Drilling-based measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock and its field application

The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.

Porosity of crushed rock layer and its impact on thermal regime of Qinghai-Tibet Railway embankment

It has been proven that crushed rock layers used in roadbed construction in permafrost regions have a cooling effect. The main reason is the existence of large porosity of the rock layers. However, due to the strong winds, cold and high radiation conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP), both wind-blown sand and/or weathered rock debris blockage might reduce the porosity of the rock layers, resulting in weakening the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer(CRL) in the crushed rock embankment(CRE) of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(QTR) in the permafrost regions. Such a process might warm the underlying permafrost, and further lead to potential threat to the QTR's integrity and stability. The different porosities corresponding to the different equivalent rock diameters were measured in the laboratory using water saturation method, and an empirical exponential equation between porosity and equivalent rock diameter was proposed based on the measured experimental data and an important finding is observed in our and other experiments that the larger size crushed rock tends to lead to the larger porosity when arbitrarily packing. Numerical tests were carried out to study impacts of porosity on permafrost degradation and differential thaw depths between the sunny and shady shoulders. The results show that the decrease in porosity due to wind-blown sand or weathered rock debris clogging can worsen the permafrost degradation and lead to the asymmetric thermal regime. In the traditional embankment(without the CRL within it), the largest differential thaw depth can reach up to 3.1 m. The optimized porosity appears in a range from 34% to 42% corresponding to equivalent rock diameter from 10 to 20.5 cm. The CRE with the optimized porosities can make underlying permafrost stable and 0 ℃ isotherms symmetric in the coming 50 years, even under the condition that the climate warming can lead to permafrost degradation under the CRE and the traditional embankment. Some practical implications were proposed to benefit the future design, construction and maintenance of CRE in permafrost regions.

The cooling effect of crushed rock structures on permafrost under an embankment

Based on the analysis and comparison of soil temperature, thermal regime and permafrost table under the experimental embankment of crushed rock structures in Beiluhe, results show that crushed rock structures provide an extensive cooling effect, which produces a rising permafrost table and decreasing soil temperatures. The rise of the permafrost table under the embankment ranges from an increase of 1.08 m to 1.67 m, with an average of 1.27 m from 2004 to 2007. Mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock layer embankment decreased significantly from 2005 to 2007, with average decreases of ?1.03 °C at the depth of 0.5 m, ?1.14 °C at the depth of 1.5 m, and ?0.5 °C at the depth of 5 m. During this period, mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock cover embankment showed a slight decrease at shallow depths, with an average decrease of ?0.2 °C at the depth of 0.5 m and 1.5 m, but a slight rise at the depth of 5 m. After the crushed rock structures were closed or crammed with sand, the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer embankment was greatly reduced and that of the crushed rock cover embankment was just slightly reduced.

The biaxial compression mechanical properties of crushed rock

Crushed rock subgrade, as one of the roadbed-cooling methods, has been widely used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Much attention has been paid on the cooling effect of crushed rock; however, the mechanical properties of crushed rock are somehow neglected. Based on the discrete element method, biaxial compression test condition for crushed rock is com- piled in FISH language in PFC2D, and the natural shape of crushed rock is simulated with super particle ＂cluster＂. The ef- fect of particle size, crushed rock strength and confining pressure level on overall mechanical properties of the crushed rock aggregate are respectively analyzed. Results show that crushed rock of large particle size plays an essential frame- work role, which is mainly responsible for the deformation of crushed rock aggregate. The strength of gravel has a great influence on overall mechanical properties which means that strength attenuation caused by the freeze thaw cycles cannot be ignored. The stress-strain curves can be divided into two stages including shear contraction and shear expansion at different confining pressures.

Analysis of the Cooling Mechanism of a Crushed Rock Embankment in Warm and Lower Temperature Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Based on data monitored in situ and theoretical analysis,the characteristics of the temperature field and mechanism of thermal conduction of a crushed rock embankment were studied along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.The results of experi-ments in the field revealed that the cooling effect of a crushed rock embankment is influenced mainly by the natural con-vection in winter and shield effect in summer,the ventilation of crushed rocks,and the ground temperature regime be-neath the embankment.Consequently,these three factors should be taken into account in numerical simulations,but it is as a result of natural convection only.

Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Permafrost （perennially frozen ground） appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature （≥1℃） and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope （ECRSS） were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the ＂cold＂ energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.

