Characteristics of land-atmosphere energy and turbulentfluxes over the plateau steppe in central Tibetan Plateau

The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.

The Low Lake-Level Record according to the Selin Co Stratigraphical Basis and Multi-Proxies during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Central Tibetan Plateau

Objective The lake levels in the eastern and southern Asia are regarded as low lake-level owing to precipitation decreasing based on the records of lake-level fluctuation in the continental interior lakes since the last glacial maximum（LGM）（14C 18±1 kaBP,since 20 kaBP）in the Central Asia.Higher lake-level appeared in the transition belt between western Kunlun Mountain and the central Tibetan Plateau.

Late Cretaceous K-rich rhyolitic crystal tuffs from the Chuduoqu area in Eastern Qiangtang subterrane:evidence for crustal thickening of the central Tibetan Plateau prior to India–Asia collision

In order to constrain whether the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision contributed to an early crustal thickening of the central Tibetan Plateau prior to the India–Asia collision,we present zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb ages,wholerock geochemistry,and zircon Hf isotopic compositions of the newly discovered rhyolitic crystal tuffs from the Chuduoqu area in the eastern Qiangtang subterrane,central Tibet.Zircon U–Pb dating suggests that the Chuduoqu rhyolitic crystal tuffs were emplaced at ca.68 Ma.The Chuoduoqu rhyolitic crystal tuffs display high SiO_(2) and K2 O,and low MgO,Cr,and Ni.Combined with their zircon Hf isotopic data,we suggest that they were derived from partial melting of the juvenile lower crust,and the magma underwent fractional crystallization and limited upper continental crustal assimilation during its evolution prior to eruption.They should be formed in a post-collisional environment related to lithospheric mantle delamination.The Chuduoqu rhyolitic crystal tuffs could provide important constraints on the Late Cretaceous crustal thickening of the central Tibetan Plateau caused by the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision.

Petrogenesis of Triassic Mafic Complexes with MORB/OIB Affinities from the Western Garzê-Litang Ophiolitic Mélange, Central Tibetan Plateau

There is a general consensus that most ophiolites formed above subduction zones(Pearce,2003),particularly during forearc extension at subduction initiation(Shervais,2001;Stern,2004;Whattam and Stern,2011).'Supra-Subduction zone'(SSZ)ophiolites such as the well-studied Tethyan ophiolites,generally display a characteristic sequential evolution from mid-oceanic ridge basalts(MORBs)to island arc tholeiities(IATs)or bonites(BONs)(Pearce,2003;Dilek and Furnes,2009,2011),which were generated in sequence from the decompression melting of asthenospheric mantle and partial melting of subduction-metasomatized depleted mantle(Stern and Bloomer,1992;Dilek and Furnes,2009;Whattam and Stern,2011).However,ophiolites with MORB and/or oceanic-island basalt(OIB)affinities are rare,and their origin and tectonic nature are poorly understood(Boedo et al.,2013;Saccani et al.,2013).It is interesting that the composition of these ophiolites from the central Tibetan Plateau(CTP)is dominated by MORBs and minor OIBs and a distinct lack of IATs and BONs,which is inconsistent with most ophiolites worldwide(Robinson and Zhou,2008;Zhang et al.,2008).But the generation and tectonic nature of these ophiolites are still controversial.*In this study,we present new geochronological,mineralogical and Sr-Nd isotopic data for the Chayong and Xiewu mafic complexes in the western Garzê-Litang suture zone(GLS),a typical Paleo-Tethyan suture crossing the CTP(Fig.1).The Triassic ophiolite in the western GLS has been described by Li et al.(2009),who foundthat it mainly consists of gabbros,diabases,pillow basalts and a few metamorphic peridotites.The ophiolite has been tectonically dismembered and crops out in Triassic clastic rocks and limestones as tectonic blocks.The Chayong and Xiewu mafic complexes are generally regarded as important fragments of the Triassic ophiolites(e.g.,Jin,2006;Li et al.,2009).Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of234±3 Ma and 236±2 Ma can be interpreted as formation times of the Chayong and Xiewu mafic complexes,respectively.The basalts and gabbros of the Chayong complexexhibitenrichedMORB(E-MORB)compositional affinities except for a weak depletion of Nb,Ta and Ti relative to the primitive mantle,whereas the basalts and gabbros of the Xiewu complex display distinct E-MORB and OIB affinities.The geochemical features suggest a probable fractionation of olivine±clinopyroxene±plagioclase as well as insignificant crustal contamination.The geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data reveal that the Chayong mafic rocks may have been derived from depleted MORB-type mantle metasomatized by crustal components and Xiewu mafic rocks from enriched lithosphericmantlemetasomatizedbyOIB-like components.The ratios of Zn/Fet,La/Yb and Sm/Yb indicate that these mafic melts were produced by the partial melting of garnet+minor spinel-bearing peridotite or spinel±minor garnet-bearing peridotite.We propose thatback-arcbasinspreadingassociated with OIB/seamount recycling had occurred in the western GLS at least since the Middle Triassic times,and the decompression melting of the depleted MORB-type asthenospheremantleandpartialmeltingof sub-continental lithosphere were metasomatized by plume-related melts,such as OIBs,which led to the generation of the Chayong and Xiewu mafic melts.

