Experiment and constitutive modelling of creep deformation in the frozen silt-concrete interface

To ensure the long-term safety and stability of bridge pile foundations in permafrost regions,it is necessary to investigate the rheological effects on the pile tip and pile side bearing capacities.The creep characteristics of the pile-frozen soil interface are critical for determining the long-term stability of permafrost pile foundations.This study utilized a self-developed large stress-controlled shear apparatus to investigate the shear creep characteristics of the frozen silt-concrete interface,and examined the influence of freezing temperatures(−1,−2,and−5°C),contact surface roughness(0,0.60,0.75,and 1.15 mm),normal stress(50,100,and 150 kPa),and shear stress on the creep characteristics of the contact surface.By incorporating the contact surface’s creep behavior and development trends,we established a creep constitutive model for the frozen silt-concrete interface based on the Nishihara model,introducing nonlinear elements and a damage factor.The results revealed significant creep effects on the frozen silt-concrete interface under constant load,with creep displacement at approximately 2-15 times the instantaneous displacement and a failure creep displacement ranging from 6 to 8 mm.Under different experimental conditions,the creep characteristics of the frozen silt-concrete interface varied.A larger roughness,lower freezing temperatures,and higher normal stresses resulted in a longer sample attenuation creep time,a lower steady-state creep rate,higher long-term creep strength,and stronger creep stability.Building upon the Nishihara model,we considered the influence of shear stress and time on the viscoelastic viscosity coefficient and introduced a damage factor to the viscoplasticity.The improved model effectively described the entire creep process of the frozen silt-concrete interface.The results provide theoretical support for the interaction between pile and soil in permafrost regions.

Microstructure Features and the Macroscopic Acoustic Behavior of Gassy Silt in the Yellow River Delta

The morphological changes in isolated bubbles in gassy silt play a critical role in the microscopic structures between soil particles and bubbles and macroscopic physical properties.Based on X-ray CT scanning experiments under various vertical loads(four levels),self-designed acoustic macro experiments,and a series of formula revisions to the macro-air-bearing silt sound-velocity prediction model,this paper discusses the macro-and micro-scale features of gassy silts from the Yellow River Delta.The samples consisted of different proportions of silt from the Yellow River Delta and porous media,and they were used to form two types of aerosol silts with initial gas contents of 4.23%and 7.67%.The results show that the air bubble content and external load considerably affect the microstructural parameters and acoustic behavior of gassy silt in the Yellow River Delta.The macroscopic sound velocity showed a linear positive correlation with vertical load and relation to microstructural parameters in varying manners and degrees.Based on the traditional Biot-Stoll acoustic model,the gas-phase medium coefficient was introduced for the proper calculation and prediction of the sound velocity of air-bearing silt.The errors of the overall prediction varied between 5.6%and 9.6%.

Influence of the boundary effect on the mechanical response test of pavement cushion under the wetting effect of silt

Through a self-developed model test system,the mechanical properties of silt and the deformation characteristics of airport runways were investigated during the period of subgrade wetting.Based on the test results,the reliability of the numerical simulation results was verified.Numerical models with different sizes were established.Under the same cushion parameter and loading width ranges,the effects of the cushion parameters and loading conditions on the mechanical responses of the cushion before and after subgrade wetting were analyzed.The results show that the internal friction angles of silt with different wetting degrees are approximately 34°.The cohesion is from 8 to 44 kPa,and the elastic modulus is from 15 to 34 MPa.Before and after subgrade wetting,the variation rates of the cushion horizontal tensile stresses with the same cushion parameters and loading width ranges are different under the influence of boundary effects.After subgrade wetting,the difference in the variation rates of the cushion horizontal tensile stresses under the same cushion parameter range decreases compared with that before subgrade wetting;however,this difference increases under the same loading width range.Before and after subgrade wetting,the influence of the boundary effect on the mechanical response evaluation of the cushion is not beneficial for optimizing the pavement design parameters.When the cushion thickness is more than 0.25 m,the influence of the boundary effect can be disregarded.

