Piezoresistivity of Carbon Fiber Graphite Cement-based Composites with CCCW

The electrical conductivity and piezoresistivity of carbon fiber graphite cement-matrix composites（CFGCC） with carbon fiber content（1% by the weight of cement）,graphite powder contents （0%-50% by the weight of cement） and CCCW（cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing materials,4% by the weight of cement） were studied.The experimental results showed that the relationship between the resistivity of CFGCC and the concentration of graphite powders had typical features of percolation phenomena.The percolation threshold was about 20%.A clear piezoresistive effect was observed in CFGCC with 1wt% of carbon fibers,20wt% or 30wt% of graphite powders under uniaxial compressive tests,indicating that this type of smart composites was a promising candidate for strain sensing.The measured gage factor （defined as the fractional change in resistance per unit strain） of CFGCC with graphite content of 20wt% and 30wt% were 37 and 22,respectively.With the addition of CCCW,the mechanical properties of CFGCC were improved,which benefited CFGCC piezoresistivity of stability.

Piezoresistive Response Extraction for Smart Cement-based Composites/Sensors

A kind of piezoresistive response extraction method for smart cement-based composites/sensors was proposed.Two kinds of typical piezoresistive cement-based composites/sensors were fabricated by respectively adding carbon nanotubes and nickel powders as conductive fillers into cement paste or cement mortar.The variation in measured electrical resistance of such cement-based composites/sensors was explored without loading and under repeated compressive loading and impulsive loading.The experimental results indicate that the measured electrical resistance of piezoresistive cement-based composites/sensors exhibits a two-stage variation trend of fast increase and steady increase with measurement time without loading,and an irreversible increase after loading.This results from polarization caused by ionic conduction in these composites/sensors.After reaching a plateau,the measured electrical resistance can be divided into an electrical resistance part and an electrical capacity part.The piezoresistive responses of electrical resistance part in measured electrical resistance to loading can be extracted by eliminating the linear electrical capacity part in measured electrical resistance.

Modeling and Software Development of the Interfacial Transition Zone of Ellipsoidal Aggregate in Cement-Based Composites

The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the aggregates and the bulk paste is the weakest zone of ordinary concrete, which largely determines its mechanical and transporting properties. However, a complete understanding and a quantitative modeling of ITZ are still lacking. Consequently, an integrated modeling and experimental study were conducted. First, the theoretical calculation model of the ITZ volume fraction about the rotary ellipsoidal aggregate particles was established based on the nearest surface function formula. Its calculation programs were written based on Visual Basic 6.0 language and achieved visualization and functionalization. Then, the influencing factors of ITZ volume fraction of the ellipsoidal aggregate particles and the overlapping degree between the ITZ were systematically analyzed. Finally, the calculation models of ITZ volume fraction on actual ellipsoidal aggregate were given, based on cobblestones or pebbles particles with naturally ellipsoidal shape. The results indicate that the calculation model proposed is highly reliable.

Electrical and Piezoresistive Properties of Steel Fiber Cement-based Composites Aligned by a Magnetic Field

Directionally distributed steel fiber cement-based composites(SFCCs)were prepared by magnetic field(MF)induction technology.The orientation factor of steel fibers in the as-obtained SFCCs was determined.Besides,the electrical resistivity and piezoresistive responses in two directions of aligned steel fiber cement-based composites,i e,parallel and perpendicular to MF,were measured.The effects of several variables,eg,steel fiber content,curing age,humidity,and temperature,on anisotropic electrical property were studied.The cyclic and failure piezoresistive responses in different directions were tested.It is found that the aligned steel fibers in the as-obtained SFCCs have a high orientation factor more than 0.88.Besides,SFCCs with aligned steel fibers exhibit an obvious anisotropic conductivity and piezoelectric sensitivity.The electrical conductivity of SFCCs with aligned steel fibers is less affected by temperature and humidity.At the steel fiber content of 2.5wt%,the piezoelectric sensitivity coefficient of SFCCs in the direction parallel to MF has the highest value of 324.14.In addition,the piezoresistive properties of SFCCs with aligned steel fibers in the direction parallel to MF indicate excellent sensitivity and stability under cyclic loading and monotonic loading.