Numerical Analysis for Temperature Characteristics of Open Boundary Crushed-rock Embankment on Qinghai-Tibet Railway

At present, in order to protect the stability of permafrost beneath emban kment, the crushed-rock emban kment, as a new type of emban kment structure, has widely been used in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Its crushed-rock layer is almost open in tow bilateral boundaries and closed at top and bottom, and air can flow into/out of the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer. Therefore, the convection and transfer heat patterns are very complicated in the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer of the emban kment, which are regarded as porous media. In this paper, based on the wind, temperature and geology conditions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a numerical approach of the unsteady two-dimensional continuity, momentum (non-Darcy flow) and energy equations of heat convection for incompressible fluid in porous media is provide to analyse the velocity and temperature characteristics of the crushed-rock emban kment with different emban kment heights under open boundary condition for the coming 50 years. The calculated results indicate that, due to the influence of the external wind, the convective heat transfer mainly relies on the forced convection in the open crushed-rock emban kment. Even if the air temperature will be warmed up by 2.6℃ in the coming 50 years, it still has a better cooling effect on the underlying soils and a low temperature frozen-soil core is formed in the permafrost below it if the emban kment is constructed in the regions whose present mean annual air temperature is -4.0℃. Furthermore, the cooling effect of high crushed-rock emban kment is better than that of low emban kment. This results from the fact that the wider bottom of high emban kment has a more influence dimension on the underlying frozen soil. However, cardinal winds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau disturb its convection pattern, so that an asymmetric temperature distribution occurs under high emban kment and it is possible to induce a transverse uneven deformation of emban kment, but no similar situation occurs under low emban kment. This asymmetric temperature field problem should be considered when crushed-rock emban kment is designed and constructed.

A new theory of rock-explosive matching based on the reasonable control of crushed zone

Rational rock-explosive matching is of great importance to enhancing explosive energy effective utilization and improving rock fragmentation effect.The traditionally emphasized method of acoustic impedance matching is not rational.Based on blasting breakage mechanism,a new theory of rock-explosive matching in drilling and blasting is proposed.The new approach chooses explosive parameters by reasonable control of the size of crushed zone under the condition of fully fragmentation between adjacent blast holes.This method can directly reflect the blasting fragmentation effect and energy effective utilization,which is easy to implement.Also,a modified model is developed,taken adjacent blast hole blasting loading into account.As a result,explosive parameters of different grades of rock are given in full coupling on-site mixed explosive charge for different project objectives.

Thermal stability of permafrost under U-shaped crushed rock embankment of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The U-shaped crushed rock embankment(UCRE),of which widely utilized in the permafrost regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,has the capability to rapidly reduce the ground temperature of the underlying permafrost.However,there remains uncertainty regarding the adaptation of UCRE to climate change and its long-term cooling trend.This study focuses on nine UCRE monitoring sites along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to analyze the dynamic variations of the ground temperature underlying permafrost from 2006 to 2020.The efficiency of UCRE in stabilizing permafrost temperature in different permafrost zones is evaluated by considering the permafrost table,ground temperature,and MAGT,as well as the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the crushed rock layer and the ground temperature variation index(GTVI).The results show that UCRE is suitable for application in extremely unstable warm permafrost regions where the MAGT is higher than-0.5℃.Moreover,UCRE effectively diminishes the disparity in permafrost thermal stability between the sunny and shaded shoulders of the embankment.The short-term and long-term effect of cooling permafrost is experiencing a change related with permafrost stability.Notably,in stable cold permafrost regions with MAGT lower than-1.5℃,the long-term cooling effect of UCRE on permafrost seems to gradually di-minishes,but UCRE continues to fulfill the role of stabilizing the underlying permafrost thermal state over the long-term.These results show that UCRE can quickly restore and stabilize the thermal state of permafrost in the early stages of construction,and adapt to the influence of future climate change.The findings provide important guidance for understanding the variations of permafrost thermal stability beneath the embankment in permafrost regions,as well as for improving the embankment stability and operational safety of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

Effect of the textural properties of rocks on their crushing and grinding features

To study the effect of the textural properties of rocks on their crushing feature, the distribution of particle size, the texture, grinding and crushing characteristics of the rocks were investigated, and the relations among them were then analyzed using statistical methods. The relations between the textural properties and the physical and mechanical features of rocks were determined.