Experimental Study on Clogging Characteristics of Silt Soft Soil in Nansha District of Guangzhou

The silt soft soil in Nansha District of Guangzhou was the softest soft soil in China. It had the characteristics of high natural water content, high compressibility, long consolidation time, and complex layered distribution of soil layers. These characteristics formed the clogging characteristics of silt soft soil, which greatly increased the construction difficulty and hindered the construction progress. Therefore, based on the basic physical and mechanical properties of silt soft soil in Nansha District of Guangzhou, this paper evaluated the clogging characteristics of three silt soft soil areas in Nansha District of Guangzhou through long-term permeability test, and carried out scanning electron microscope test to explore the influence of different parameters and microstructure on the clogging difficulty of silt soft soil. The results showed that the silt soft soil Zone I and Zone II (shallow layer) in Nansha District of Guangzhou were divided into slight siltation levels, and the silt soft soil Zone III (deep layer) was mild siltation level. Large pores were widely distributed in shallow silt soft soil, while the continuity of large pores in deep silt soft soil was poor. The migration of fine particles that failed to establish contact with surrounding particles in the soil blocks the small pores of seepage and thus produces siltation.

Sensitivity Analysis of Multi-phase Seepage Parameters Affecting the Clayey Silt Hydrate Reservoir Productivity in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)is an important future resource for the 21st century and a strategic resource with potential for commercial development in the third energy transition.It is of great significance to accurately predict the productivity of hydrate-bearing sediments(HBS).The multi-phase seepage parameters of HBS include permeability,porosity,which is closely related to permeability,and hydrate saturation,which has a direct impact on hydrate content.Existing research has shown that these multi-phase seepage parameters have a great impact on HBS productivity.Permeability directly affects the transmission of pressure-drop and discharge of methane gas,porosity and initial hydrate saturation affect the amount of hydrate decomposition and transmission process of pressure-drop,and also indirectly affect temperature variation of the reservoir.Considering the spatial heterogeneity of multi-phase seepage parameters,a depressurization production model with layered heterogeneity is established based on the clayey silt hydrate reservoir at W11 station in the Shenhu Sea area of the South China Sea.Tough+Hydrate software was used to calculate the production model;the process of gas production and seepage parameter evolution under different multi-phase seepage conditions were obtained.A sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting the reservoir productivity was conducted so that:(a)a HBS model with layered heterogeneity can better describe the transmission process of pressure and thermal compensation mechanism of hydrate reservoir;(b)considering the multi-phase seepage parameter heterogeneity,the influence degrees of the parameters on HBS productivity were permeability,porosity and initial hydrate saturation,in order from large to small,and the influence of permeability was significantly greater than that of other parameters;(c)the production potential of the clayey silt reservoir should not only be determined by hydrate content or seepage capacity,but also by the comprehensive effect of the two;and(d)time scales need to be considered when studying the effects of changes in multi-phase seepage parameters on HBS productivity.

Strength and deformation behavior of the Yellow River silt under triaxial drained condition considering characteristic states

Currently,the application of the Yellow River silt in subgrade,especially in expressway subgrade,has not been widely promoted.The main reason is that the research on the mechanical characteristics of the Yellow River silt used for subgrade filling is extremely limited.In this study,the static shear test of the Yellow River silt under drained condition was carried out using Global Digital Systems(GDS)triaxial apparatus,and the effects of confining pressure,relative density and shear rate on the strength and deformation behavior of the Yellow River silt were investigated.The cohesive force of the Yellow River silt is low,and the friction angle is the main factor determining the shear strength.Friction angle at phase transformation stateφpt,friction angle at peak stateφps,friction angle at critical stateφcs,were obtained via the observation on the evolution law of mobilized friction angle during the whole shearing process.The friction angles corresponding to three different characteristic states have the following magnitude relationship,namelyφps>φcs>φpt.The strength parameters for low-grade subgrade and highgrade subgrade were chosen to be 29.33°and 33.75°.The critical state line(CSL),envelop of phase transformation(EOP),and envelop of dilatancy(EOD)for three different characteristic states were determined.The critical stress ratio M,the phase transformation stress ratio Mptand the dilatancy stress ratio Mdof the Yellow River silt are 1.199,1.235,1.152,respectively.These results provide a basis for the mechanical analysis of the Yellow River silt subgrades and the subsequent establishment of dynamic constitutive model of the Yellow River silt.