Model of Coherent Interface Formation in Cement-Based Composites Containing Polyblend of Poly vinyl Alcohol and Methylcellulose

The texture of interfacial zone between cement paste and quartz in the cement-based composites containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), methylcellulose (MC) and their potyblend in an amount of 10 wt % with respect to cement, as well as the texture of dehydrated bodies of PVA, MC, and the potyblend solutions, were investigated with SEM. The network texture of the dehydrated polyblend is confirmed by comparing the texture of dehydrated bodies of PVA and MC. The network texture has restrained the movement of polyblend molecules in the cement mortar but is helpful to forming a coherent interface between cement paste and quartz. The key factor of forming the coherent interface is not the neutralization reaction between H + from hydrolysis of quarts: and OH- from hydration of cement, but the electrostatic attraction and the chemical reaction between polar groups on the polyblend molecule and cations and onions from hydrolysis of quartz and hydration of cement, respectively. The model of the coherent interface formation is that excessive [HSiO3]- and [SiO3]2- onions are bonded with the hydrated cations such as Ca2+ and Al3+ , which is confirmed by the gel containing Ca and Si on the quartz surface.

Effects of Strain Rate and Fiber Content on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber Cement-Based Composites

In this paper,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was used to investigate the dynamic impact mechanical behavior of sisal fiber-reinforced cement-based composites(SFRCCs),and the microscopic damage evolution of the composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrome-try(EDS).The results show that the addition of sisal fibers improves the impact resistance of cement-based composite materials.Compared with ordinary cement-based composites(OCCs),the SFRCCs demonstrate higher post-peak strength,ductility,and energy absorption capacity with higher fiber content.Moreover,the SFRCCs are strain rate sensitive materials,and their peak stress,ultimate strain,and energy integrals all increase with increasing strain rate.From the perspective of fracture failure characteristics,the failure of OCCs is dominated by the brittle failure of crystal cleavage.In contrast,the failure mode of the SFRCCs changes to microscale matrix cracks,multi-scale pull-out interface debonding of fibers(fine filaments and bundles),and mechanical interlock.This research provides an experimental basis for the engineering application of high-performance and green cement-based composites.

Study on Modification of Waste Rubber Powder in Cement-Based Composites Mixed with Waste Rubber Powder

In view of the disadvantage that the mechanical properties of cement-based composites can be significantly reduced by incorporating waste rubber powder in situ, the surface modification methods of the original rubber powder by coupling agent KH560, sodium hydroxide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (MHEC) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors were adopted respectively. The modification of waste rubber powder was studied by Change rate of mortar strength of cement-based composite mortar mixed with waste rubber powder. The results show that the hybrid modification method using tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursor has better ef-fect. When 5 phr ethyl orthosilicate is added, the compressive strength and flexural strength of cement-based composite mortar can be increased by 31.7% and 28%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the surface of waste rubber powder with good modification effect has many pro-trusions and flake-like porous structures which are beneficial to its bonding with cement-based materials.

High-Performance and Multifunctional Cement-Based Composite Material

Concrete is a continuously evolving material, and even the definition of high-performance concrete has changed over time. In this paper, high-performance characteristics of concrete material are considered to be those that support the desirable durability, resilience, and sustainability of civil infrastructure that directly impact our quality of life. It is proposed that high-performance material characteristics include tensile ductility, autogenous crack-width control, and material “greenness.” Furthermore, smart functionalities should be aimed at enhancing infrastructure durability, resilience, and sustainability by responding to changes in the surrounding environment of the structure in order to perform desirable functions, thus causing the material to behave in a manner more akin to certain biological materials. Based on recent advances in engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), this paper suggests that concrete embodying such high-performance characteristics and smart multifunctionalities can be designed, and holds the potential to fulfill the expected civil infrastructure needs of the 21st century. Highlights of relevant properties of ECCs are provided, and directions for necessary future research are indicated.

Smart Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cement-based Composite

The electrical characteristics of cement-based material can be remarkably improved by the addition of short carbon fibers. Carbon fiber reinforced cement composite (CFRC) is an intrinsically smart material that can sense not only the stress and strain, but also the temperature. In this paper, variations of electrical resistivity with external applied load, and relation of thermoelectric force and temperature were investigated. Test results indicated that the electrical signal is related to the increase in the material volume resistivity during crack generation or propagation and the decrease in the resistivity during crack closure. Moreover, it was found that the fiber addition increased the linearity and reversibility of the Seebeck effect in the cement-based materials. The change of electrical characteristics reflects large amount of information of inner damage and temperature differential of composite, which can be used for stress-strain or thermal self-monitoring by embedding it in the concrete structures.

