Operation Performance of Central Solar Heating System with Seasonal Storage Water Tank in Harbin

This paper presented a preliminary research on the central solar heating system with seasonal storage(CSHSSS)used in cold climate in China.A mathematical model of the solar energy seasonal storage water tank used in the central solar heating system was firstly developed based on energy conservation.This was followed by the simulation of the CSHSSS used in a two-floor villa in Harbin,and analysis of the impacts on storage water temperature of tank volume,solar collector area,tank burial depth,insulation thickness around the tank,etc.The results show there is a relatively economical tank volume to optimize the system efficiency,which decreases with increasing tank volume at the constant collector area,and increases with increasing collector area at the constant tank volume.Furthermore,the insulation thickness has obvious effect on avoiding heat loss,while the tank burial depth doesn't.In addition,the relationship between the solar collector efficiency and storage water temperature is also obtained,it decreases quickly with increasing storing water temperature,and then increases slowly after starting space heating system.These may be helpful for relevant design and optimization in cold climates in China and all over the world.

Temperature-flow regulation rule in indirect connection heating system and its energy-saving contrast analysis

Primary and secondary networks are treated as a whole in indirect heating systems, and an advanced new temperature-flow regulation method is presented whose flow ratio is greater than 60% in a secondary network and 30% in a primary network when under a partial load. Through deducing and optimizing an exponential function flow regulation rule, the formulae of flow regulation and the supply and return water temperatures are obtained, and their relevant curves are plotted. After comparison, it is found that this control method has a huge energy conservation space, and it should therefore be generalized soon.

Characteristics of Central Heating Cinder and Its Influence on Soil Properties

[Objective]The research was designed to explore the effect of long-term stacking of solid waste produced in the coal-burning process of central heating enterprises on physical and chemical properties of soil.[Method]This study took the heating enterprises in Shenyang City as the research object.The morphological structure and element composition of coal cinder were determined by continuously collecting coal and cinder samples in different periods.At the same time,the original soil and cinder soil of the stacking site were collected to determine the changes of soil morphological structure,element composition and physical and chemical properties,so as to provide reference for the resource utilization of local cinder waste and the potential pollution risk of the stacking site.[Result]The contents of C,H,O,N,and S non-metallic elements in coal cinder decreased by 69.5%,71.2%,76.0%,74.5%,and 34.6%,respectively when compared with raw coal;while the content of Si increased significantly by 95.7%.The contents of Al,K,and Fe in cinder decreased by 4.3%,60.2%,and 33.3%,respectively,while the contents of Mg and Na increased by 36.1%and 130.9%,respectively.Compared with the original soil,the contents of C,H,and O in shallow cinder soil and deep cinder soil increased by 126.5%,67.9%,80.93%,and 21.3%,25.0%and 42.3%,respectively.The residual carbon existed in the form of activated carbon.The contents of Mg,Al,K,Na,Ca,and Fe in shallow cinder soil and deep cinder soil increased by 61.6%,5.4%,46.1%,35.8%,32.5%,6.3%and 22.3%,12.3%,12.2%,15.6%,5.8%and 2.8%,respectively compared with the original soil.The content of heavy metal elements in coal cinder did not reach the detection limit.Under the scanning electron microscope,the raw coal is mainly block structure,while the cinder is honeycombed and porous and dust.[Conclusion]Cinder stacking can significantly improve the content of organic matter and available K in shallow cinder soil,and improve the porosity and permeability of soil.In addition,cinder waste has high pH and pore structure,which can be used as acid soil conditioner,seedling flower matrix and compound fertilizer filler to take full advantage of cinder waste,improve soil structure and supply nutrients.

Dynamic disturbance rejection controllers for neutral time delay systems with application to a central heating system

In the present paper the problem of disturbance rejection of single input-single output neutral time delay systems with multiple measurable disturbances is solved via dynamic controllers. In particular, the general form of the controller matrices is presented, while the necessary and sufficient conditions for the controller to be realizable are offered. The proposed technique is applied to a test case neutral time delay central heating system. In particular, the nonlinear model of the plant and its linearized approximation are presented. Based on the linearized model, a two-stage controller is designed in order to regulate the room temperature and the boiler effluent temperature. The performance of the closed loop system is investigated through computational experiments.

Development and Application of a Heating Remote Monitoring System Based on KingSCADA

A remote monitoring system for a secondary heating pipe network is designed on the basis of the KingSCADA software.Remote data communication is implemented through the IP mapping technology.Remote data are sorted through IOServer,and the remote monitoring of the pipe network unit port return is implemented accordingly.Using data such as water temperature and pressure of the water supply and return pipes,valve opening can be remotely adjusted to optimize the performances of the network to meet user needs in real time.The research results show that this remote monitoring system displays a reasonable degree of stability and efficiency in remote communication.