Factors Influencing the Thermal Conductivity of Silt in the Yellow River Delta

The thermal conductivity of marine sediments is an important thermophysical parameter in the study of seafloor heat flow and marine engineering construction.Understanding the effect of thermal conductivity of marine sediments in the environment has a major engineering value and theoretical significance.In this work,a modified test method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Delta under different void ratios,moisture contents,temperatures,and salinities.Results showed that the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Delta decreased with the increase in the void ratio and increased with the water content.Compared with sand and clay,silt in the Yellow River Delta was the least affected by the void ratio and moisture content.Under low temperatures,the heat transfer of soil was controlled by the average velocity of the phonons;therefore,the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Estuary increased with temperature.The thermal conductivity of pore water decreased with increasing salinity.Moreover,certain salinity levels resulted in a phenomenon known as the‘compressing twin electrical layer’,which led to an increase in the contact area between soil particles.With the increase in salinity,the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Delta experiences an initial decline and a subsequent increase.The proposed thermal conductivity test method is more accurate than the existing technique,and the findings provide a basis for further study on the thermal characteristics of submarine sediments.

Study on Mechanical Properties of High Fine Silty Basalt Fiber Shotcrete Based on Orthogonal Design

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of highfines sand(HFS)produced by the mine,full solid waste shotcrete(HFS-BFRS)was prepared with HFS asfine aggregate in cooperation with basaltfiber(BF).The strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS were analyzed.And thefitting equation of compressive strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS under the synergistic effect of multiple factors was given.And based on the orthogonal experimental method,the effects on the compressive strength,splitting tensile strength andflex-ural strength of HFS-BFRS under the action of different levels of influencing factors were investigated.The effect of three factors on the mechanical properties of HFS-BFRS,3,and 28 d,respectively,was revealed by choosing the colloidal sand ratio(C/H),basaltfiber volume fraction(BF Vol)and naphthalene high-efficiency water reducing agent(FDN)as the design variables,combined with indoor tests and theoretical analysis.The results show that the sensitivity of the three factors on compressive strength andflexural strength is C/H>FDN>BF Vol,and split-ting tensile strength is BF Vol>FDN>C/H.Finally,thefitting ratio of HFS-BFRS was optimized by the factor index method,and the rationality was verified by thefield test.For thefluidity of HFS-BFRS,the slump can be improved by 139%under the action of 1.2%FDN,which guarantees the pump-ability of HFS-BFRS.

河湖库淤积治理中底泥清淤的内涵与发展方向

淤积问题对我国的水利事业影响深远,而底泥清淤是近些年淤积治理中经常采用的措施。针对底泥清淤的现状和存在问题,系统梳理了底泥清淤这一学科交叉领域的相关理论、技术和方法;阐述了对底泥清淤的概念、内涵、类型及基本问题的科学理解;提出了淤积治理中底泥清淤必须明确的四大问题:为什么治理、治理什么、用什么方法治理以及对后续产物如何处置。依据淤积对河湖库产生的危害,可分为物理性淤积、化学性污染和生态性损害三种类型。分别讨论了工程清淤、环保清淤和生态清淤间的共性和差异。对底泥清淤工程在目的、目标、手段及后续处理处置方面的现状及存在问题进行了评述。未来底泥清淤势必成为一个长期存在的工程和管理行为,因此更加高效、低投入、绿色、可持续的底泥清淤技术,是行业必然的发展方向。

