Effects of Crops, Soil Types and Irrigation Methods on Digestion Capacity of Biogas Slurry

In the research, pot experiment and field testing were conducted to study the effect of different crops, soil types, and irrigation modes on biogas slurry diges- tions. The results showed that when silage maize, sweet sorghum and Chinese cabbage were planted in purple soils, the quantities of digested biogas slurry were of 57, 157.5, and 34.5 t/hm2, respectively, while the quantities of digested biogas slurry were 70.5, 157.5 and 40.5 t/hm2 in yellow soils. Besides, the digested biogas slurries reached 36 and 27 t/hm2 as per flood irrigation and sprinkling irrigation when Chinese cabbages were planted in yellow soils. The research indicated crop variety, soil type, and irrigation method all have effects on farmland digestion of biogas slurry.

Effects of Biogas Slurry Irrigation on Heavy Metal Contents in Soils

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of biogas slurry irri- gation on heavy metal contents in soils. [Method] A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of biogas slurry irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils by measuring the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in different soil layers. [Result] The results showed that original and 30-fold biogas slurry increased the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr in soils; Cr might partially reach an exces- sive level in a short term. Biogas slurry irrigation increased the downward migration velocity of Cu and reduced the downward migration velocity of Zn in soils. [Conclu- sion] Biogas slurry irrigation influences the contents of heavy metals, and long-term application of biogas slurry will lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in soils.

Soil Arthropod Abundance and Diversity Following Land Application of Swine Slurry

Soil arthropods play an important role in nutrient cycling and maintenance of soil structure, and their abundance and diversity provide an indication of the biological quality of soil. Land application of livestock manure provides crop nutrients and may also impact the soil arthropod community. This study was conducted to quantify soil arthropod abundance and diversity for a period of one year following swine manure application via broadcast or injection. Arthropods were extracted from plot soil samples using Berlese funnels, identified and counted, and the QBS index (Qualità Biologica del Suolo) was calculated for each soil sample. Collembola (Hypogastruridae and Isotomidae) populations were greater (p p in the injection treatment compared to the broadcast and control treatments. Acari populations and the QBS index were not significantly impacted by manure application.

Determination of Hg in soil by ultrasonic slurry sampling hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Ultrasonic aided slurry sampling hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry （USS-HG-AFS） was developed for the determination of Hg in soil samples from a sewage-irrigated farm. 500 mg grounded soil was suspended in agar solution by an ultrasound water bath before the HG-AFS determination. The results for the reference material of soil （serial number GBW-07411） agreed satisfactorily with the certified values. Results obtained by the developed procedure compared well with those after traditional acid digestion of samples. The detection limit are 6.7ngL-1 for Hg respectively, with average relative standard deviation values of 6.4% for analysis of a series of soil samples of different origin. The recoveries of the anatytes varied in the range from 95 to 107%. This observation has stimulated interest in fast, accurate and sensitive analytical methods for determination of metals in soil.

Determination of the desiccation behavior of clay slurries

The main objective of this study was to determine the desiccation behavior of clay slurries. A clay slurry with high water adsorption capacity(W_L = 180%,W_P 60%,W_s = 20) was used to determine the soil water characteristic curve(SWCC), shrinkage curve, and hydraulic conductivity. The last parameter was determined similar to the Instantaneous Profile Method using evaporation tests. Results indicated that the clay slurry had an air entry value(AEV) of 1000 kPa and a residual suction of 5000 kPa that occurred at the plastic limit and the shrinkage limit, respectively. The discrepancy between theoretical and measured shrinkage limit was due to the gradual increase in clay particle contact. Unlike soils, the saturated hydraulic conductivity varied by two orders of magnitude(4×10 ~10 m/s at 20 kPa to 3 x 10 ~12 m/s at AEV). The unsaturated k further decreased to 10 ~14 m/s at 6 x 10~4 kPa beyond which vapor flow took place.