Influence of Fill Point in Multiple-Heat-Sources Looped District Heating System with Distributed Variable-Speed Pumps

When regulating a pipe network according to user demand,hydraulic balance and power consumption are crucial factors for a multi-source looped-pipe network applying distributed variable-speed pumps compared to the conventional central circulating pump system.In this paper,the influence of the fill point on power consumption and hydraulic balance of the multi-source looped-pipe network was studied.A mathematical model for electricity energy consumption analysis was built and calculated for a large sized looped-pipe network with multiple heat sources and distributed variable-speed pumps.The hydraulic calculation models of each single element,such as pipe,distribution pump,valve,replenishment pump,heat source and substation,were built.A case located in Dezhou city,China was analyzed.The results showed that:the maximum power saving(39.2%)could be achieved when each heat source had its own fill point,but the heat sources would not meet their design flows;to meet the design flows of all the heat sources,only one fill point should be necessarily located near the heat source with the lowest flow rate to get the expected hydraulic stability and energy saving.

Influence of Superathermal Electrons oll Central Plasma Relaxation Oscillations during Localized Electron Cyclotron Heating on the HL-1M Tokamak

During initial studies of ECRH in the HL-1M tokamak, non-standard central MHD activities,such as saturated sawtooth, partially saturated sawtooth, double sawtooth, and the strong m = 1 bursts have been observed while changing the heating location, the ECRH power, the plasma density. Complete suppression of sawtooth is achieved for the duration of the ECRH, when the heating power is applied on the high-field side of low-density plasma, and exceeds a threshold value of power. The m = 1 bursts riding on the ramp phase of sawtooth can only be excited when the ECRH location is near the q = 1 surface on the high field side. The conditions under which the various relaxation activities are produced or suppressed are described. Experimental results imply that the energetic electrons generated during ECRH are responsible for the modification/or stabilization/or excitation of the instability. Near the q = 1 surface, the passing electrons play the role of reducing the shear and tending to stabilize the sawtooth activity, while the barely-trapped electrons play the role of enhancing or driving an internal kink instability.

“Three‐in‐one”strategy:Heat regulation and conversion enhancement of a multifunctional separator for safer lithium-sulfur batteries

The safety problems encountered with lithium–sulfur batteries(LSBs)hinder their development for practical applications.Herein,a highly thermally conductive separator was constructed by cross‐weaving super‐aligned carbon nanotubes(SA‐C)on super‐aligned boron nitride@carbon nanotubes(SA‐BC)to create a composite film(SA‐BC/SA‐C).This separator was used to fabricate safe LSBs with improved electrochemical performance.The highly aligned separator structure created a uniform thermal field that could rapidly dissipate heat accumulated during continuous operation due to internal resistance,which prevented the development of extremely high temperatures.The array of boron nitride nanosheets endowed the composite separator with a large number of adsorption sites,while the highly graphitized carbon nanotube skeleton accelerated the catalytic conversion of high‐valence polysulfides into low‐valence polysulfides.The arrayed molecular brush design enabled the regulation of local current density and ion flux,and considerably alleviated the growth of lithium dendrites,thus promoting the smooth deposition of Li metal.Consequently,a battery constructed with the SA‐BC/SA‐C separator showed a good discharge capacity of 685.2 mAh g−1 over 300 cycles(a capacity decay of 0.026%per cycle)at 2 C and 60°C.This“three‐in‐one”multifunctional separator design strategy constitutes a new path forward for overcoming the safety problems of LSBs.

中央空调负荷精细化调控双层优化技术研究

针对当前中央空调系统粗放式调节不能准确释放调控潜力的问题,深入分析中央空调各子系统工作原理与调控方式,提出基于双层优化的中央空调负荷精细化调控技术方案。首先,面向实际工程实践需求建立建筑湿热标度模型;然后,建立以舒适度和经济性优化目标函数为主的上层调控模型,采用Shapley值法对温湿设定值的进行分配;接着,建立以各子系统优化组合能耗最低为优化目标函数的下层调控模型,采用蚁群算法对优化目标函数进行求解;之后,通过求解双层模型,制定包括末端风机、冷冻水泵以及冷水机组等组件的精细化调控策略;最后,通过多个算例验证所提中央空调负荷精细化调控技术方案的正确性与有效性。