April-September minimum temperature reconstruction based on Sabina tibetica ring-width chronology in the central eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Minimum temperatures have remarkable impacts on tree growth at high-elevation sites on the Tibetan Plateau,but the shortage of long-term and high-resolution paleoclimate records inhibits understanding of recent minimum temperature anomalies.In this study,a warm season(April–September)reconstruction is presented for the past 467 years(1550–2016)based on Sabina tibetica ring-width chronology on the Lianbaoyeze Mountain of the central eastern Tibetan Plateau.Eight warm periods and eight cold periods were identified.Long-term minimum temperature variations revealed a high degree of coherence with nearby reconstructions.Spatial correlations between our reconstruction and global sea surface temperatures suggest that warm season minimum temperature anomalies in the central eastern Tibetan Plateau were strongly influenced by large-scale ocean atmospheric circulations,such as the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

Holocene climate change in the Central Tibetan Plateau inferred by lacustrine sediment geochemical records

Multi-proxies of lacustrine sediments, such as total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter (δ^(13)C_(org)), were analyzed using a 7.3 m core from Zige Tangco. The source of the organic matter in the sediment was mainly from autochthonous phyto-plankton, therefore the significances of proxies can be interpreted as that high TOC, TOC/TS, HI and δ^(13)C_(org) values, low TC, TIC values corresponded to warm and wet climatic condition, and vice versa. The process of climatic development in the Zige Tangco region was hence recovered. During the early and Mid-Holocene, the climate was warm and wet and intensive cold events occurred during the periods of 8600 to 8400 cal a BP and 7400 to 7000 cal a BP. In the second half of Holocene, the climate became cold and dry gradually. The palaeoclimatic process during Holocene in Zige Tangco region matched well with that in Co Ngoin region which is ca 40 km to the south-east. Therefore this palaeoclimatic process represents the Holocene climatic feature in the Central Tibetan Plateau which has the same pattern in the Northern Tibetan Plateau, but the time and duration of some climatic events might be different. We can conclude that in Holocene solar insolation controlled the climatic pattern on the central Tibetan Plateau.

