Field testing of stiffened deep cement mixing piles under lateral cyclic loading

Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

Soil-cement mixture properties and design considerations for reinforced excavation

soil-cement is a mixture produced by grouting or mixing cement with soils. This paper reviews and discusses the general classifications of grouting techniques and the suitability of their applications.The mechanical properties of soil-cement mixture and the influence of sodium silicate added are discussed. Design considerations for deep soil mixed wall(DSMW) for excavation support and vault arch for tunnelling stabilisation are presented. Parameters for the numerical analysis of soil-cement mixture are evaluated and recommended.

Bearing Behaviors of Stiffened Deep Cement Mixed Pile

A series of investigations were conducted to study the bearing capacity and load transfer mechanism of stiffened deep cement mixed （SDCM） pile. Laboratory tests including six specimens were conducted to investigate the frictional resistance between the concrete core and the cementsoil. Two model piles and twenty-four full-scale piles were tested to examine the bearing behavior of single pile. Laboratory and model tests results indicate that the cohesive strength is large enough to ensure the interaction between core pile and the outer cement-soil. The full-scale test results show that the SDCM piles exhibit similar bearing behavior to bored and cast-in-place concrete piles. In general, with the rational composite structure the SDCM piles can transmit the applied load effectively, and due to the addition of the stiffer core, the SDCM piles possess high bearing capacity. Based on the findings of these experimental investigations and theoretical analysi , a practical design method is developed to predict the vertical bearing capacity of SDCM pile.

Deformation and stability of the seawall,considering the strength uncertainty of cement mixing piles

The cement mixing (CM) pile is a common method of improving soft offshore ground. The strength growth of CM piles under complex conditions is affected by many factors, especially the cement and moisture contents, and shows significant uncertainty. To investigate the stochasticity of the early strength of CM piles and its impact on the displacement and stability of a seawall, a series of laboratory tests and numerical analyses were carried out in this study. Vane shear tests were conducted on the cement-solidified soil to determine the relationships between the undrained shear strength s_(u) of the cement soil curing in the seawater and the cement content a_(c), as well as the in situ soil moisture content w. It can be inferred that the 24 h undrained shear strength follows a normal distribution. A numerical model considering the random CM pile strength was established to investigate the deformation of the seawall. Due to the uncertainty of CM pile strength, the displacement of the seawall demonstrates a certain discreteness. The decrease of the mean undrained shear strength of CM piles causes a corresponding increase in the average displacement of the seawall. When the mean strength of CM piles is lower than a certain threshold, there is a risk of instability. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the strength within an individual CM pile also has an impact on seawall displacement. Attention should be paid to the uncertainty of CM pile strength to control displacement and stability.

Experimental Study of Dynamic Characteristics on Composite Foundation with CFG Long Pile and Rammed Cement-Soil Short Pile

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the two kinds of the typical pile type are selected, which containing flexibility pile (e.g. rammed cement-soil pile is for short RCSP), and rigid pile (e.g. cement-flyash-gravel pile is for short CFGP). The three kinds of the composite foundation are designed, which are CFGP, CFG long pile and CFG short pile (for short CFGLP-CFGSP), CFG long-short pile and rammed cement-soil short pile (for short CFGLP-RCSSP). Natural earthquake is simulated by using the engineering blasting;the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the composite foundation are studied through field test. CFGLP-RCSSP is closed to linear relation. The bearing capacity of the four composite foundation of the CFGP, CFGLP-CFGSP, and CFGLP-RCSSP in the site are 225 kPa, 179 kPa, and 197 kPa, separately increases 150%, 98.8% and 119% compared to the natural foundation. The vibration main frequency is mainly depended on properties of foundation soil and piles between vibration source and measuring point, pilling load value. Horizontal vibration main frequency greater than the vertical vibration main frequency and the vertical vibration main frequency close to the first-order natural frequency of composite foundation. With the pilling load increasing, the CFGLP-RCSSP pile composite foundation combined frequency decreased. Under the same blast energy, the acceleration peak on the CFG pile composite foundation is less than CFGLP-CFGSP the corresponding values, as the load increases, the peak acceleration gently. CFG pile composite foundation is favorable on seismic. The distribution of peak acceleration is consistent within 4 m from pile top in the CFGLP_RCSSP composite foundation. The maximum of the horizontal acceleration peak along the pile body occurs at a distance of pile top 4 m or the pile top, and that of vertical acceleration peak occurred at a pile top.