Mechanized Tunneling in Soft Soils： Choice of Excavation Mode and Application of Soil-Conditioning Additives in Glacial Deposits

The history of the formation of the alpine region is affected by the activities of the glaciers, which have a strong influence on underground works in this area. Mechanized tunneling must adapt to the presence of sound and altered rock, as well as to inhomogeneous soil layers that range from permeable gravel to soft clay sediments along the same tunnel. This article focuses on past experiences with tunnel-boring machines （TBMs） in Switzerland, and specifically on the aspects of soil conditioning during a passage through inhomogeneous soft soils. Most tunnels in the past were drilled using the slurry mode （SM）, in which the application of different additives was mainly limited to difficult zones of high permeability and stoppages for tool change and modification. For drillings with the less common earth pressure balanced mode （EPBM）, continuous foam conditioning and the additional use of polymer and bentonite have proven to be successful. The use of conditioning additives led to new challenges during separation of the slurries （for SM） and disposal of the excavated soil （for EPBM）. If the disposal of chemically treated soft soil mate- rial from the earth pressure balanced （EPB） drive in a manner that is compliant with environmental legislation is considered early on in the design and evaluation of the excavation mode, the EPBM can be beneficial for tunnels bored in glacial deposits.

Slurry-phase Biological Treatment of Nitrophenol Using Bioaugmentation Technique

Objective To investigate the performance of soil-slurry bioreactor used for remediating contaminated soil with 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Methods The slurry bioreactor was used to degrade different concentrations of 4-nitrophenol with or without inoculating the acclimated activated sludge. HPLC system (Hewlett-Packard model 5050 with a UV detector) was used for the quantification of 4-nitrophenol. Results The indigenous microorganisms exhibited a little activity for simulated soil with 50 mg 4-NP/kg soil. However, at the concentration of 10 mg 4-NPkg soil, a considerable degradation occurred within two weeks. It appeared that high concentrations of 4-nitrophenol apparently produced an inhibitory effect on microbial activity. For system receiving 50 mg 4-NP/kg soil, the maximum rate of 4-NP degradation measured in the reactor inoculated with 25 g sludge/kg soil was approximately 10 times higher than the uninoculated reactor, suggesting that the degradation rate of 4-nitrophenol could be enhanced greatly by means of inoculating acclimated sludge. Conclusion The addition of sludge capable of degrading 4-nitrophenol can result in enhance the degradation rate of 4-nitrophenol.

Improvements of marine clay slurries using chemicale-physical combined method(CPCM)

In this paper, the effectiveness, applicability and validity of chemicalephysical combined methods（CPCMs） for treatment of marine clay （MC） slurries were evaluated. The method CPCM1 combineschemical stabilization and vacuum preloading （VP）, while CPCM2 is similar to CPCM1 but includes boththe application of surcharge and use of geo-bags to provide confinement during surcharge preloading.The key advantage of CPCM2 using geo-bags is that the surcharge can be immediately applied on thechemically stabilized slurries. Two types of geo-bags were investigated under simulated land filling anddyke conditions, respectively. The test results show that the shear strength （cu） of treated slurry byCPCM2 is generally much higher than that by CPCM1. Besides, the use of CPCM2 can significantly reducethe treatment time due to the short drainage paths created by geo-bags. Overall, CPCM2 allows fasterconsolidation and higher preloading that help to achieve higher mechanical properties of the stabilizedslurry. There are consistent relationships between cU and water content of slurries treated by CPCM2.Several important observations were also made based on comparisons of experimental data. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessing Effects of Crop History and Soil Amendments on Yields of Subsequent Crops

Three field trials were set up to measure the effect of previous crops or soil amendments on the yields of subsequent crops of cereals under a cool temperate maritime climate in arable crop land in the east of Scotland. Winter wheat and winter barley direct drilled into legume and cereal + legume stubble (pre-crop) gave substantial yield boost compared with other pre-crop cereals, but pre-crop effects of oats were similarly great. Restored rotation after continuous barley gave expected yield enhancement to subsequent winter and spring barley but not to subsequent wheat. Some diseases were reduced on restored rotation crops. Slurry effects on yield were generally small but beneficial and compost effects were greater. However, compost had effects on plant developmental speed and was difficult to compare directly with other treatments. NDRE measurements in the restored rotation and soil amendment trials indicated that yield gains were associated with improved crop health as indicated by leaf chlorophyll content. There were no clear cultivar interactions within crop type with treatments effects in any of these trials.

糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元分析

糯米浆灰土是一种常见的遗址保护建筑材料,为研究糯米浆灰土压缩加载过程中的糯米-石灰胶结破坏和接触组构演化情况,采用离散单元法开展了糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元模拟。首先基于软胶结模型考虑糯米浆-石灰的强度特征,制备了糯米浆灰土离散元试样;然后通过参数敏感性分析为试样赋予合理的接触模型等效模量和胶结强度参数,最后对试样开展无侧限和三轴压缩模拟。结果表明:离散元模拟能再现糯米浆灰土加载试验的主要特征;加载过程中胶结破坏数量先缓后快增加,最终趋于平缓,胶结破坏呈现一定的聚集效应;无侧限压缩下胶结接触主要发生拉伸破坏,随着围压增加,剪切破坏接触数量增加;试样偏组构快速增加段为胶结破坏诱发。

沼液配施化肥对蜜柚产量、品质及土壤重金属的影响

在福建省平和县,以8年生琯溪蜜柚为试验树,田间定位连续3年施用养猪场猪粪沼液,研究等量氮磷钾条件下不同比例沼液与化肥配施对蜜柚产量、品质及土壤重金属和盐分的影响。结果表明,与施用纯化肥(采用普通尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾,每年株施N、P_(2)O_(5)和K_(2)O分别为950.0、600.0和850.0 g)相比较,沼液替代25%化肥(以氮计,不足的氮、磷、钾养分用化肥补足)和替代50%化肥处理有增产优势,同时对果实品质无负面影响,沼液替代100%化肥无增产作用且会使果实品质下降;所有沼液处理会降低裂果率;沼液替代25%化肥不会加重果实粒化率,其他沼液处理会加重果实粒化率。随沼液替代比例和施用年限的增加,土壤中Cu和Zn含量显著增加,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(GB 15618—2018),土壤电导率随沼液替代比例的增加而增加。沼液替代25%化肥在蜜柚果园应用的综合效果较好,可在生产上推广,但更长期施用沼液的影响还需进一步评估。

东北地区白浆土耕层地力特点分析与改良技术

自20世纪70年代我国陆续开展白浆土改良科研与技术实践工作以来,历经50多年的努力,白浆土改良已经初见成效,东北地区的白浆土改良作为黑土地资源保护的重要工作之一,对于恢复耕地地力、提升农业产量意义重大。该文重点论述了东北地区白浆土分布情况、耕地土层结构及理化特征以及对农业生产产生的不利影响,并提出了白浆土改良专项技术策略。

大花序桉林沼液水肥一体化应用效果研究

为探究沼液水肥一体化在林业上的应用效果,研究了沼液水肥一体化对大花序桉幼林生长、林下土壤养分及林下种植的百部、天冬、勃氏甜龙竹生长的影响。结果表明,沼液水肥一体化对大花序桉、百部、天冬、勃氏甜龙竹生长及林下土壤养分有一定影响。山高部、山中部和山底部施沼液处理大花序桉树高分别较不施沼液和水对照高10.59%、13.93%和25.93%,山高部、山中部和山底部施沼液处理大花序桉胸径分别较不施沼液和水对照高17.93%、20.47%和28.32%。施用沼液可提高土壤水解性氮含量、有效磷含量和速效钾含量,能提高土壤肥力。沼液水肥一体化能提高百部和天冬产量,增加勃氏甜龙竹出苗数和出笋量。