EICP与木质素联合改性粉土边坡抗雨蚀试验研究

通过设置6组试样,采用降雨试验,通过试样的表面侵蚀状况与冲蚀量、表面强度、碳酸钙含量的变化分析了改性后粉土边坡的抗雨蚀性能。试验结果表明:植物源酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)与木质素联合改性试样并在表面喷洒EICP溶液后,试样表面完整度更好,表面强度及碳酸钙含量更高,质量损失更小,抗雨蚀能力明显提高,与其他试样的平均值相比,边坡土体侵蚀量降低了75.0%,表面强度提高了33.8%,碳酸钙含量提高了235.2%;坡面喷洒EICP溶液可形成硬壳层,有效避免坡面侵蚀;木质素可为碳酸钙提供成核位点,使分布散乱的碳酸钙附着在木质素上,添加木质素后试样碳酸钙含量提高,且表面强度随碳酸钙含量提高而增大。

超细地聚合物对河湖疏浚淤泥固化和重金属固结效果的影响

我国每年河湖疏浚产生大量废弃淤泥,这些淤泥固结周期长、固化强度低且含有大量重金属,难以进行资源化利用。采用超细偏高岭土地聚合物,研究其对淤泥固化强度、水稳系数和重金属固结效果的影响。结果表明:随着超细地聚合物掺量增加,淤泥固化土的强度逐渐增大,7 d无侧限抗压强度可达1.68 MPa,具有优异的淤泥固化效果;水稳系数先增大后减小,掺入超细偏高岭土的淤泥固化土水稳系数均达到了90%以上,是纯淤泥土的两倍以上。超细地聚合物对镉、铅等6种重金属离子均具有良好的固结效果,尤其是对镉和汞的固结作用最为显著,且各组淤泥固化土中6种重金属元素浸出量均未超过相关标准的要求。超细地聚合物对淤泥具有良好的固化和重金属固结效果,与普通硅酸盐水泥固化材料有较大区别。

注浆法在既有建筑地基基础加固中的应用

既有建筑物因为地基处理的不当,会发生地基的不均匀沉降从而引起建筑物的倾斜,上部结构的开裂等病害问题。因此,应该在全面考虑建筑物及各种因素的基础上进行综合分析,找到建筑物的病害原因,采取合理的处理方法进行地基基础的加固设计。结合沿海地区淤泥地层某住宅加固工程,介绍了注浆加固法在既有建筑物地基基础加固中的应用,阐述了施工过程中的注浆参数、施工顺序、施工工艺流程、质量控制和施工监测,注浆加固施工取得了良好的效果,也为类似环境条件下的加固设计提供了参考。

探地雷达在白洋淀湖底地层结构探测中的技术攻关与实践

白洋淀湖底地层调查对于白洋淀生态地质调查、湖底生态清淤及湿地生态保护具有非常重要的现实意义。为系统探明白洋淀湖底地层结构,从区域尺度对湖底地层实现完整刻画,为钻探调查提供精确的靶区数据支撑,创新了探地雷达应用范围,采用船载方式,透过水体开展了湖底地层勘查。剖析白洋淀湖底结构探地雷达勘探技术难点,分析了含底泥和不含底泥2种情形下水上勘探电磁波的传播特征和湖底原生地层的地球物理响应条件,建立了淀水+淤泥层+湖底原生地层的湖底简化结构模型。通过对比国内外主流探地雷达系统不同硬件设备的勘探能力与适应条件,优选出双皮划艇搭载50 MHz低频组合天线的工作模式,结合适用于水下电磁波弱信号提取的数据处理技术,获得了白洋淀湖底15 m深度范围的地层结构数据。结果表明,此种工作模式适用于湖区水深小于5 m的水域,原生地层电磁波整体呈现弱反射特征,湖底15 m深度范围内存在2~3组砂层反射界面。淤泥层会大大削弱湖底原生地层的电磁波反射强度。存在厚砂层的水域,电磁波会形成强反射波组,砂层展布形态刻画清晰,砂层厚度变化在0~3 m之间。本项研究实现了湖底地层结构建模分析、天线勘探模式优选、数据处理过程优化等技术集成。该技术成果为白洋淀淀区地下水与地表水三维地质建模提供了基础依据,为湖底地层钻探勘查提供了靶区支撑,有力推动了白洋淀湿地水-陆一体化探测技术方法体系的构建。