Lacustrine record of 800 yr hydrological variations on the central Tibetan Plateau

Zige Tangco is a meromictic saline lake located on the central Tibetan Plateau.Two parallel cores(ZGTC A-1 and ZGTC A-2)were collected from the lake at a water depth of 25 m during summer 2006.The chronology of core A-1 was reconstructed based on the Constant Initial Concentration(CIC)model of 210Pb and three accelerator mass spectrometry(AMS)ages from the chitin fragments.The hard water effect calibration of the sediment ^(14)C age showed that the reservoir effect ranged from 1655 yr at 1950 AD to 1540 yr at 1610 AD.The hydrological variation in Zige Tangco during the past 800 yr was reconstructed using multi-proxies,including organic and carbonate content,stable isotopes of fine-grained carbonate minerals(<38.5μm)and grain-size distribution of the lake sediments.Our results show that there were strong fluctuations in the lake level between 1200 and 1820 AD,and at least three dry periods were recorded between 1235 and 1315 AD,1410 and 1580 AD,and 1660 and 1720 AD characterized by high carbonate content,abrupt positive shifts of stable isotopes,and high sand content.The low-lake-level periods during the Little Ice Age(LIA)in Zige Tangco correspond to the lower δ^(18)O values in the Guliya ice core and the lower precipitation reconstructed from tree rings in Delingha.This demonstrated that the summer monsoon on the central Tibetan Plateau weakened during the dry and cold periods,whereas the winter monsoon strengthened.Relatively wetter periods or higher lake levels in Zige Tangco occurred at 1580-1650 AD and 1820-1900 AD.Negative shifts in stable isotopes were related to increased lake levels between 1800 and 1820 AD.Our results also showed that the summer monsoon precipitation on the central Tibetan Plateau was mainly controlled by solar activity during the past 800 yr.

Pollen-inferred vegetation and environmental changes in the central Tibetan Plateau since 8200 yr BP

The ecotone between alpine steppe and meadow in the central Tibetan Plateau is sensitive to climate changes. Here we used the pollen records from three lakes in this region to reconstruct the evolution of local vegetation and climate since 8200 cal. yr BP. The history of temperature and precipitation was reconstructed quantitatively with multi-bioclimatic indexes and a transfer function from pollen records. Results show that the steppe/meadow dominated during the period of 8200―6500 cal. yr BP, especially 8200―7200 cal. yr BP, indicating the central Tibetan Plateau was controlled by strong monsoon. The steppe dominated during the periods of 6000―4900, 4400―3900, and 2800―2400 cal. yr BP. The steppe decreased gradually and the meadow expanded during the period of 4900―4400 cal. yr BP. Three century-scale drought events occurred during 5800―4900, 4400―3900 and 2800 cal. yr BP, respectively. The first time when the regional climate shifted to the present level was at 6500 cal. yr BP in the central Plateau. Since 3000 cal. yr BP, the temperature and precipitation have decreased gradually to the present level. However, the cold climate between 700―300 cal. yr BP likely corresponds to the Little Ice Age.

Chronology of Holocene lacustrine sediments in Co Ngoin, central Tibetan Plateau

Chronology is the basis for using lacustrine sediments to reconstruct the history of en-vironmental change. Radioactive-nuclides such as 14C, 210Pb and 137Cs dating are mainly used to establish the chronology for recent several ten thousand years. Because of being mixed with “dead carbon”, the measured 14C age is always older than the actual age which is recognized as “reservoir effect”. Cs is a kind of active metal element, and easy to migrate vertically in the sediment that leads to the error of the time marker. 210Pb dating should make sure to select CIC model or CRS model. On the Tibetan Plateau, most of the lakes are alkaline closed lake where Cs is more moveable in the sediment and the reservoir effect caused by “dead carbon” on 14C dating is stronger. Based on the analysis on results of 14C, 210Pb and 137Cs of the lacustrine sediments from Co Ngoin, central Tibetan Plateau, we use the simple regression method to re-calculate the 14C calendar ages, and establish the time sequence for cores CE-1 and CE-2 with result of 210Pb CRS model for the upper 35 cm and re-calculated 14C calendar age for sediments bellow 35 cm. Since 1400 cal. a BP, sedimentation inter-rupted for more than 1000 years. According to this time sequence, variations of environmental proxies confidently reflect the major climatic events in Holocene.