沼液配施化肥对大葱产量和土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的影响

明确沼液替代化肥的合适比例以及沼液对大葱产量和土壤养分、微生物含量以及酶活性的影响,可为沼液的合理施用提供理论依据。试验设计了不施肥(CK)、化肥(CF)、沼液替代25%化肥氮(25BS)、沼液替代50%化肥氮(50BS)、沼液替代75%化肥氮(75BS)、沼液替代100%化肥氮(100BS)6个处理,分析了大葱产量及土壤养分含量、磷脂脂肪酸含量和碳氮磷循环相关酶活性,并通过偏最小二乘法路径模型(PLS-PM)探究上述指标的因果关系。结果表明,与CK相比,CF和各沼液处理(25BS、50BS、75BS和100BS)均能显著提高大葱产量(P<0.05),并且大葱产量随沼液替代化肥比例的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,其中50BS处理的大葱产量最高,达59.9 t·hm^(−2)。施用沼液可有效改善土壤养分状况,与CK相比,施用沼液显著提高土壤有机碳(SOC,19.5%~65.8%)、全氮(TN,40.5%~69.6%)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+),26.8%~77.4%)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−),30.1%~41.9%)、速效磷(AP,10.5%~40.6%)、速效钾(AK,5.4%~8.5%)含量。施用沼液可有效提高土壤微生物含量以及土壤酶活性,与CK相比,施用沼液显著提高细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的磷脂脂肪酸含量(P<0.05),降低了革兰氏阳性细菌∶革兰氏阴性细菌的比例(P<0.05),有助于提高土壤碳、氮、磷相关循环酶活性(P<0.05);但是,随着沼液替代比例的增加,细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌、总磷脂脂肪酸含量以及碳、氮、磷相关循环酶活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势(P<0.05)。PLS-PM分析表明,沼液通过增加SOC、TN、NH_(4)^(+)、NO_(3)^(−)、AP含量,进而提高土壤微生物含量以及碳、氮循环酶活性,并提升大葱产量,但是过量的沼液可导致土壤电导率升高,并对土壤微生物活性和大葱生长产生抑制效果。本研究表明,短期施用沼液可显著提高大葱产量,有效改善土壤养分状况,并有利于土壤微生物含量以及酶活性提高,其中以沼液替代50%化肥氮的处理效果最优,但是沼液并不能完全替代化肥,施用过量的沼液容易造成土壤盐分累积,不利于大葱和土壤微生物的生长。

改良剂与沼液配施对中度苏打盐碱土的改良效果研究

为了探究改良剂与沼液配施的合理方案,实现盐碱地改良,针对吉林省大安市盐碱地,通过大田试验,研究沼液与改良剂配施对苏打盐碱土的改良效果。试验结果表明,改良剂与沼液配施均能够有效提高土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮的含量,增大总孔隙度,增加了土壤团聚体的数量,改善了土壤团聚体稳定性,水稻产量显著提升,并有效降低土壤pH值、土壤容重、碱化度、水溶性盐含量。综合分析,脱硫石膏与沼液配施对苏打盐碱土改良效果最好,对比未施用沼液的处理,有机质含量提升100%,有效磷含量提升34%,速效钾含量提升59%,碱解氮含量提升104%,总孔隙度提升14%,土壤团聚体数量显著增加,土壤团聚体稳定性得到明显改善,增产率为76.77%,土壤p H值降低12%,土壤容重降低9.9%,碱化度降低11%,水溶性盐含量降低48%。

基于泥水盾构废浆的新型同步注浆浆液性能及影响因素初探

为响应我国生态文明建设要求,遵从绿色发展理念以及推进“双碳”战略目标的实现,针对泥水平衡盾构施工过程中产生的废弃浆液的处理及外运的高成本、易污染环境等问题,提出将废弃泥浆用作制备同步注浆浆液的解决办法。依托成都环线紫瑞隧道建设项目,通过室内试验方法研究浆灰比、灰砂比、粉灰比对基于砂卵石土地层泥水盾构废浆制备的新型同步注浆浆液的泌水率、流动度、凝结时间以及3,7,28 d抗压强度的影响规律,得出以下研究结论。(1)基于砂卵石土地层废浆制备的新型同步注浆浆液稳定性良好。(2)新型同步注浆浆液的凝结时间随着浆灰比、灰砂比的增加而增长,随着粉灰比的增加而减小;流动度随着浆灰比、灰砂比的增加而增加,随着粉灰比的增加而减小。(3)新型同步注浆浆液的3,7,28 d抗压强度随着浆灰比的增加而减小,随着粉灰比的增加而增加,随灰砂比的增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律,在灰砂比为0.8时,达到最大值。(4)经试验研究得出使用废浆以浆灰比2.5、灰砂比1.25、粉灰比0.75制备的新型同步注浆浆液3 h泌水率为0,凝结时间为7.25 h,流动度为23.3 cm,3,7,28 d抗压强度分别为1.2,1.5,2.7 MPa,各项性能均满足试验指标要求,将此配比方案应用于依托工程实际施工,能够满足施工现场的要求。此研究为泥水平衡盾构废弃泥浆再利用于同步注浆提供了有效支撑。