隧道施工引发粉土地面沉降模拟与分析

为研究黄泛区粉土地层内开挖双线地铁隧道对地上及其周边地面沉降的影响,以某双线地铁隧道开挖工程为例,考虑地下水、隧道间距对地面沉降的影响,采用流固耦合数值方法和理论分析方法对隧道施工引起的地面沉降规律进行分析。将数值模拟数据与Peck公式进行反演计算,并考虑隧道间隔和埋深的影响提出修正Peck公式,再结合叠加原理建立适用于双线隧道开挖引起地面沉降的修正叠加公式。结果表明:隧道开挖扰动地层将引起超静孔隙水压力现象;数值模拟与理论计算得到隧道间隔为4 m时,地面沉降曲线呈现“V”型,隧道间隔为8 m、12 m时,则沉降曲线呈现“U”形;粉土内开挖双线地铁隧道,地面容易受到扰动且沉降量大,随着隧道间距的增加,隧道上方土体沉降量逐渐减小;基于修正Peck公式计算结果与数值模拟结果基本一致,相对误差在3%左右,表明该公式具有很好的实用性。研究可为粉土地区隧道及地下工程建设提供理论依据和技术支撑。

不同加卸载路径下灵敏性粉土的变形特性

山西汾河中游一级阶地的施工中发现,饱和粉土地基受扰动后会产生很大的附加沉降,且迟迟不能稳定,表现出灵敏性。基于一维固结蠕变试验研究不同的加卸载路径对灵敏性粉土变形特性的影响,结果表明:加卸载路径和加卸荷比是影响压缩曲线的重要因素;压缩曲线在出现转折时对应的应力为结构屈服应力;加荷比越大,同级荷载下沉降值、固结系数、次固结系数和主固结比都会增大,同时其压缩曲线越趋近于线性,特征转折点消失,但加荷比越大,可大大减少工期;预压荷载的大小和卸荷比都会影响灵敏性粉土的回弹量,预压荷载大于结构屈服应力时,卸荷比越大,回弹量越大,因此需要采取分级卸载方法减小回弹量,保证预压效果;目标荷载小于结构屈服应力时,超载预压法降低工后沉降效果显著。

冻融循环下低液限盐渍化粉土力学特性研究

为了研究冻融作用对低液限盐渍化粉土强度的影响,对不同初始含水率低液限盐渍化粉土进行冻融循环试验后,开展不固结不排水(UU)剪切和扫描电镜(SEM)试验,从宏微观角度揭示低液限盐渍化粉土强度的劣化机理。结果表明:未冻融时,含水率的改变不会引起低液限盐渍化粉土应力-应变曲线形态发生变化,均表现为软化型;在冻融作用下,含水率小于14%时试件的曲线形态不会发生改变,呈现软化型,高含水率的试件其应力-应变曲线形态会向着硬化性转变;通过分析冻融和含水率与破坏强度的关系,发现低液限盐渍化粉土破坏强度随含水率的提高呈现线性衰减,破坏强度随冻融循环次数的增加呈现指数型衰减,前3次冻融过程中破坏强度的衰减速率和幅度最大,随后趋于稳定;随着围压的增大,试件的应力-应变曲线会由软化型向硬化型过渡;在微观结构方面,冻融作用会改变土颗粒之间的接触形式,造成孔隙和裂隙的发育,冻融过程中微观结构的变异规律和宏观力学指标的劣化具有一致性。结合土体损伤力学,构建了冻融作用下的低液限盐渍化粉土黏聚力损伤劣化模型,冻融过程中的劣化度符合双曲线关系,最终劣化度A_(c)与含水率呈指数型关系,劣化速率B_(c)与含水率呈线性关系。