The Shaking Table Test on the Performance of Cement-mixed Piles in Liquefiable Railway Foundations

Cement-mixed piles,as countermeasure against liquefaction of silt and sand ground,can improve the shear strength and bearing capacity of foundation soil,meaning cement-mixed piles are capable of resisting displacement when an earthquake happens. However,investigations of cement-mixed piles by experimental methods such as the shaking table test is few and far between. It is especially true for the seismic performance of cement-mixed piles in liquefiable railway foundations in high seismic intensity regions. To this end,a cross-section of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway was selected as the prototype and studied by the shaking table test in this study. The results showed that composite foundation of cementmixed piles was not liquefied when the seismic acceleration was lower than 0. 30g. In the process of acceleration increasing from 0. 30g at 2Hz to 0. 60g at 3Hz,the upper middle silt outside slope toe was partly liquefied. The foundation soil under the shoulders and center of subgrade was far from the initial liquefaction criterion during the test. Cementmixed piles can effectively reduce the embankment settlement and differential settlement. It can be concluded that, the design of cement-mixed piles can ensure the seismic performance of the subgrade,and satisfy the seismic design requirements of the YuxiMengzi railway in areas of VIII degrees seismic fortification intensity.

Numerical computation of anti-liquefaction effect of lattice-type cement-mixed soil countermeasure

Continuous soil-cement wall confinement method to resist liquefaction is a new kind of process. However, whether it also has a good effect on anti-liquefaction or not needs to be urgently answered for earthquake engineering. Quiet boundary is adopted on the lateral face while free field boundary is employed at the bottom. Byrne model on dynamic pore water pressure generation is accepted and natural seismic wave EI Centro whose peak acceleration is adjusted to 0.2 g in proportion is used for input. A double-layer foundation with sandy soil in the upper portion while clay soil in the lower part is chosen as the calculation model, which is 30 m in length and 20 m in width. The groundwater level is on the ground surface. Excess pore water pressure rate is considered as a liquefaction index in the three-dimensional non-linear earthquake response computation. The anti-liquefaction effectiveness and its influencing factors, such as confinement element area are studied. For the natural double-layer foundation, it is liquefied when the excess pore water pressure rate reaches 1.0 under the seismic load. Under the same earthquake load, the peak excess pore water pressure reduces to 0.56 after adopting reinforcement of the continuous soil-cement wall, which is 46% lower than before. It indicates that continuous soil-cement wall confinement method can attain the purpose of anti-liquefaction. Accordingly, it can be a sort of engineering measure to carry on the anti-liquefaction foundation treatment.

Bearing Capacity of Mixed Pile with Stiffness Core

To study load transfer mechanism and bearing capacity of a mixed pile with stiffness core （MPSC）, which is formed by inserting a precast reinforced concrete pile （PRCP）, in-situ tests involving MPSCs with different lengths, diameters, water cement ratios and PRCPs, cement mixed piles, and drilling hole piles, were carried out. Limit bearing capacities, load-settlement curves and stress distribution of MPSCs and mixed piles were obtained. The load transfer between cement soil and PRCP was analyzed by finite element method （FEM）. Test results and FEM analysis show that an MPSC has fully utilized the big friction from a cement mixed pile and the high compressive strength from a PRCP which transfers outer top load into the inner cement soil, and that inserting a PRCP into a mixed pile changes the stress distribution of a mixed pile and improves frictional resistance between a mixed pile and soil. The length and the section area on PRCP of an MPSC both have an optimum value. Adopting MPSC is effective in improving the bearing capacity of soft soil ground.