New testing methodology for the quantification of rock crushability:Compressive crushing value(CCV)

Crushing is a size reduction process that plays a key role in both mineral processing and crushing–screening plant design. Investigations on rock crushability have become an important issue in mining operations and the manufacture of industrial crusher equipment. The main objective of this research is to quantify the crushability of hard rocks based on their mineralogical and mechanical properties. For this purpose, the mineralogical, physical, and mechanical properties of various hard rocks were determined. A new compressive crushing value(CCV) testing methodology was proposed. The results obtained from CCV tests were compared with those from mineralogical inspections, rock strength as well as mechanical aggregate tests. Strong correlations were found between CCV and several rock and aggregate properties such as uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), the brittleness index(S_(20)), and aggregate impact value(AIV). Furthermore, the relationship between the mineralogical properties of the rocks and their CCVs were established. It is concluded that the proposed testing methodology is simple and highly repeatable and could be utilized as a pre-design tool in the design stage of the crushing process for rock quarries.

Influence of some rock strength properties on jaw crusher performance in granite quarry

The influence of rock strength properties on Jaw Crusher performance was carried out to determine the effect of rock strength on crushing time and grain size distribution of the rocks.Investigation was conducted on four different rock samples namely marble,dolomite,limestone and granite which were representatively selected from fragmented lumps in quarries.Unconfined compressive strength and Point load tests were carried out on each rock sample as well as crushing time and size analysis.The results of the strength parameters of each sample were correlated with the crushing time and the grain size distribution of the rock types.The results of the strength tests show that granite has the highest mean value of 101.67 MPa for Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) test,6.43 MPa for Point Load test while dolomite has the least mean value of 30.56 MPa for UCS test and 0.95 MPa for Point Load test.According to the International Society for Rock Mechanic(ISRM) standard,the granite rock sample may be classified as having very high strength and dolomite rock sample,low strength.Also,the granite rock has the highest crushing time(21.0 s) and dolomite rock has the least value(5.0 s).Based on the results of the investigation,it was found out that there is a great influence of strength properties on crushing time of rock types.

泥石浆型复杂破碎岩体非线性渗流数学模型与实验研究

断层、陷落柱是影响承压水上煤层开采的主要隐患之一,由于其具有碎石块和泥质充填物(泥石浆)构成的复杂结构,其渗透性的确定通常以定性分析为主,缺少量化模型。为了研究泥石浆型复杂破碎岩体渗透性的量化计算方法,开展了渗流实验研究破碎岩体非线性渗流规律,并基于多孔介质分形理论、非线性渗流理论,建立了考虑黏土成分及泥化充填作用的破碎岩体非线性渗流数学模型,最后与实验结果对比验证数学模型的准确性。结果表明:①陷落柱破碎带样品的粒度分布具有一定的分形规律,含有黏土颗粒的破碎带岩体遇水泥化后,分形维数增大,黏土充填封堵了大颗粒岩石碎块内部的大孔隙,降低了破碎岩体的渗透性;②随着破碎带岩体渗透率的降低,非线性开始发生时的临界压力梯度也增大,表明非线性临界压力梯度可以用来量化破碎岩体的阻隔水能力;③非线性开始发生时的临界压力梯度的实验结果与数学模型计算结果吻合,验证了模型的准确性。建立的破碎岩体非线性渗流数学模型首次尝试考虑了黏土成分及泥化充填作用对渗透性的影响,为泥石浆型复杂破碎岩体渗透性的定量计算及水体下、承压水上等特殊开采条件下地质构造的阻隔水性能研究提供了一种新的研究思路。

径向不耦合装药爆压消峰作用及其对岩石破裂范围影响

弄清单孔爆破岩石破裂规律是揭示群孔爆破岩石破碎机理的基础。从理论上阐明了单孔爆破岩石破裂机理,采用高能爆轰炸药模型和混凝土损伤模型,分别模拟了空气与水不耦合装药下单孔爆破的应力变化过程、裂纹扩展过程以及不耦合系数为1.0~3.5时岩石粉碎区与裂隙区大小;分析了炮孔壁上爆破压力峰值、粉碎区与裂隙区的大小随不耦合系数的变化规律。研究结果表明:由于不同介质的影响,空气不耦合装药结构对于爆压的削峰作用约是水不耦合装药结构的2倍;当不耦合系数介于1.0~3.5时(药卷直径不变),空气不耦合装药下粉碎区直径介于4.44~1.59倍炮孔直径,裂隙区直径介于22.5~7.62倍炮孔直径;水不耦合装药下粉碎区直径介于4.44~2.74倍炮孔直径,裂隙区直径介于22.5~10.67倍炮孔直径。