高温冻结粉土-不同粗糙度混凝土接触面蠕变特性试验研究

为研究高温冻土-混凝土接触面的蠕变特性,利用自行研制的大型蠕变剪切仪,开展了-1℃条件下冻结粉土与粗糙度分别为0,0.538,0.775,1.225 mm混凝土接触面的分级加载蠕变试验。分析了分级加载条件下接触面蠕变曲线规律及接触面破坏特征,并将分级加载曲线转换为分别加载曲线,研究蠕变速率随时间变化规律,建立剪应力-稳定蠕变速率函数,从而得到接触面长期强度值,进一步建立接触面长期强度与粗糙度的函数关系,以探讨粗糙度抵抗蠕变的作用机理。结果表明:高温冻结粉土-混凝土接触面分级加载强度及剪切破坏时间与粗糙度呈线性正相关,随着粗糙度的增大,剪切破坏界面向土体内部偏移,破坏类型由接触面滑移破坏向土体内部破坏发展;通过陈氏法将分级加载曲线转换为分别加载曲线,得到的分别加载蠕变曲线具有衰减和非衰减蠕变特征;建立稳定蠕变速率与剪应力的函数关系符合arrhenius方程,从而得到接触面长期强度仅约为分级加载强度的20%,说明高温冻结粉土-混凝土接触面具有显著的流变效应;接触面长期强度随粗糙度的增大呈线性增长,接触面粗糙度由0 mm增大到1.225 mm时,长期强度可增大220%,可通过增大接触表面粗糙度的方法提高高温冻土-混凝土接触面的长期强度。

基于PFC模拟的饱和粉砂强度折减范围研究

为验证基于颗粒流程序(particle flow code,PFC)模拟的饱和粉砂土体变形和破坏状态下土力学参数与孔隙度的关系,以呼和浩特市地铁2号线公主府站至呼和浩特站盾构区间前期钻探土样为研究基础,对饱和粉砂进行一系列密度梯度的三轴不固结不排水室内试验,根据换算公式将密度指标转化为孔隙度指标,对孔隙度与内摩擦角之间的关系式以及孔隙度、围压与变形模量之间的定量关系式进行拟合。通过离散元法进行三轴数值模拟试验,监测试件在压剪过程中孔隙度随试件变形的变化规律,从而确定饱和粉砂在弹塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段土体孔隙度与变形模量及内摩擦角之间的关系。结果表明,土体强度随密度的增加而增加,基本呈现线性增加的规律。将孔隙度随土体应变变化的曲线对应到内摩擦角随孔隙度变化的拟合曲线中,可以得到饱和粉砂不同阶段土力学参数的取值范围,明确土体强度折减范围。通过PFC模拟曲线确定不同阶段对应的区段,为完善饱和粉砂强度折减规律分析提供了新的方法。

淤泥固化土动力特性及在直立护岸抗震分析中的应用

以大连临空产业园填海造地项目为背景,开展淤泥固化土动力特性试验研究。运用FLAC^(3D)有限元软件对不同地基处理方案的直立沉箱护岸在地震作用下进行动力响应模拟。从加速度响应、孔压与有效应力、残余变形等方面定量评价直立沉箱护岸结构的抗震安全性。动力特性试验结果表明:阻尼比与剪切应变和固化剂掺量呈正相关,且围压越高,阻尼越小。数值分析结果表明:在地震作用下,不同的地基条件下加速度放大系数呈现出不同的峰值;沉箱下方砂土层不液化;淤泥固化土地基上沉箱的残余变形小于原状淤泥地基且高水位能减小残余变形,提高沉箱的安全性。研究成果可为类似港口工程抗震设计提供参考。

粉沙质海岸航道运维期骤淤防治标准研究

黄骅港处于淤泥粉沙质海岸,港区航道的骤淤防治重现期为10年。黄骅港煤炭港区建成20余年来,其吞吐量逐年增加,作为煤炭枢纽港的重要性进一步凸显。煤炭港区航道进入运维期后,疏浚维护力量得到加强,航道淤积特点也发生一定变化,泥沙淤积资料进一步完善,航道骤淤防治标准具备进一步提升的条件,以加强航道抗风险能力。本文通过对泥沙淤积实测数据的分析,提出除防治航道一次大风骤淤外,需关注连续多频次低重现期大风骤淤,其造成的累加骤淤量不可忽视。根据环境条件变化及淤积特点,提出了黄骅港煤炭港区航道运维期骤淤防治标准,可作为航道备淤深度确定依据,以及其他粉沙质海岸航道运维期骤淤防治标准确定的参考。