饱和地基水泥土复合桩近场主动隔振的BEM-FEM耦合分析

人工振动污染是当前城市发展过程中面临的一个难题,单排或多排桩是人工振动污染防治的一种重要方式。传统基桩施工容易造成泥浆污染、振动等各种负面环境问题,而水泥土复合桩是一种低振动、低噪声、无挤土、少排泥浆的新型基桩,特别适合在城区构建排桩屏障。针对饱和地基中单排水泥土复合桩的近场主动隔振问题,建立了动力机器基础环境振动影响的半解析BEM方程;在此基础上,分别采用半解析BEM对饱和地基、FEM对水泥土复合桩进行建模,根据饱和地基-水泥土桩接触面的平衡和相容条件,建立了水泥土复合桩近场主动隔振的半解析BEM-FEM耦合方程,给出了耦合方程稀疏矩阵的存储策略,并对单排水泥土复合桩的近场主动隔振效果进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:单排水泥土复合桩能够有效地对动力机器基础引起环境振动进行隔振;等长芯桩复合桩的隔振效果要优于短芯桩。单排水泥土复合桩的隔振效果随着桩数的增加而逐渐提高;较小桩间距并不一定取得更好的隔振效果,建议相邻桩桩间净距取2.0~2.5λ_(R)(Rayleigh波波长)。随着单排水泥土复合桩距振源距离的增加,屏障隔振效果逐渐降低,但降低幅度相对较小。此外,对水泥土复合桩而言,当内插预制桩的外轮廓尺寸相同时,预制芯桩型式对水泥土复合桩隔振效果影响相对较小,可根据实际工程条件选择合适的芯桩类型。

Reliability-based settlement analysis of embankments over soft soils reinforced with T-shaped deep cement mixing piles

This paper presents a reliability-based settlement analysis of T-shaped deep cement mixing(TDM)pile-supported embankments over soft soils.The uncertainties of the mechanical properties of the in-situ soil,pile,and embankment,and the effect of the pile shape are considered simultaneously.The analyses are performed using Monte Carlo Simulations in combination with an adaptive Kriging(using adaptive sampling algorithm).Individual and system failure probabilities,in terms of the differential and maximum settlements(serviceability limit state(SLS)requirements),are considered.The reliability results for the embankments supported by TDM piles,with various shapes,are compared and discussed together with the results for conventional deep cement mixing pile-supported embankments with equivalent pile volumes.The influences of the inherent variabilities in the material properties(mean and coefficient of variation values)on the reliability of the piled embankments,are also investigated.This study shows that large TDM piles,particularly those with a shape factor of greater than 3,can enhance the reliability of the embankment in terms of SLS requirements,and even avoid unacceptable reliability levels caused by variability in the material properties.

混凝土芯水泥土复合桩竖向承载特性分析方法

基于Euler梁理论和状态空间法,建立了综合考虑非线性芯桩-水泥土-桩周土界面作用的双层叠合直梁分析模型及其状态方程,推导了成层土中不同组合形式的复合桩截面内力与变形的统一解析解,有效地考虑了复合桩分析中土与结构相互作用、结构局部参数发生变化等难点。通过与已有文献中现场试验和数值计算结果对比,验证了该方法的有效性,并讨论了桩径比、芯长比和水泥土弹性模量对桩承载特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)桩径比增大,可提供的桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力增大,复合桩竖向承载力基本呈线性增长;(2)芯长比增大,复合桩竖向承载力的增长幅度逐渐增大;(3)水泥土弹性模量对于桩竖向承载力影响较小。

水泥土加固桩水平循环承载性能足尺试验研究

选取宿迁典型饱和粉土场地,采用水泥土搅拌桩加固钻孔灌注桩桩周土,开展灌注桩水平循环加载足尺试验。探究水泥土加固试验桩(TPI)和未加固试验桩(TPU)在循环水平荷载作用下的滞回特性、弯矩、刚度退化、位移延性、水平承载力与残余变形能力。试验结果表明:TPI比TPU桩的弯矩减小47%,屈服位移减小41%,水平承载力提升150%,有效刚度提升240%,等效黏滞阻尼比提升233%,桩的开裂荷载提升150%,屈服荷载阶段桩体的残余变形能力减小17%。水泥土搅拌法不仅可以限制桩侧粉土液化,增加桩基础的耗能及位移延性,而且可以显著的降低桩头水平位移和弯矩的发展。从抗震性能的角度分析,水泥土搅拌桩加固既有桩基,有效抑制了加固范围内地基土刚度衰减,增强了桩-土结构的总耗能、等效黏滞阻尼系数与变形恢复能力,提高桩基础在大变形阶段的抗震性能。

