PREDICTION OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AT INFINITE DILUTION BY A GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHOD

1 INTRODUCTIONSince experimental determination of the mutual liquid diffusion coefficients atinfinite dilution is rather complicated,it is important,therefore,to be able to esti-mate the coefficients under various temperatures from one available coefficient ata certain temperature such as 298K.Empirical equations for this purpose are avail-able in many forms.Typical examples are the Wilke-Chang equation and the Tynequation,given

Grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Xiamen Bay using pigment-specific dilution technique

Phytoplankton group-specific growth and microzooplankton grazing were determined seasonally using the dilution technique with high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） in the Xiamen Bay, a subtropical bay in southeast China, between May 2003 and February 2004. The results showed that growth rates of phytoplankton ranged from 0.71 to 2.2 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in May. Mierozooplankton grazing rates ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in August. Microzooplankton grazing impact ranged from 39% to 95% on total phytoplankton Chl a biomass, and 65% to 181% on primary production. The growth and grazing rates of each phytoplankton group varied, the highest growth rate （up to 3.3 d^-1 ） was recorded for diatoms in August, while the maximum grazing rate （ up to 2.1 d ^-1 ） was recorded for chlorophytes in February in the inner bay. Among main phytoplankton groups, grazing pressure of microzooplankton ranged from 10% to 83% on Chl a biomass, and from 14% to 151% on primary production. The highest grazing pressure on biomass was observed for cryptophytes （83%） in August, while the maximum grazing pressure on primary production was observed for eyanobacteria （up to 151% ） in December in the inner bay. Net growth rates of larger phytoplanktons （diatoms and dinoflagellates） were higher than those of smaller groups （ prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria）. Relative preference index showed that microzooplankton grazed preferentially on prasinophytes and avoided to harvest diatoms in cold seasons （December and February）.

ITSTUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF UREA ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF PMMA/PVC MIXTURES IN DMF BY A DILUTE- SOLUTION VISCOMETRY METHOD

The interaction between poly(methymethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been studied indilute urea solutions of dimethylformamide (DMF) at 28℃ using a dilute solution viscometry method. The results show thatthe polymer mixtures are compatible in DMF solution in the absence of urea. The influence of urea addition on the degree ofcompatibility of the polymer mixtures has been studied in terms of the compatibility parameters (△b_m and △[η]_m). It wasfound that the compatibility of the polymer mixtures is decreased with increasing urea addition, passing through a minimumat 0.5 M urea.

Optimizing the ratio of the spike to sample for isotope dilution analysis:a case study with selenium isotopes

Isotope dilution(ID)method has been widely applied to studies of elemental speciation and certification of the concentrations of geological reference materials.One of the key factors restricting the application of the ID method is the difficulty in identifying the optimal ratios of the isotope tracer(spike)to sample(S/N)and in estimating the error propagation.Here,using Se isotope as an example and employing a Monte Carlo method,we found that the optimal choice of spike and S/N are^(77)Se(spike)and 0.7,respectively.The S/N in the range from 0.1 to 4 can produce sufficiently low errors(<0.4%).Extending this method to other elements such as Cr,Fe,Ni,Sr,Cd and etc.,their optimal spike and S/N were also presented.According to the optimized parameters of Se,we determined the Se concentrations of geological reference materials(GRMs)by thiol cotton fiber(TCF)-hydride generation ID-MC-ICP-MS.The relative standard deviation is<5%,and the detection limit is reduced to0.1 ng/g.Most of the measured concentrations are consistent with those recommended by IGGE or reported previously.For some GRMs,discrepancies(e.g.6.90%for GSS-5)exist between our measurements and previous ones,which can be explained by the inhomogeneity of GRMs and/or the different digestion,purification and measurement methods among laboratories.

Methodology Validation of Microbial Limit Test of Bupi Qiangli Ointment

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting in sample recovery test. [Result] The medium dilution method （1：10 test solution, 0.5 ml/plate） could effectively eliminate the inhibition effect of the Bupi Qiangli Ointment, and the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus was greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples; and the conventional method exhibited the recoveries of E. coil, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples. [Conclusion] Due to Bupi Qiangli Ointment has strongly antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus au- reus, the medium dilution method was used for bacterial counting, and the conventional method was used for mold and yeast counting; and the conventional method was used for controlled bacterium examination of E. coll.

A New Hybrid Vertical Coordinate Ocean Model and Its Application in the Simulation of the Changjiang Diluted Water

Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of some vertical coordinates applied in the calculation of the Changjiang diluted water （CDW）, a new hybrid vertical coordinate is designed, which uses σ coordinate for current and σ-z coordinate for salinity. To combine the current and salinity, the Eulerian-Lagrangian method is used for the salinity calculation, and the baroclinic pressure gradient （BPG） is calculated on the salinity sited layers. The new hybrid vertical coordinate is introduced to the widely used model of POM （Princeton Ocean Model） to make a new model of POM-σ-z. The BPG calculations of an ideal case show that POM-σ-z model brings smaller error than POM model does. The simulations of CDW also show that POM-σ-z model is better than POM model on simulating the salinity and its front.