Environmental variation in central Tibetan Plateau in the last 200 years

Through the analyses on sediment lithology, ^(210)Pb and ^(137)Cs dating, carbonate content, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca of Ostrocod, and carbon and oxygen stable isotope of carbonate of gravity core from Cuoe Lake in the Naqu area, Tibetan Plateau, the paleolimnology was studied to investigate the environmental variation in the central Tibetan Plateau in the last 200 years. It is inferred that the environmental variation has undergone two stages. The climate was arid in the early 100 years, while it became warmer and more humid in the later 100 years, with a period of 20 years for humidity change.

Dextral-Slip Thrust Faulting and Seismic Events of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Longmenshan Mountains,Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip thrust movement of the Songpan-Garze terrain over the Sichuan block caused the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 and offset the Central Longmenshan Fault （CLF） along a distance of -250 km. Displacement along the CLF changes from Yingxiu to Qingchuan. The total oblique slip of up to 7.6 m in Yingxiu near the epicenter of the earthquake, decreases northeastward to 5.3 m, 6.6 m, 4.4 m, 2.5 m and 1.1 m in Hongkou, Beichuan, Pingtong, Nanba and Qingchuan, respectively. This offset apparently occurred during a sequence of four reported seismic events, EQ1-EQ4, which were identified by seismic inversion of the source mechanism. These events occurred in rapid succession as the fault break propagated northeastward during the earthquake. Variations in the plunge of slickensides along the CLF appear to match these events. The Mw 7.5 EQ1 event occurred during the first 0-10 s along the Yingxiu-Hongkou section of the CLF and is characterized by 1.7 m vertical slip and vertical slickensides. The Mw 8.0 EQ2 event, which occurred during the next 10-42 s along the Yingxiu-Yanziyan section of the CLF, is marked by major dextralslip with minor thrust and slickensides plunging 25°-35° southwestward. The Mw 7.5 EQ3 event occurred during the following 42-60 s and resulted in dextral-slip and slickensides plunging 10° southwestward in Beichuan and plunging 73° southwestward in Hongkou. The Mw 7.7 EQ4 event, which occurred during the final 60-95 s along the Beichuan-Qingchuan section of the CLF, is characterized by nearly equal values of dextral and vertical slips with slickensides plunging 45°-50° southwestward. These seismic events match and evidently controlled the concentrations of landslide dams caused by the Wenchuan earthquake in Longmenshan Mountains.

近十年我国涡旋系统的研究进展

近年我国暴雨和强对流等中小尺度灾害性天气频发,涡旋是产生这些灾害天气的重要天气系统之一。为了不断提高对我国涡旋及其产生的暴雨和强对流天气发生发展机理的认识和预报准确率,本文对容易引发长江流域沿线灾害天气的三类涡旋(高原低涡、西南低涡和大别山涡)及对北方地区暴雨、强对流天气有重要影响的东北冷涡、中亚低涡的主要研究成果进行了梳理。主要回顾了近十年这些涡旋的识别方法、时空分布统计特征、三维结构以及产生的暴雨、强对流天气机理。最后,对与涡旋系统以及相关天气的研究与预报中的问题、未来发展方向进行了简要讨论和展望。

青藏高原中部土壤热传导率参数化方案的确立及在数值模式中的应用

本文针对模式发展的需要,在Farouki土壤热传导率参数化方案的基础上,综合Johansen和C(?)té的参数化方案,发展了一个用于青藏高原中部的土壤热传导率参数化方案,用"全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验计划(CAMP/Tibet)"中那曲布交(BJ)站实际资料对该方案进行了检验,并将它用于公共陆面模式(CoLM)中,对青藏高原那曲地区进行了单点数值模拟试验.结果表明:在未冻结及冻结土壤中,新方案比Farouki方案计算的土壤热传导率小,更接近实测值.加入新方案的CoLM模式对土壤温度模拟的准确性比原模式有一定的提高.

