影响范围和程度,得到以下结论:(1)施工影响由大到小的排序为高压旋喷桩(管桩)>水泥搅拌桩>全方位高压喷射(MJS)桩>布袋桩;(2)水泥搅拌桩施工影响范围在5 m左右,高压旋喷桩施工影响范围高达10 m,布袋桩施工影响范围大约为3 m,MJS桩施工影响范围在4 m左右。对比高压旋喷桩、管桩、布袋桩和MJS桩与搅拌桩施工影响大小,优化临近既有铁路增建新线的地基处理方案,可以有效控制增建新线地基处理对既有铁路的扰动影响,确保既有铁路安全。

高压辊磨机用硬质合金柱钉的磨损和断裂行为

硬质合金柱钉性能的好坏直接影响高压辊磨机的使用寿命和生产效率,但关于柱钉的力学性能和使用性能的相互对应关系缺乏研究,导致在使用过程中缺乏硬质合金设计标准。本文通过研究柱钉硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性等性能特性对柱钉的耐磨性和抗断裂性能的影响规律,获得了破碎高硬石英岩的理想柱钉。结果表明:影响柱钉断裂数量的主要因素是断裂韧性,而非抗弯强度;随着断裂韧性从16.21 MPa·m^(1/2)增大至21.57 MPa·m^(1/2),抗疲劳断裂能力提升,断裂数量百分比从3.77%降低至0。柱钉的磨损主要为磨粒磨损,随着硬度从HRA 86.2增大至HRA 88.3,抗磨损性能提升,磨损速率从7.92μm/h降低至2.33μm/h。对于石英含量高达64.23%、单轴压缩抗压强度达159 MPa的矿石破碎,当柱钉的硬度达到HRA 87.8、断裂韧性达到19.55 MPa·m^(1/2)时,能有效抑制柱钉的磨损和断裂。

橡胶水泥土动剪模量和阻尼比共振柱试验研究

橡胶水泥土作为一种经济环保的耐腐蚀轻质填筑材料,在沿海港口工程及灯塔等基础建设中具有广泛的应用前景。基于共振柱试验,对不同橡胶掺量、水泥掺量和围压下橡胶水泥土动力特性展开研究,重点探究各影响因素对其动剪模量和阻尼比的影响规律。结果表明:固结压力下橡胶水泥土的累计轴向应变随着橡胶掺量和围压的增大而增大,随水泥掺量增大而减小;橡胶水泥土动剪模量曲线衰减程度随橡胶掺量的增加和水泥掺量的减小而减弱,非线性特征减弱,而受围压影响则较小;最大动剪模量随着橡胶掺量的增大而减小,随水泥掺量和围压的增大而增大。当橡胶掺量较低或水泥掺量较高时,其掺量改变对最大动剪模量影响最大;橡胶的掺入减缓了动剪模量衰减幅度,并且在较低围压下促使其更早地发生衰减。而水泥掺量的减小和围压的增大则会推迟衰减,衰减幅度也相对更大;阻尼比随动剪应变的增加而单调递增,增大橡胶掺量和减小围压会使其阻尼比增大,当水泥掺量小于15%时,阻尼比随水泥掺量增加而增大,而当水泥掺量大于15%时,阻尼比反而随之降低。

淤泥水泥土固化机理及现场加固实例分析

马来西亚东海岸某铁路工程采用水泥搅拌桩加固地基,水泥配合比是影响地基加固效果的关键因素。为此,本研究开展了一系列有机土与水泥的室内配合比试验以及现场试验。试验表明,在一定的水泥掺量范围(15.3%~20%)内,水泥掺量越多,养护龄期越长,试件的无侧限抗压强度越大;在龄期强度百分比方面,淤泥水泥土普遍低于粘土水泥土。另外,现场试桩试验表明,试桩桩芯的无侧限抗压强度与所在岩层密切关系。在实际现场监测中,加固后土体累积沉降量为48.9 mm,侧向最大位移为6.66 mm;除填土加载外,沉降曲线以及侧向位移曲线没有出现突变。这表明本研究配合比制作的水泥搅拌桩对现场软土地基加固效果良好,研究结果可为滨海地区类似工程提供重要的参考依据。

碳纤维编织网与聚丙烯水泥基复合材料加固圆柱轴压试验

完成了14个基于碳纤维编织网与聚丙烯纤维水泥基复合材料加固圆柱的轴压性能试验,得到了各试件的极限承载力与破坏形态,测得了各试件平均压应力-混凝土应变曲线、平均压应力-碳纤维编织网应变曲线及各试件极限承载力柱状图,分析了加固层水泥基复合材料中聚丙烯纤维含量、碳纤维编织网包裹层数及网格大小等参数对试件轴压性能及破坏机理的影响。试验结果表明:采用碳纤维编织网与聚丙烯纤维水泥基复合材料加固圆柱可明显提高其极限承载力;试件主要破坏形态为纵向压劈破坏,脆性破坏特征明显;加固层少量聚丙烯纤维含量(质量比0.05%,0.15%,0.25%)的改变对试件承载力的提高不明显;在一定范围内试件承载力随碳纤维编织网包裹层数的增加而提高;相比于2 cm网格碳纤维编织网,1 cm网格碳纤维编织网对试件承载力的提高效果更好。