湿空气对开放块石层湿热特性影响的试验研究

青藏高原暖湿化趋势日益加剧,空气中的水汽质量分数随季节变化差异较大致使空气物性参数、焓值等产生变化,可能会间接影响块石路基的换热过程。本文基于模型试验及空气热力学理论,对等压条件下干、湿空气中块石层内湿热特性进行了分析。结果表明:在等压条件下干、湿空气温差与水汽质量分数呈正相关关系,且水汽质量分数变化速率低于温差变化速率8%。基于地表能量平衡方法计算了考虑水汽影响的块石表层感热通量,发现两种空气条件下的感热通量差值与水汽质量分数也呈正相关关系,此时水汽质量分数变化速率高于感热通量差值变化速率9.8%。日出后干、湿空气与深层块石的对流换热差值主要受空气相对湿度控制,日落后由于干、湿空气温差较大则受空气温差影响。水汽质量分数较低时,干、湿空气焓值差变化速率高于水汽质量分数变化率约87%,焓值差变化率高于水汽质量分数变化率约21%,该现象随着水汽质量分数下降而愈加明显。研究结果对于评价和预测湿空气条件下块石结构路基的长期热稳定性具有重要工程意义。

RhoA/ROCK信号通路在EPO促进视网膜神经节细胞轴突生长中的作用

目的探讨RhoA/ROCK信号通路在促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)促进视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGCs)轴突生长中的作用。方法将48只成年SD大鼠采用Dil上丘逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞,3 d后右眼均行视神经夹伤手术后随机分为3组,即对照组,EPO组和EPO+Y-27632组,15 d后用视网膜铺片,荧光显微镜下观察RGCs的存活数量和密度;Western blot检测视神经中轴突生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)的表达水平的变化;RT-PCR检测RhoA和ROCK mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组比较,EPO组ROCK mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.01),GAP-43表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。与EPO组比较,给予ROCK抑制剂Y-27632,ROCK mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.01),GAP-43和MAP-1B表达水平明显增高(P<0.01)。结论 EPO促进视网膜神经细胞轴突生长与RhoA/ROCK信号通路活性下调有关。

煤矿巷道再造高强度承载结构快速支护技术及工程应用

针对松软、破碎围岩巷道可锚性差、受强动压和强构造应力影响等问题,开展了大量现场调研并归纳分析了3种典型煤矿巷道围岩大变形和围岩控制难题;在分析现有支护技术和理论基础上,提出再造高强度承载结构快速支护技术思路和再造方法。以贵州龙宝煤矿11205运输下山为工程背景,分析其变形破坏原因,结合实际设计出对破碎围岩进行置换加卸压的联合支护方法,理论上建立巷旁充填墙承载力学模型,分析了巷旁充填墙的承载强度,确定了巷旁充填墙的强度与巷道围岩的可适性及有效性。结合FLAC^(3D)数值模拟与Python脚本编程语言,实现飞蛾火焰优化算法,确定最优的破碎围岩巷道的置换参数(墙体厚度和卸压区宽度)。研发了高强度高韧性充填支护新材料。通过对软弱墙体进行置换再造,让巷道顶板、充填体和底板重新构成一个整体承载结构。井下工业性试验结果表明,对巷道软弱岩体进行置换再造后,巷道顶板、充填体和底板所构成的新结构可实现整体承载,充分发挥了围岩自身承载能力和抵抗变形能力,围岩变形趋于平稳,收敛速率基本都小于0.2 mm/d,无明显变形,且数值模拟计算结果与工程实践监测较为吻合,表明巷旁充填置换支护方案对松软破碎围岩巷道控制有较好的效果。最后,对深入研究再造承载结构快速支护技术进行了展望。

破碎围岩条件下隧道内部沉降控制技术研究

本文针对破碎围岩条件下隧道沉降控制技术进行研究。首先,分析了破碎围岩条件下隧道沉降的成因和特点,总结了国内外隧道沉降控制技术现状和存在问题;其次,提出了一种针对破碎围岩条件下隧道内部沉降控制技术方案;最后,以塞尔维亚E763高速公路PP段项目为例,验证了所提出的技术方案在实际工程中的应用效果。

基于ABAQUS仿真的水下液压破碎锤凿岩施工参数设计

针对液压破碎锤水下凿岩施工无法可视化、施工参数难确定的问题,采用ABAQUS仿真平台进行水下液压破碎锤凿岩模拟,对凿岩施工参数设计进行理论研究。不同型号破碎锤的冲击能大小对凿岩速度的影响很大,为获得理想的施工效率,需根据岩石参数选择破碎锤型号。研究发现3个自由面条件下凿岩产生2个方向的劈裂效果,随着凿岩布孔间距少量增大,凿入深度变化不大,但劈裂效果产生的深度变化较大。对于航道疏浚平整度要求高的情况下,选择凿入深度和产生劈裂效果深度相当的布孔参数,施工效率和施工质量均能达到理想的效果。