集成蓄热装置的火电机组调峰特性分析

【目的】随着新能源的大规模发展,新能源出力不确定性和波动性问题展现出来,而为了弥补新能源出力缺点,火电机组承担起了调峰作用。为了提升火电机组的调峰能力,对其调峰特性进行了研究。【方法】首先,以某350 MW供热机组作为分析对象,应用仿真软件搭建热力系统模型,并验证该模型的精确性。其次,以蓄热系统为辅助系统,研究机组在满足供热需求情况下的机组调峰能力,并分析蓄热等储能单元对机组调峰能力的影响。最后,采用启发式粒子群算法对蓄热水罐运行策略进行优化,得到随热负荷变化的储热罐最优运行模式。【结果】通过蓄热水罐与火电机组耦合的方法有效提升了机组的调峰和供热能力,并提出可以根据实际热负荷数据确定最大化收益的运行模式。【结论】该方法对机组的运行策略具有指导意义。

热电联产机组利用热网动态特性提升实时灵活性的自调度策略

热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组可利用区域供热网络(districtheatingnetworks,DHNs)的动态特性为电力系统提供灵活性。针对CHP机组参与在日内灵活性交易市场的决策问题,提出一种利用热网动态特性提升CHP机组实时灵活性的自调度策略。在分析利用DHNs动态特性提供实时灵活性机理的基础上,将CHP机组日内自调度周期划分为灵活性服务期和热平衡恢复期两个阶段,分别建立基于质调节和以质调节为主量调节为辅的优化调度模型,采用基于广义相量法的供热网络动态模型刻画质调节过程供热网络约束,以其增量网络模型反映量调节对供热网络的影响,形成DHNs在自调度周期的热平衡网络约束方程;通过在热平衡恢复期引入量调节,增加灵活性服务期的热功率调节能力,进一步释放CHP机组电功率调节能力。通过算例分析,验证在质调节过程中适度引入量调节对CHP机组灵活性提升的作用,在日内灵活性市场的向上和向下灵活性需求时段,相较于质调节策略,CHP机组的总利润变化量分别得到了25.6%和24.5%的提高,即验证所提自调度策略的特点和有效性。

集中供热系统水力热力耦合特性辨识方法研究

集中供热系统的运行能效主要受其水力热力特性的影响,换热站作为连接热源、热网和热用户的枢纽,是分析系统水力热力特性的关键,站内设备的长期运行性能衰减会导致供热系统整体能耗升高、能效下降,因此有必要对站内设备的运行性能进行诊断.基于换热站实测运行数据,分别采用最小二乘法和梯度下降对站内主要设备包括换热器、循环泵和调节阀的性能曲线进行了辨识,从而构建了集中供热系统的水力热力特性计算方法,全面分析了某典型换热站主要设备性能衰减情况和能耗水平,对主要设备运行性能进行了评估,并对设备维护的经济性和碳减排效果进行了计算.结果表明:换热站内主要设备性能存在不同程度衰减,其中换热器传热系数由1.00 kW/(m^(2)·K)下降至0.64 kW/(m^(2)·K),循环泵标况扬程由22.4 m下降至17.3 m,调节阀流通能力由183.0 t/h下降至82.4 t/h,且阀门整体开度较低,以上问题导致了系统整体能耗的增加;为消除气候变化对集中供热系统能耗分析的影响,结合度日数和实际供热面积,对系统能耗进行评价,与标准年相比,测试年采暖季同期平均热耗和电耗分别增加了0.86 GJ/(104 m^(2)·℃·d)和2.38 kW·h/(104 m^(2)·℃·d);对主要设备进行清洗和更换后,集中供热系统采暖季诊断时间内的同期累计电耗可降低16.3%,全生命周期内CO_(2)排放量可减少128.5 t.

300 MW供热机组低压缸零出力热力性能、调峰性能和经济性能分析

供热机组低压缸零出力运行可有效提升机组供热能力和调峰深度。该文基于Ebsilon软件,建立300 MW供热机组抽凝工况和低压缸零出力工况的数学模型,从热力性能、调峰性能和经济性能三个维度对常规抽凝模式和低压缸零出力模式进行分析。结果表明,低压缸零出力模式能够有效增加机组的供热能力,并降低发电标准煤耗率,当主蒸汽量为957.6 t/h时,供热量比常规抽凝供热模式提高16.25%,发电标准煤耗率下降27.2 g/kWh。低压缸零出力模式下,虽然供热机组的电负荷不具备调节能力,但其最小电负荷低于常规抽凝供热模式,适宜参与电网的深度调峰。从净收益最大化的角度,当热负荷在162~310 MW时,应采用低压缸零出力模式进行供热;当热负荷在310~375 MW时,应采用抽凝模式进行供热。