Multi-scale Modeling of the Effective Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Cement-based Composite Materials

N-layered spherical inclusions model was used to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion in cement-based materials by using multi-scale method and then to investigate the relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure of cement-basted materials where the microstructure included the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between the aggregates and the bulk cement pastes as well as the microstructure of the bulk cement paste itself. For the convenience of applications, the mortar and concrete were considered as a four-phase spherical model, consisting of cement continuous phase, dispersed aggregates phase, interface transition zone and their homogenized effective medium phase. A general effective medium equation was established to calculate the diffusion coefficient of the hardened cement paste by considering the microstructure. During calculation, the tortuosity （n） and constrictivity factors （Ds/Do） of pore in the hardened pastes are n^3.2, Ds/Do=l.Ox 10-4 respectively from the test data. The calculated results using the n-layered spherical inclusions model are in good agreement with the experimental results; The effective diffusion coefficient of ITZ is 12 times that of the bulk cement for mortar and 17 times for concrete due to the difference between particle size distribution and the volume fraction of aggregates in mortar and concrete.

Dynamic Compression Behavior of Ultra-high Performance Cement-based Composite with Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforcements

Ultra-high performance cement-based composites (UHPCC) is promising in construction of concrete structures that suffer impact and explosive loads.In this study,a reference UHPCC mixture with no fiber reinforcement and four mixtures with a single type of fiber reinforcement or hybrid fiber reinforcements of straight smooth and end hook type of steel fibers were prepared.Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was performed to investigate the dynamic compression behavior of UHPCC and X-CT test and 3D reconstruction technology were used to indicate the failure process of UHPCC under impact loading.Results show that UHPCC with 1% straight smooth fiber and 2% end hook fiber reinforcements demonstrated the best static and dynamic mechanical properties.When the hybrid steel fiber reinforcements are added in the concrete,it may need more impact energy to break the matrix and to pull out the fiber reinforcements,thus,the mixture with hybrid steel fiber reinforcements demonstrates excellent dynamic compressive performance.

The Influence of Carbon Nanotubes and Nano-Silica Fume on Enhancing the Damping and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials

This paper conducted experimental studies on the damping and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-nanosilica-cement composite materials with different carbon nanotube contents. The damping and mechanical properties enhancement mechanisms were analyzed and compared through the porosity structure test, XRD analysis, and scanning electron microscope observation. The results show that the introduction of nanosilica significantly improves the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the cement matrix. At the same time, the addition of nanosilica not only effectively reduces the critical pore size and average pore size of the cement composite material, but also exhibits good synergistic effects with carbon nanotubes, which can significantly optimize the pore structure. Finally, a rationalization suggestion for the co-doping of nanosilica and carbon nanotubes was given to achieve a significant increase in the flexural strength, compressive strength and loss factor of cement-based materials.

Properties and interfacial microstructure of cement-based materials with composite micro-grains

Silica fume, fly ash and nano-fiber mineral materials (NR powder) are employed to incorporate into cement-based materials. According to the grain grading mathematical model of cement-based materials, two packing systems, namely, spherical grading system and nano-fiber reinforced system were designed. Properties and interfacial microstructure of the two systems were studied according to secondary interface theory. It was shown that nano-fiber mineral materials can improve the grain grading of the admixture, increase the density of the system, improve the microstructure of the interface and the hardened paste, and enhance the uniformity of cement-based materials mixed with composite micro-grains and greatly increase their wearable rigidity and flexure strength. In this paper, two kinds of interface models, including spherical grain model and nano-fiber reinforced interface model of the cement-based materials mixed with composite micro-grains, were brought forward.

Piezoresistivity in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cement Based Composites

The results of some interesting investigation on the piezoresistivity of carbon fiber reinforced cement based composites (CFRC) are presented with the prospect of developing a new nondestructive testing method to assess the integrity of the composite. The addition of short carbon fibers to cement-based mortar or concrete improves the structural performance and at the same time significantly decreases the bulk electrical resistivity. This makes CFRC responsive to the smart behavior by measuring the resistance change with uniaxial pressure. The piezoresistivity of CFRC under different stress was studied, at the same time the damage occurring inner specimens was detected by acoustic emission as well. Test results show that there exists a marking pressure dependence of the conductivity in CFRC, in which the so-called negative pressure coefficient of resistive (NPCR) and positive pressure coefficient of resistive (PPCR) are observed under low and high pressure. Under constant pressures, time-dependent resistivity is an outstanding characteristic for the composites, which is defined as resistance creep. The breakdown and rebuild-up process of conductive network under pressure may be responsible for the pressure dependence of resistivity.