青藏高原羌塘盆地南部古近纪逆冲推覆构造系统

西藏羌塘地块南部古近纪发育肖茶卡-双湖逆冲推覆构造、多玛-其香错逆冲推覆构造、赛布错-扎加藏布逆冲推覆构造,构成古近纪大型逆冲推覆构造系统。沿逆冲推覆构造的前锋断层,二叠系白云岩与大理岩化灰岩、三叠系砂岩与页岩、侏罗系碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩和三叠纪—侏罗纪蛇绿岩自北向南逆冲推覆于古近纪红色砂砾岩之上,形成规模不等的构造岩片与飞来峰。羌塘盆地南部主要的逆冲断层和下伏的褶皱红层被中新世湖相沉积地层角度不整合覆盖,表明逆冲推覆构造运动自中新世以来基本停止活动。羌塘盆地南部古近纪逆冲推覆构造运动在近南北方向产生的最小位移为90km,指示新生代早期上地壳缩短率约为47%。古近纪逆冲推覆构造对羌塘盆地油气资源具有重要影响。

青藏高原腹地典型盆-山构造形成时代

青藏高原腹地发育NE向、NW向与SN向不同方向的盆 山构造系统。应用热年代学与ESR测年方法 ,测定青藏高原腹地典型盆 山构造 地貌的形成时期。结果表明 ,羌塘地块南部NE向双湖 和平盆 山构造的形成时期为 0～ 5Ma ,拉萨地块中部NE向羊八井 当雄盆 山构造裂陷开始时代为 6 .8～ 8Ma,而拉萨地块中部NW向格仁错—申扎盆 山构造的形成时期为 0～ 6 .5Ma。青藏高原腹地典型盆 山构造 地貌初始形成时代相近 ,约为 5～ 8Ma ,对应于区域构造环境自近SN向挤压缩短向近EW向伸展裂陷的转变时代。

青藏高原中部土壤水中稳定同位素变化

根据 1 998年夏季测得的青藏高原中部那曲地区降水和土壤水中稳定同位素 ,分析了不同层位土壤剖面中稳定同位素的变化规律及与水分迁移的关系。研究结果发现 ,土壤表层水中δ1 8O受降水中δ1 8O的直接影响 ,并且与降水中δ1 8O有相同的变化趋势 ,而地下水中δ1 8O受降水中δ1 8O的直接影响不明显 ,变化幅度很小 ,表明地下水并非直接来源于当年夏季的降水 ,可能代表了多年降水的平均状态。不同土壤剖面水中δ1 8O的变化反映了降水向地下逐渐渗浸的过程。表层土壤水中δ1 8O受降水的影响最为明显 ,而向下土壤水中δ1 8O受地下水δ1 8O的影响增强 ,显示出地下水在土壤水分活动中起着活跃的作用。

青藏高原内部三条磨拉石带的确定及其构造意义

青藏高原内部自北而南沿羌北－昌都、班公湖－怒江、雅鲁藏布江分别发育了3条磨拉石带。各磨拉石带的长度均超过1000km，宽度一般仅数十km，沉积物具有碎屑性、粗粒性、再旋回性，沉积体厚3000～8000m，具有在挤压造山背景下形成的磨拉石建造的基本特征。各磨拉石带都位于各自的地体缝合带并跨越其两侧的部分地带。北边的为金沙江缝合带及其西延部分，中部的为班公湖－怒江缝合带，南边的为雅鲁藏布江缝合带。3条磨拉石带标志着有3条雄伟的造山带与之毗邻。北边的是可可西里－巴颜喀拉造山带，中部和南部的两条造山带一直不为人们所注意，文中建议分别称之为藏中造山带和藏南造山带。此外，造山作用发生的时间明显滞后于地体缝合的时间，其间有后继的浅海盆地发育。磨拉石带的发育历史勾绘出青藏高原构造演化遵循一个程式，即"地体拼接－后继性盆地发育－造山作用发生－山脉消亡"，这是很有意义的构造现象。

藏北高原地区干、雨季大气边界层结构的不同特征

利用2004年4月预试验期(PIOP)和8月加强期(IOP)的无线电探空仪观测资料,分析了藏北高原地区干、雨季大气边界层结构的不同特征.结果显示:藏北高原地区边界层虚位温、比湿等日变化大,对流混合层高度较高,高度干季在2 211～4 430m之间,雨季在1 006～2 212m之间,干季的对流混合层高度明显高于雨季时的对流混合层高度.干季的比湿明显小于湿季比湿,在干季和雨季都存在逆湿现象;干季时水平风风向基本以偏西风为主,雨季低层2 500m以下基本以偏东风为主,上层以偏西风为主;干季近地层水平风速都较小,随高度增加风速迅速增大,雨季边界层内风速都较小.