Effects of Samarium Doping on Optical Properties of Zn_(0.9)(Co_(1-x)Sm_x )_(0.1)O Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor

Transparent ZnO and Zn0.9(Co1-xSmx)0.1O (x =0.0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0) films were prepared by sol-gel method. For the prepared Zn0.9(Co1-xSmx )0.1O systems, the influences of dopant concentration of Sm on the structural and optical properties were investigated. Three additional absorption peaks around 570, 620, and 660 nm wavelengths were observed in low Sm content films, which is attributed to the d-d transitions of Co2+ ions in tetrahedral crystalline. The redshift of band gap in doped samples was discussed in detail.

Validation for Microbial Limit Test Method of Compound Yu E Nose Drops

[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Compound Yu E Nose Drops.[Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei (General Rules in the fourth part of the 2015 edition),the microbial limit test method for Compound Yu E Nose Drops was verified.[Results] Compound Yu E Nose Drops has a strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis,and the inhibitory activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent (1∶ 20).The recoveries were all in the range of 0.5-2.0 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by the dilution method (1∶ 20).When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by the conventional method,the recoveries were both in the range of 0.5-2.0.When examining control bacteria,Escherichia coli,S.aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can all be detected in the test groups by the test liquid dilution method.[Conclusions] For Compound Yu E Nose Drops,the total quantities of aerobic microbe can be counted by the dilution method;the quantities of mould and yeast can be examined by the conventional plate method;and the conventional method can be used for control microbe examination.

Validation of Microbial Limit Test Methods of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule

[ Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule. [ Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei 2015 edition of the four general rules, the microbiological limits of non-sterile products were verified. [ Results] Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule has a strong inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent （ 1 ： 20） ; and the recoveries were in the range of 0.5 -2 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by dilution method （1：20）. When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by dilution method （1：20）, the recoveries were from 0.5 to 2, and Escherichia coli, cholate-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and Salmonella can be detected by the test solution dilution method. [ Condusions] With the plate method, the total quantities of aerobic bacteria and the quantities of mould and yeast were examined by increasing diluent, and conventional method was used for examination of control bacteria including E. coli, cholatetolerant Gram-negative bacteria and Salmonella. This method has been proved effective for microbial limit test of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule, and can effectively control the quality of the preparation. The method is accurate and reliable.

Validation of Microbial Limit Test Methods of Compound Gangbangui Capsule

[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Compound Gangbangui Capsule. [Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei 2015 edition of the four general rules,the microbiological limits of non-sterile products were verified. [Results]Compound Gangbangui Capsule has a strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus,and the antimicrobial activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent（ 1∶ 20）; and the recoveries were in the range of 0. 5-2. 0 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by dilution method（ 1∶ 20）. When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by conventional method（ 1∶ 20）,the recoveries were from 0. 5 to 2. 0,and Escherichia coli can be detected in experimental groups by the test solution dilution method. [Conclusions]With the plate method,the total quantities of aerobic bacteria and the quantities of mould and yeast were examined by increasing diluent and conventional method,respectively,and control bacteria,E. coli was examined by conventional method. This method has been proved effective for microbial limit test of Compound Gangbangui Capsule,and can effectively control the quality of the preparation. The method is accurate and reliable.

基于CFD-DEM算法的气力输送气固两相流特性分析

超轻粉体颗粒由于质量较小,在运输过程中易受气流扰动而飘散,物料的管道气力输送过程不稳定,易发生堵塞。为了研究超轻粉体颗粒在旋流气力输送中气固两相流流动特性,采用计算流体力学与离散单元法(CFD-DEM),对Komax型静态混合器内气固两相流动特性进行数值模拟研究。研究发现,带有Komax型元件的水平管道可以改变颗粒的流动情况,改善了水平管道内颗粒堆积和分布不均匀的现象;分别从颗粒相和流体相的流动状态分析得到元件长径比Ar=3时为最优几何结构;通过正交实验极差分析得到影响气固两相流动特性的因素顺序:输送气速>颗粒质量流量>颗粒粒径。当元件Ar=3时,颗粒-颗粒和颗粒-管壁的碰撞次数与碰撞强度呈现负相关,结合出口颗粒流分散状态,优选输送气速为3~4m/s;主要考虑输送气速对管内压降的影响,提出了带有Komax型元件的水平管道气力运输过程中压降与输送气速和轴向位置的经验拟合式。