装配式建筑柱脚钢纤维豆石灌浆料研究与应用

为了达到装配式建筑柱脚灌浆应用的特种高强、抗裂、无收缩水泥基灌浆料应用要求,研究C60型钢纤维豆石灌浆料。单因素试验研究了豆石、钢纤维对于灌浆料性能影响;单因素试验系统探究矿物掺合料对灌浆料性能影响规律;工程应用研究材料工程适应性。结果表明:(1)豆石在体系中凝结硬化后会使硬化体机构更加密实,抗冲切能力增强。最佳掺量为8.0%。(2)钢纤维掺加会明显提高体系黏度,施工性能变差,但会提高灌浆料后期强度,钢纤维最佳掺量4.0%。(3)矿粉对于后期强度提高明显,28 d抗压强度提高超过3.3%;粉煤灰使初始流动度增大。(4)工程应用得到钢纤维豆石灌浆料初始流动度达到300 mm,28 d抗压强度超过65 MPa,抗压强度富余值超过8.33%。

钢纤维聚丙烯复材加固的建筑梁柱节点抗裂性能研究

为提升建筑结构整体抗断裂性能,建筑建设时将纤维增强水泥基复合材料应用在建筑梁柱节点的关键受力位置。采用纤维增强水泥基复合材料(FRC)加固建筑梁柱节点,模拟实际工况下的受力情况,记录断裂形貌与断裂后的微观结构变化,定量评估不同纤维掺量下的抗裂性能。试验结果表明,0.8%钢纤维掺和1.2%聚丙烯纤维增强水泥基复合材料,加固建筑梁柱节点后,裂缝数量最少,且裂缝面积最小,抗裂性能最佳,其余钢纤维与聚丙烯纤维配比的试件也能一定程度提升梁柱节点抗裂性能。

姬塬油田长6储层水平井固井技术研究与应用

长庆油田低渗透油藏目前以水平井开发为主,但受微裂缝发育、超前注水、多段重复压裂等因素影响,固井时平衡压力设计困难,水泥石胶结质量较差,严重制约了单井后期产能。本文对现阶段姬塬油田长6储层水平井开展固井技术研究,针对性引入复合低密度、耐压低摩阻、不分散等特殊水泥浆体系,通过浆柱结构设计、补救工艺优化、优选扶正器等措施得到适应姬塬油田长6储层水平井溢、漏等异常井况下配套固井技术并现场试验,取得的良好应用效果有效提升了姬塬油田水平井固井后水泥环胶结质量。

路堤荷载下水泥桩复合地基固结特性分析

水泥桩复合地基在公路和铁路路堤、土石坝、堆场等广泛应用,尤其是路堤荷载下,复合地基的等应变假设不再适用,因此需要对其固结沉降特性进一步开展研究。文中采用有限元模拟分析,研究路堤荷载下水泥桩复合地基的固结性状,并分析了多个因素的影响。研究表明,桩长对复合地基固结特性影响很大,随着桩长增加,复合地基沉降明显减小,固结速度加快。增大桩身模量和桩体渗透系数都可以加快复合地基固结;同时,桩间距增大,地基固结速度减慢。从控制沉降角度,增加桩长是较为有效的措施。研究为路堤荷载下水泥桩复合地基设计提供了参考。

钉形搅拌桩与常规搅拌桩加固软土地基的对比研究

针对国内水泥土搅拌桩应用中存在的技术问题,介绍了笔者研制的钉形水泥土搅拌桩及其施工工艺。通过江苏省高速公路钉形搅拌桩与常规搅拌桩加固软土地基的试验段工程,分别进行了载荷试验、标准贯入试验、芯样的无侧限抗压强度试验;进行了路堤荷载作用下的沉降、深层水平位移、超静孔压、荷载传递等监测,从桩身强度、成桩质量、荷载传递、加固效果等方面对钉形搅拌桩与常规搅拌桩加固软土地基进行了对比研究,论证了钉形搅拌桩加固软土地基的优越性和经济性,结果表明,钉形水泥土搅拌桩具有很好的工程应用前景。

固井注水泥浆顶替效率评估的新模型

提高固井注水泥浆顶替效率是保障水泥环密封性能的前提,已有的理论和实验室方法多集中于两相流(钻井液/隔离液、隔离液/水泥浆、钻井液/水泥浆)顶替模拟,而与实际工况下钻井液与隔离液先掺混、再被水泥浆顶替的动态过程特征相距甚远。为此,基于流体顶替过程中掺混与扩散机理,建立流体动态顶替过程数学模型,借助流动仿真软件探讨隔离液性能变化对顶替钻井液和被水泥浆顶替的内在演变机理,结合仿真数据,建立了水泥浆顶替效率评估的新计算模型。研究结果表明:①在顶替初期,低黏度、低密度隔离液体系与钻井液混浆严重,但有利于降低壁面钻井液黏滞力,清除滞留钻井液,进而改善水泥浆顶替效率;②高密度、低黏度隔离液虽然能快速清洗井筒钻井液,但也容易产生指进现象,进而导致水泥浆提前返出井口,容易被误认为顶替效率较好;③隔离液密度处于钻井液和水泥浆之间时,低黏度隔离液有助于清除壁面钻井液和被水泥浆顶替;④隔离液排量高于临界值时,顶替效果改善明显;⑤所建立的注水泥浆顶替效率评价新模型与数值仿真结果吻合度高,误差仅为4.6%。结论认为,该新模型有助于更好地认识与解释复杂流动机理,为改善注水泥井筒浆柱结构、浆体性能及提高顶替效率奠定了理论基础。