磷渣制备CBC复合材料研究

本研究以丰富的磷渣资源为原料,在物理、化学活化基础上,采用浇注成型、常压强化工艺制备CBC复合材料。设计正交实验考察了Na2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3激发体系对CBC复合材料的作用及相关工艺参数对材料性能的影响。研究结果显示,磷渣利用率>85%,主要的影响参数为激发剂、用水量、养护方式,在适宜参数下制备出的材料强度可达100 MPa以上,且耐久性、装饰性可与天然石材相媲美。

CaO－SiO_2－P_2O_5－H_2O体系中CBC材料的水化产物（一）水化产物组成

利用ＸＲＤ和ＳＥＭＥＤＳ等测试技术对ＣａＯＳｉＯ２Ｐ２Ｏ５Ｈ２Ｏ系统中ＣＢＣ材料的水化产物组成进行了研究。结果表明：随水化进行，ＯＨＡｐ、βＣ２Ｓ和βＣ３Ｐ的量均减少。水化３６５ｄ时，体系中出现了一些不知归属的衍射线，三强线为：０．２０９２（１００），０．８２１６（５６），０．３０９１（４１）。此外在水化产物中出现了两种不知名的水化磷酸盐：７ＣａＯ·３Ｐ２Ｏ５·ｘＨ２Ｏ和６ＣａＯ·Ｐ２Ｏ５·ｙＨ２Ｏ。前者是一种大片状的晶相，后者呈连续的大小不等的圆形小颗粒，难以断定是晶相还是凝胶相。

生物炭-壳聚糖复合材料对镉污染土壤的修复效果研究

[目的]探讨生物炭-壳聚糖复合材料(CBC)对镉(Cd)污染土壤的修复效果。[方法]以黑麦草为供试植物进行盆栽试验,探究向酸性低镉土壤、中性高镉土壤和碱性高镉土壤中分别添加0、0.5%、1.0%和3.0%(W/W)的CBC时,土壤pH、全镉含量、有效态镉含量、黑麦草根和茎叶的生物量以及其中的全镉含量变化情况。[结果]施用CBC可以提高酸性和中性土壤的pH。随着CBC施用量的增加,土壤中有效态镉含量降低,当施加量至3.0%时达到显著水平。CBC可以钝化土壤中的镉活性,其钝化效果与土壤污染程度、酸碱性密切相关。随着CBC施加量的增加,黑麦草根和茎叶中镉含量降低,尤其植物地上部分降低效果明显,也证明了CBC对土壤中镉具有钝化作用;黑麦草的富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)随CBC施用量的增加而减小,表明施用CBC能够减弱土壤中的镉向植株体内的迁移,从而达到缓解镉毒害的作用。[结论]CBC可以用于镉污染土壤的修复,尤其是在污染程度严重的酸性土壤中效果更加显著。

Research Analysis on the Microscopic Properties and Damping Performance of Carbon Nanomaterial-Modified Cement Mortar

The application of carbon nanomaterials, particularly graphene and carbon nanotubes, in cement-based composites is highly significant. These materials demonstrate the multifunctionality of carbon and offer extensive possibilities for technological advancements. This research analyzes how the integration of graphene into cement-based composites enhances damping and mechanical properties, thereby contributing to the safety and durability of structures. Research on carbon nanomaterials is ongoing and is expected to continue driving innovation across various industrial sectors, promoting the sustainable development of building materials.

基于多尺度细观力学方法计算水泥基材料的导热系数

基于Eshelby等效夹杂理论和水泥基材料微观结构多尺度特征,从细观力学的角度,研究了水泥基复合材料的热力学性能,推导出了水泥基复合材料的导热系数细观力学一般表达式.借助Mori-Tanaka均质化方法,计算了不同化学组分、水灰比和养护龄期的水泥基复合材料导热系数,并研究了孔隙饱和度的影响.将研究结果与参考文献中的测量值进行综合对比后发现,基于多尺度细观力学的计算方法适用于不同饱和度水泥基复合材料导热系数的评估和计算;所得结果可进一步用于不同原材料和养护条件下水泥基复合材料导热系数及其他热力学参数的精确计算.

Mechanical properties of straw basalt fiber reinforced concrete composites

One of the biggest problems responsible of the nonrenewable resources depletion and environmental issues is the construction industries,which generates large amounts of mineral waste and harmful emitted gases.Therefore,these problems generated the necessity to search for alternative natural building materials based on renewable resources.To study the mechanical characteristics and microstructural behavior of the concrete reinforced by raw wheat straw basalt fiber composite(RWSBFc),and treated rice straw basalt fiber composite(TRSBFc),a number of experimental tests were carried out with different composites ratios.Concrete compressive strength,splitting tensile strength,and flexural strength tests were considered as main parameters.The results showed that the RWSBFC has a positive effect on concrete flexural strength by increasing of 12.58%,compared with control samples.Also,it showed good enhancement in concrete flexibility and ductility.In contrast,both RWSBFc and TRSBFc showed uneven deterioration in concrete compressive strength and splitting tensile strength.To avoid the deterioration in compressive strengths of the various composites types,some improvement methods such as processors for the used straw,and adding some additives were recommended.