黏度法测聚合物分子量实验的一些细节问题

黏度法测聚合物分子量是高分子物理中一个经典实验教学内容,也是科学研究中常用的测量分子量方法。针对黏度法测定聚合物分子量过程常遇到的3个细节问题给出相应的经验及建议:用超声波法消除乌氏黏度计测量时聚合物水溶液出现的气泡是一种高效方法;对于同一聚合物来讲,除了温度和溶剂对Κ和α值有决定性影响外,分子量范围也是一个不容忽视的条件,研究者应在确定所测聚合物大致分子量范围之后,首先查阅高分子手册等参考资料来确定合适的测试条件及相应的Κ和α值;通过实验发现,采用乌氏黏度计法测定聚合物分子量,聚合物稀溶液存在一个最佳质量浓度范围,只有在这个范围内测定数据,最后计算得到的分子量才比较准确。

有限回采空间内贫矿资源无底柱分段崩落法低贫损开采方案研究

做好无底柱分段崩落法的贫损控制对于矿山经济效益及环境保护具有重要意义,但当矿床开采条件复杂、矿石品位较低时,矿石贫损控制难度将会大幅增加,在此条件下如何做好矿石贫损控制一直是崩落法开采方向的重要关注点。金川龙首矿西二采区无底柱分段崩落法采场仅可布置4个分段,回采空间十分有限,不利于矿石的贫损控制,加之西二采区矿石品位较低但经济价值较高,因此在开采过程中需要严格控制矿石贫损。针对西二采区的复杂开采条件及贫损控制需求,提出了一种“首采分段总量控制出矿、中间分段低贫化出矿、最末分段低贫化出矿+辅助进路回收残留矿石”的组合式低贫损回采方案。以西二采区为工程背景,设计并制作了一种高仿真度的物理放矿模型并对该方案展开了试验研究。结果表明:即便是在暂时不考虑回收最末分段残留矿石的情况下,该方案可使西二采区崩落法采场的矿石回收率达到75.6%,而废石混入率仅为6.0%,在确保矿石回收率的基础上显著降低了矿石贫化。该方案在现场应用后,实际的矿石回收指标与试验结果基本接近,表明该方案在西二采区有限回采空间内实现了贫矿资源低成本、高质量回收的总体目标。

MALDI-TOF-MS在耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌多黏菌素B快速药敏试验中的应用

目的构建一种耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)多黏菌素B的快速药敏试验方法,为临床抗生素的选择和精准调整提供依据。方法采用WHONET 5.6软件对分离自西安市第一医院2023年3月至2024年3月的108株CRE菌株信息进行筛选,以肉汤稀释法为参比方法,采用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF-MS)进行多黏菌素B快速药敏测定。结果108株CRE分离株以肺炎克雷伯菌为主(48.14%),其次是产气肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌(各占13.89%)。标本来源以痰液为主(65.74%),其次尿液(18.52%)和血液(8.33%)。临床科室分布以神经外科为主(48.15%),其次为重症医学科(18.52%)和呼吸内科(14.81%)。CRE分离株对大部分药物呈现高度耐药,对常见β内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、β内酰胺复合药物耐药率分别超过70%,80%,50%和75%。与肉汤稀释法相比,MALDI-TOF-MS法测定CRE对多黏菌素B药敏结果的分类一致率(CA)为98.1%,重大误差(ME)为1.85%,未出现非常重大误差(VME),均在可允许范围之内。结论本院分离的CRE对多种抗菌药物广泛耐药,基于MALDI-TOF-MS的快速药敏试验方法准确可靠,可用来评价CRE对多黏菌素B的敏感性,便于临床及时调整泛耐药细菌治疗方案。

中药混合液对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌作用的研究

目的探究中药混合液对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Sureus,MRSA)的体外抗菌作用。方法选取2022年1月—2023年6月江苏省启东市中医院检验科临床分离的40株MRSA。万古霉素、中药混合液对MRSA的体外最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)值采用微量肉汤稀释法测定;用K-B纸片扩散法测定万古霉素和中药混合液对MRSA的抑菌效果,探究不同药物浓度对MRSA抑菌活性的影响。结果万古霉素MIC值为(1.56±0.55)mg/L,低于中药混合液的(1.63±0.62)mg/mL,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。万古霉素抑菌圈直径为(20.56±0.87)mm,优于中药混合液的(19.89±0.73)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。抑菌圈直径大小随浓度增加而增大且中药混合液各浓度抑菌圈直径均大于万古霉素,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论中药混合液对MRSA的体外最低抑菌浓度极低,可以有效抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的生长。