青藏高原中部中生代OIB型玄武岩的识别:年代学、地球化学及其构造环境

目前对青藏高中部的蛇绿岩类型、形成环境及其深部地幔源区特征还缺乏很好的约束。在区域地质调查基础上,本文展示了青藏高原中部龙木错—双湖缝合带嘎错玄武岩、班公湖—怒江缝合带多玛、塔仁本玄武岩及那曲盆地西侧中生代玄武岩的单斜辉石Ar-Ar测年、锆石SHRIMP定年和地球化学及Sr,Nd,Pb同位素数据,以约束形成这些玄武岩的时代、构造环境和地幔源区特征。目前的数据表明:1羌塘双湖嘎错枕状玄武岩单斜辉石的中温坪年龄为232.5±2.4Ma,可能指示嘎错玄武岩浆活动发生于中三叠世晚期,班公湖—怒江缝合带多玛枕状玄武岩、塔仁本玄武岩浆活动时代大约在早白垩世中晚期(110Ma左右);2在这些蛇绿混杂岩带中的玄武岩显示OIB而不是MORB型地球化学特征,双湖嘎错玄武岩的地球化学特征介于峨眉山高Ti玄武岩与夏威夷碱性玄武岩之间;中晚三叠世那曲嘎加组玄武岩的地球化学特征非常类似于夏威夷碱性玄武岩;班公湖—怒江缝合带内的早白垩世多玛玄武岩和塔仁本玄武岩的地球化学特征在很大程度上可比于夏威夷碱性玄武岩;3双湖嘎错OIB型玄武岩可能形成于以增生楔为基底的裂谷环境而不是以洋壳为基底的大洋板内环境,那曲嘎加组OIB型玄武岩很可能形成于以弧内—弧前沉积物为基底的陆棚—陆坡环境下的裂谷背景,塔仁本和多玛OIB型玄武岩形成于以洋壳为基底的洋岛环境,这表明班公湖—怒江洋壳在大约110Ma时尚未彻底消亡,可能暗示班公湖—怒江洋盆的关闭时间明显晚于晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期闭合的早期认识;4地球化学指标显示青藏高原中部中生代玄武岩未受到地壳物质或很少受到陆下岩石圈物质改造,一些相对新鲜样品的Nd,Pb组成似乎可以用来代表其地幔源区的成分特点,其高206Pb/204Pb比值(>18.5)指示羌塘双湖中晚三叠世嘎错玄武岩、班公湖—怒江缝合带早白垩世洋岛玄武岩所代表的中生代特提斯地幔很可能不具“Dupal”异常。然而,由于研究程度的限制和缺乏更多的可靠数据,这种观察还需要进一步确认。

马兰冰芯记录的青藏高原中部现代升温变化特征

根据从可可西里地区马兰冰帽钻取的深 10 2 .0 7m冰芯记录中δ18O的年变化 ,恢复了青藏高原中部 2 0世纪 2 0年代以来的气候变化 .研究表明 ,青藏高原中部的升温变化与北半球 2 0世纪的升温变化的总体趋势一致 ,最暖阶段出现在 5 0— 80年代早期 .期间也出现了几次明显的冷的波动 ,尤其 80年代后期至 90年代持续低温 ,可能与这一时段强盛的夏季风有关 .这也表明 2 0世纪末全球急剧升温变化的过程中 ,某些地区存在气候变冷的波动事件 .