猪场沼液还田对土壤和植物重金属含量的影响

还田消纳是猪场沼液资源化利用的主要方式。由于沼液中含有多种金属元素,过量浇灌会引发土壤重金属污染。目前,关于猪场沼液对耕地土壤和植物重金属污染特征的影响及其影响因子的研究还不够深入。在广西生猪养殖区,选取了4种不同耕地利用类型(叶菜类、果树类、饲草类、药草类)和14个样地,就不同沼液浇灌强度对土壤与植物重金属的影响规律及其影响因子进行研究。结果表明:在14个样地0~40 cm表层土壤中,重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的输入强度最大,且其含量和土壤pH变化和与沼液浇灌总量呈显著(p<0.05)正相关;在4种耕地类型中,杂交象草和空心菜的可食用部分Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr含量与沼液浇灌总量呈显著正相关;在沼液还田中,由于Cu、Zn的输入强度大,而植物对其的富集系数又较低,因此土壤中Cu、Zn积累较快;浇灌沼液对叶菜类和果树类的主要污染风险是Pb和Cd,而对杂交象草的污染风险较小。

沼液配方肥对梨果实品质和土壤养分的影响

为研究土施沼液配方肥对梨果实品质及土壤养分的影响,以‘黄冠’和‘鸭梨’为试材,设置不同量沼液配施化肥,通过土壤施用沼液配方肥,测定产量、单果重、可溶性总糖含量等果实品质相关指标及土壤营养元素、有机质等土壤养分的相关指标。结果表明:与果园常规施肥相比,T5处理显著提高‘黄冠’的单果重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量,分别提高16.96%、28.25%、11.87%和17.46%,T5处理显著降低‘黄冠’的可滴定酸含量,降低18.18%;T5处理显著提高‘鸭梨’的单果重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量,分别提高12.12%、20.69%、20.41%和15.84%。与果园常规施肥相比,沼液配方肥的全氮、全磷、全钾均有不同程度的提高,T5处理效果最显著,在[0~20)cm土层,分别提高19.47%~26.46%、20.45%~23.81%、25.00%~28.89%;在[20~50] cm土层,分别提高18.08%~26.67%、20.56%~27.24%、9.46%~13.89%。T5处理显著提高土壤碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量,在[0~20]cm土层,分别提高14.57%~24.77%、22.85%~34.06%、17.87%~27.2%、23.95%~36.2%;在[20~50] cm土层,分别提高22.52%~26.5%、15.16%~26.2%、12.6%~33.01%、13.95%~16.04%。综上所述,通过土施沼液配方肥,T5处理更利于提高梨果实品质和土壤养分。

蔬菜废弃物沼液对土壤性质和生菜品质的影响

比较了不同比例的蔬菜废弃物沼液配施化肥对土壤性质和生菜品质的影响.结果表明:施用沼液后土壤的孔隙率、总氮含量、有机质含量、速效磷、速效钾和pH均升高,提升的幅度大体上随沼液用量的增大而增大;蔬菜废弃物沼液能增加生菜的鲜重,同时可以使生菜的总糖、还原糖和维生素C含量增加,沼液与化肥配施比单独施加沼液的效果好.

冰碛土体化学浆液注浆扩散模式与距离影响机制研究

采用注浆法对土体进行固化的工程中,浆液在土体中的扩散距离是评估注浆效果的重要指标。为了探究化学浆液在冰碛土体中的扩散情况及其影响因素,通过自研的室内注浆实验装置,改变注浆压力,记录注浆时间、注浆量、浆液扩散距离等参数的变化,探究化学浆液在冰碛土体中的扩散距离影响机制。研究结果表明:①浆液的最大扩散距离主要取决于劈裂缝隙的扩散状况,最小扩散距离则与出浆口附近浆液的渗透距离有相关;②实验中注浆压力对浆液实际注入量的影响很小,不同注浆压力下的浆液注入量最大差异只有0.15 kg左右,且无明显规律;③浆液扩散模式以劈裂扩散为主,其次是渗透扩散,随着注浆压力的增大,渗透扩散的占比逐渐增大;④浆液的扩散距离主要受到注浆压力的影响,随着注浆压力增大而增大,注浆压力大于1.2 MPa时,扩散距离增幅有所提升。上述研究结论可以为冰碛土体的化学浆液注浆施工提供一定的理论依据。