生活污水中典型cVMSs检测方法的建立及应用研究

环状挥发性甲基硅氧烷(cVMSs)具有高挥发性的特点,对其进行监测会受到高背景干扰,影响数据的准确性。通过综合优化进样隔垫、进样瓶内衬管、样品保存方法等干扰因素,确定了最佳预处理条件,建立了水中微量八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)、十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)和十二甲基环六硅氧烷(D6)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测分析方法,并应用于实际生活污水中D4、D5和D6的检测。结果表明,所建立的方法检出限为1.43~3.14 ng/L,在加标量分别为5和0.5μg/L条件下的平均回收率为92.2%~110.6%和75.1%~91.2%。针对实际生活污水的检测结果显示,污水处理厂进水中D5和D6平均质量浓度分别为1 071和524 ng/L,D4未检出,而在所有出水中D4、D5和D6均未被检出。该方法的预处理和GC-MS检测分析方法过程简单,可以显著降低背景因素的干扰,可为污水中cVMSs的检测分析提供方法参考,并为环境监管部门决策提供依据。

烹饪方式对烤羊排脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味物质的影响

为探究风味物质的形成机制,以直接烤制和过热蒸-烤制2种烹饪方式的电烤箱烤羊排为研究对象,采用描述性感官分析、电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术以及气相色谱-嗅闻技术分析其感官特性、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味物质差异。感官分析和电子鼻结果显示两样品的香气轮廓存在差异,其中直接烤制样品具有更强的烤香、脂香和羊肉味(P<0.05)。在两种烤羊排中共检测到44种挥发性化合物,直接烤制样品中醛类、醇类、含氮化合物等挥发性物质的含量均高于蒸烤结合样品。采用香气提取物稀释分析-气相色谱-嗅闻共鉴定出35种香气活性化合物,其中强势香气活性化合物包括癸醛、己醛、辛醛、壬醛、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、3-辛烯-2-酮、2-壬酮、庚酸、2-甲基吡嗪、3-甲硫基丙醛、苯并噻唑、2-戊基呋喃。两种样品香气活性化合物的种类相似,但稀释因子不同。直接烤制羊排的脂肪酸总含量显著高于蒸烤结合样品(P<0.05),其中多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸含量的比值为40.66%,具有更高的营养价值。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生三烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸的氧化降解与烤羊排特征风味物质的形成密切相关。

大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述

2021年全国碳市场开启,为了提高碳交易的准确性,需要做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查。在这种背景下,烟气在线监测系统作为一种碳排放量化方法得到了重视。其有效工作的基础是烟气流量的准确测量。但电厂烟囱尺寸大,内部烟气流动特性复杂,烟气流量难以准确测量。重点分析了皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中的研究现状,详细介绍了大口径管道气体流量测量技术。此外,还介绍了一种独立的流量测量方法—示踪气体稀释法,探讨其发展现状及作为一种流量标定方法的潜力。

基于响应曲面法的双丝三弧堆焊工艺参数优化

为了优化双丝三弧焊堆焊工艺参数和预测堆焊稀释率和焊接电流,基于响应曲面法建立了双丝间电流(M弧电流)、主弧电压等焊接工艺参数与稀释率和焊接电流的数学模型。利用Design-Expert软件对稀释率和焊接电流响应进行方差分析、模型显著性检验及模型信噪分析,研究了堆焊工艺参数对稀释率和焊接电流的影响规律,并对堆焊工艺进行了优化设计,以及结果验证。结果表明,M弧电流对焊接电流和稀释率的影响比较显著;增加M弧电流,焊接电流减小,基材熔化量变小,稀释率越小;减小熔化母材过多的进入堆焊层,保证金属粉芯焊丝的有效成分,有利于堆焊合金材料组织和耐磨性的控制。经过优化设计获得最佳堆焊工艺参数主弧电压为35 V,M弧电流为260 A,送丝速度为10 m/min,频率为70 Hz,占空比50%。

页岩气生产液细菌计数方法对比研究

针对部分油气田服务企业以平板计数法、ATP荧光快速检测法代替绝迹稀释法(MPN)进行页岩气生产液中细菌含量检测的现象,将这三种细菌计数方法对相同样品的测定结果进行了对比研究。平板计数法与ATP荧光法操作均比MPN法简便,但是对于页岩气生产液,这两种方法均存在检测出的细菌类型不明确、计数结果不准确、线性关系差等缺点。平板计数法检测出的细菌主要为好氧或耐氧菌腐生菌,无法检测和鉴别与腐蚀密切相关的硫酸盐还原菌。ATP荧光法通过总菌的ATP含量换算得到细菌含量,该法目前更多用于医疗与食品行业的限制类细菌含量的快速检测,尚无明确标准可依,且无法区分菌体的死活。而MPN法可通过鉴别培养基将与腐蚀相关的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁细菌(IB)和腐生菌(TGB)分别培养后计数,且其检测限远低于另外两种方法,因此更适用于页岩气生产液中特定腐蚀菌种的检测。