低阻叉流板式换热器传热性能与热阻靶向调控研究

用于烟气余热回收的板式换热器存在温度分布不均的问题。为改善烟气温度分布均匀性,有效遏制换热器腐蚀,本文通过实验测试对比碳钢与铸铁材质低阻叉流板式换热器性能差异,运用数值仿真预测局部流动传热特性并开展热阻分析,采用局部热阻调控方法设计了非均匀翅片结构。实验结果表明,在450℃高温时碳钢与铸铁材质的叉流板式换热器总传热系数分别达到32.5 W/(m^(2)·K)与25.1 W/(m^(2)·K)。通过数值仿真研究发现,叉流传热方式导致烟气侧沿程截面温度分布极不均匀,在热侧出口与冷侧入口交叉区、热侧出口与冷侧出口交叉区的热阻大,极易导致局部烟气温度低于露点温度。基于热阻分析法开发非均匀翅片结构,实施局部热阻靶向调控,最终实现维持阻力几乎不变情况下,使出口截面平均温度方差由6.9℃降至1.1℃,换热器内流体温度分布均匀性得到显著提升。

热应激对肉鸡的生理危害与缓解措施

环境温度超过动物机体等热区中的舒适温度上限后会产生热应激现象。肉鸡体毛丰厚、生长速度较快、无汗腺,受饲养密度的影响,在高温环境下易出现热应激现象。热应激容易造成肉鸡采食量减少、生长速度减缓,降低肉鸡免疫防御功能,抑制免疫器官的生长发育,增加组织炎性细胞因子表达。热应激能够降低肠道绒毛高度,增加隐窝深度,使肠道结构受损,肠道微生物菌群的数量发生改变。热应激轻则导致肉鸡生理功能紊乱,严重时会导致肉鸡死亡,造成经济损失。文章总结了热应激对肉鸡生产性能、免疫性能、肠道形态和肠道屏障方面的影响以及预防和缓解热应激的措施,为生产实践中预防和缓解热应激提供参考。

面向电网调峰的盘管式冰蓄冷空调技术研究

储能是助力实现碳达峰碳中和战略目标的关键技术。当前电力供需关系的矛盾随着可再生能源高比例接入和电力需求快速增长日益尖锐,该问题在夏季用电高峰期间尤为突出。冰蓄冷空调系统在夜间利用谷电制冰储存冷量,在白天用电高峰时融冰供冷,有助于电网调峰和改善用能经济性。该文总结分析盘管式冰蓄冷空调关键技术的研究现状和发展方向。系统控制层面:对比分析冰蓄冷空调系统的各种优化控制策略;蓄冰融冰方式层面:详细阐述内融冰、外融冰和内外融冰结合3种方式特点,并对能量模型进行归纳;结构层面:分析典型强化传热方式对传热性能的影响关系。最后,归纳不同材质盘管的研究结果与应用前景。

针刀“调筋治骨法”联合热敏灸治疗膝骨关节炎的临床研究

目的:研究针刀“调筋治骨法”联合热敏灸治疗膝骨关节炎(KOA)的临床疗效。方法:将103例风寒湿痹型KOA患者随机分为两组,对照组51例,研究组52例。对照组实施“调针治骨法”的针刀治疗,研究组在针刀基础上联合热敏灸治疗。两组治疗3个疗程后比较疗效、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分、炎症因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素6(IL-6)]水平、步行中患侧膝关节屈曲角度及不良反应情况。结果:研究组总有效率为94.23%(49/52),高于对照组的80.39%(41/51),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患者VAS评分、WOMAC评分较治疗前下降,且研究组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患者血清CRP、IL-6水平较治疗前下降,且研究组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后研究组最大屈曲角度大于对照组,最小屈曲角度小于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗期间均未发生明显全身或局部不良反应。结论:针刀“调筋治骨法”联合热敏灸能有效减轻KOA患者疼痛和炎症反应,改善症状,缓解步行中患侧膝关节屈曲角度,无明显不良反应。