橡胶水泥土动剪模量和阻尼比共振柱试验研究

橡胶水泥土作为一种经济环保的耐腐蚀轻质填筑材料,在沿海港口工程及灯塔等基础建设中具有广泛的应用前景。基于共振柱试验,对不同橡胶掺量、水泥掺量和围压下橡胶水泥土动力特性展开研究,重点探究各影响因素对其动剪模量和阻尼比的影响规律。结果表明:固结压力下橡胶水泥土的累计轴向应变随着橡胶掺量和围压的增大而增大,随水泥掺量增大而减小;橡胶水泥土动剪模量曲线衰减程度随橡胶掺量的增加和水泥掺量的减小而减弱,非线性特征减弱,而受围压影响则较小;最大动剪模量随着橡胶掺量的增大而减小,随水泥掺量和围压的增大而增大。当橡胶掺量较低或水泥掺量较高时,其掺量改变对最大动剪模量影响最大;橡胶的掺入减缓了动剪模量衰减幅度,并且在较低围压下促使其更早地发生衰减。而水泥掺量的减小和围压的增大则会推迟衰减,衰减幅度也相对更大;阻尼比随动剪应变的增加而单调递增,增大橡胶掺量和减小围压会使其阻尼比增大,当水泥掺量小于15%时,阻尼比随水泥掺量增加而增大,而当水泥掺量大于15%时,阻尼比反而随之降低。

玄武岩纤维提升水泥土抗压性能试验研究

水泥土搅拌桩常用于处治山区软弱土路基,但其抗压强度和变形性能较弱,易发生脆性破坏。为此,提出采用玄武岩纤维提升水泥土搅拌桩抗压性能的方法,并通过单轴抗压试验分析纤维掺量和长度对玄武岩纤维水泥土抗压性能的影响规律,最后通过电镜扫描试验(SEM)揭示玄武岩纤维对水泥土的抗压性能提升机理。结果表明:玄武岩纤维水泥土的应力-应变曲线先后经历孔隙压密、弹性变形、弹塑性变形及破坏4个典型阶段;玄武岩纤维的掺入有效提高了水泥土的抗压性能,抗压强度、峰值应变随着纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,弹性模量随之先减小后小幅上下波动;抗压强度随着纤维长度的增加而减小,峰值应变随之先增大后减小,而弹性模量则先减小后增大,在纤维掺量为0.6%、长度为6 mm时抗压强度最大;玄武岩纤维通过与水泥土颗粒之间的摩擦力和机械锚固力对土体进行摩擦加筋,锚固水泥土内部的裂纹增强颗粒之间的连接作用力,但当纤维过多或者较长时,会出现“堆聚”和“交叉搭接”现象,减少有效加筋纤维数量,从而降低试样的抗压性能,因此在水泥土中掺入玄武岩纤维时,纤维掺量和长度要适宜。

水泥土搅拌桩加固铁路饱和黄土地基承载特性试验及分析

针对兰州西至中川机场城际铁路沿线分布着大量饱和黄土,天然承载力低,无法满足工程建设要求这一问题,依据复合地基理论,提出用水泥土搅拌桩加固饱和黄土地基。通过FLAC 3D软件建立柔性荷载作用下水泥土搅拌桩复合地基模型,进行承载特性分析。得出以下结论:复合地基承载力为150 kPa,较原位地基土的承载力100.24 kPa有明显的提高;随着上部荷载的增加,沉降量也增大,中桩沉降量最大,边桩次之,角桩最小;桩身轴应力沿深度变化曲线存在一个中性点,此处桩身轴应力达到最大值;桩顶应力、桩间土应力随着荷载增加而增大,荷载为180 kPa是增长幅度发生变化的转折点。

基于离散元方法的卵砾石地层条件下水泥土搅拌桩机钻头结构参数研究

卵砾石地层可压缩性低、抗剪强度大,水泥土搅拌桩工法在应用于卵砾石地层时存钻进困难、钻具磨损大等问题。为确定卵砾石地层条件下钻头形式的最优布置,基于离散元法(DEM),对不同切削叶片数量、切削叶片角度、截齿布置形式、钻头中心底部布置形式、机械压力工况下,搅拌桩机钻头钻进卵砾石地层的物理过程进行三维动态仿真模拟,并分析研究了不同钻头布置形式对钻进效果的影响。计算结果表明:钻头切削叶片数量的增加会提高钻进阻转矩,但是会增强钻头的定心能力。设置截齿的钻头钻进阻力矩并无明显提高,但钻进速度有一定程度的提高。钻头切削叶片角度的提高会增加钻进阻力矩,但过低或者过高的切削叶片角度均会降低钻进速度。适当提高钻进压力可提高钻进速度,但须考虑动力装置的功率及扭矩输出能力。三切削叶片、高切削叶片角度、设置三截齿的高效率钻头在应用于北京市某项目卵砾石地层时效果良好,文章提出的方法可以为其他工程的施工机械选型提供参照依据。