基于回归分析的奶牛热应激-喷淋时长控制模型的构建

为了实现根据环境温湿度智能调控喷淋时长以保证奶牛降温效果的同时控制用水量,试验以西北农林科技大学畜牧教学试验基地的24头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,于2022年5月13日—8月12日采集奶牛自愿喷淋时长(表征奶牛降温需求的喷淋时长)和牛场环境温湿度数据,共采集92 d,前87 d的数据用于奶牛热应激-喷淋时长控制模型构建,后15 d的数据用于模型验证;2022年5月20日—7月4日,每天早中晚采集3次奶牛呼吸频率(表征奶牛热应激严重程度)数据,共采集46 d;利用采集的牛场环境温湿度数据,通过6种公式计算出环境温湿指数(temperature-humidity index,THI)数据(THI1~THI6);分析THI1~THI6与奶牛平均呼吸频率相关性以筛选适合陕西关中地区的THI;以筛选THI的不同历史时长的平均THI[包括当前喷淋时刻THI(THI_(cur))和当前喷淋时刻前1,2,3,4,5天平均THI(THI_(1d-avg)、THI_(2d-avg)、THI_(3d-avg)、THI_(4d-avg)、THI_(5d-avg))]作为自变量,以喷淋时长的对数值ln(t_(spray))作为因变量分别进行回归分析,以决定系数(R~2,表示模型的拟合度)、残差标准差(residual standard error,RSE)和P值为指标评价回归模型,筛选最优时段THI与喷淋时长的一元线性回归模型;并对筛选的回归模型以均方误差(mean squared error,MSE)、平均相对误差(mean relative error,MRE)、相关系数(r)和P值为指标进行性能验证。结果表明:THI1~THI6与奶牛平均呼吸频率均呈极显著相关(P<0.01),且相关系数接近,在0.88~0.90之间;其中THI2与奶牛平均呼吸频率相关性最高,相关系数为0.90,选取THI1(研究中较常用)和THI2作为奶牛热应激-喷淋时长控制模型的输入参数;不同时段THI1、THI2与ln(t_(spray))的回归模型的R~2、RSE变化趋势相似,即THI1中THI1_(1d-avg)、THI1_(2d-avg)、THI1_(3d-avg)、THI1_(4d-avg)、THI1_(5d-avg)与ln(t_(spray))的回归模型的R~2、RSE均优于THI1_(cur),THI2中THI2_(1d-avg)、THI2_(2d-avg)、THI2_(3d-avg)、THI2_(4d-avg)、THI2_(5d-avg)与ln(t_(spray))的回归模型的R~2、RSE均优于THI2_(cur),其中THI1中的THI1_(1d-avg)和THI2中的THI2_(1d-avg)与ln(t_(spray))的回归模型最佳;THI1_(1d-avg)与ln(t_(spray))的回归模型的预测值与实际值的r为0.76,MSE为0.83,MRE为13.77%;THI2_(1d-avg)与ln(t_(spray))的回归模型的预测值与实际值的r为0.77,MSE为0.82,MRE为13.55%。说明可以采用喷淋前1天的平均THI来预测奶牛平均喷淋时长。

基于拓扑复杂程度的实际供热管网建模方法研究与分析

提出了按照管网拓扑复杂程度建立水力工况仿真模型的思路,以及结合流量方向和最小闭合差判断环网水力交汇位置的方法。以某市区集中供热管网为研究对象,根据3种复杂程度建立管网水力工况仿真模型,并取3种工况验证分析。结果表明,该方法能准确判断环网水力交汇位置,每一级的模型仿真压力与实际值的最大相对误差的绝对值均低于10%,且管网拓扑结构复杂程度越高,模型模拟误差越小,建模成本越高。

轨道站网络中心性、客流与空间热力耦合分析

城市空间热力反映了人口聚集与街道活力。为探究城市轨道交通与空间热力分布的互动关系,从微观层面的轨道站点切入,采用百度热力图和轨道站点客流数据,以上海为例,对轨道站点的网络中心性、客流与站域空间热力进行耦合分析。首先采用Pearson双变量相关性研究两类轨道站点属性与空间热力的总体耦合关系,然后引入双变量空间自相关和地理加权回归分析方法分别挖掘网络中心性与站域热力、站域热力与站点客流的空间关联模式,并对比两类耦合性的空间差异。结果表明:轨道站点的网络中心性与空间热力的耦合性明显优于轨道客流与空间热力的耦合性,交通区位优势通常能够形成较高的空间热力,客流水平的影响因素则更为复杂;空间热力更适合量化核心区以外区域的轨道交通与城市空间互动关系,轨道交通网络化对空间热力提升具有乘数效应,而在开发密度低的区域提升空间热力更有助于刺激轨道客流;利用空间热力数据评估城市核心区以外区域的新建站点客流潜力具有可行性,但仅用热力预测客流具有局限性;轨道站点周边城市更新可参考不同空间区位站点的两类耦合性差异进行优化。该研究探索了结合城市空间热力分布完善轨道交通线网布局、针对不耦合因素优化轨道站点公共交通导向型开发(TOD)的分析框架,为微观层面衡量城市轨道交通“人-地”关系提供了新视角。