水下深层水泥搅拌桩在直立式防波堤深厚软土地基加固中的应用

针对直立式防波堤下深厚软土地基可能产生的沉降较大和失稳问题,依托某场地软土深厚的直立式防波堤工程,结合自然条件、结构安全使用要求及造价和工期限制,对地基处理方式选取、水泥搅拌桩的布置形式、桩径、置换率、处理深度及施工技术要点进行论述。采用理论分析与工程经验结合的方法,得出在合理控制各关键参数和采取合适的措施提高施工质量的前提下,直立式防波堤下深厚软土地基采用支撑型格栅状小直径水泥搅拌桩结合柔性垫层的处理方式是可行且相对经济、合理的。

水泥夯土材料抗压强度试验及耐久性研究

为研究水泥改性夯土材料的力学性能,依据粒径和水泥含量不同制备了8种试件,在不同养护环境下养护5年后,对其进行抗压强度试验和表观耐久性评估,探究不同粒径和水泥含量对抗压强度和表观耐久性的影响。结果表明:水泥夯土材料强度与含水率、粒径分布、水泥掺量、养护方法和放置年限等因素相关;随时间积累试件抗压强度不断增加,但28 d室外养护试件强度显著下降;水泥掺量越大抗压强度就越大,室内养护试件强度大于室外养护试件强度;不添加砾石的试件表观耐久性优良,砾石掺量过高试件表观较差。

粉土地基中劲性复合桩抗压承载特性与荷载传递机制研究

劲性复合桩(stiffened deep cement mixing pile,简称SDCM桩)兼具高强度芯桩的轴向荷载传递能力与搅拌桩较高的桩侧摩阻力优势,施工效率高、性价比高,在土木建筑领域中得到推广应用。然而,由于其荷载传递机制尚缺乏统一认识,现有计算方法与实测承载力差异较大。基于此,开展了粉土地基中SDCM桩现场足尺试验,研究了其抗压承载特性与荷载传递机制。搅拌桩固化剂采用普通水泥和GS固化剂(gypsum-slag soil hardening agent)。依据实测荷载-位移曲线分析了单桩抗压极限承载力及不同固化剂的影响,并通过现场桩身取芯及芯样无侧限抗压试验分析了现场施工水泥土与室内试样强度的差异。建立了考虑芯桩-水泥土、水泥土-土体接触面的三维弹塑性有限元模型,分析了竖向下压荷载条件下桩身轴力、接触面的剪切应力分布规律,探讨了SDCM桩的荷载传递机制与承载力提高原因。研究结果表明:粉土地基中SDCM桩抗压承载力大于纯搅拌桩和单独芯桩抗压承载力之和的1.5倍;在端阻力发挥作用后,桩底水泥土由于轴向受压变形,芯桩-水泥土之间的剪切变形会大幅增加,该位置易产生剪切破坏。水泥土固化后与地基土接触面性能的改善是SDCM桩相对传统灌注桩具有更高的承载力的主要原因。

水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基静载荷试验数值分析

以榆林地区水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基工程为背景,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层的复合地基静载荷试验进行数值模拟,并分析风积沙复合地基桩土荷载传递机制及变形特性。结果表明:合理设置褥垫层厚度能有效减小桩顶应力集中,降低桩土应力比。提高褥垫层模量可减小复合地基的沉降,改善其承载性能。设置褥垫层的桩侧摩阻力在桩顶附近出现负摩阻力,随着深度向下快速增加至零,并转为正摩阻力。桩身的附加轴应力在桩顶附近先增加到峰值,然后逐渐衰减。水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地基时存在临界桩长。在相同荷载水平下,随着桩长的增加,桩土应力比先增大后趋于稳定,桩侧摩阻力分布随着桩长的增加趋于稳定。按规范设计的风积沙复合地基承载力特征值偏于安全,有较大的富余度。