Microstructure and ablation behavior of Zr-based ultra-high-temperature gradient composites

To obtain high-performance Zr-based ultra-high-temperature composites,Zr-based ultra-high-temperature gradient composites were prepared by changing the laying method of the infiltrant via reactive melt infiltration.The effects of different infiltrant laying methods on the microstructure and ablative properties of Zr-based ultrahigh-temperature gradient composites were investigated.The results showed that the gradient structure of the Zr-based ultrahigh-temperature gradient composites differed when the composition ratio of the infiltrant was changed.When the thicknesses of the Zr/Mo/Si layers were 6/4/12 mm and 8/2/12 mm,the SiMoZrC solid solution content in the samples increased and decreased along the infiltration direction,respectively.The gradient samples were ablated in an oxyacetylene flame at 3000°C for 40 s.The ablation resistance of the sample was the highest when the infiltrant was a powder and the thickness of the Zr/Mo/Si layer was 6/4/12 mm.

SIMULATION OF COMPOSITE NON-LINEAR MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF CMCS BY FEM-BASED MULTI-SCALE APPROACH

The non-linear behavior of continuous fiber reinforced C/SiC ceramic matrix composites(CMCs)under tensile loading is modeled by three-dimensional representative volume element(RVE)models of the composite. The theoretical background of the multi-scale approach solved by the finite element method(FEM)is recalled firstly.Then the geometric characters of three kinds of damage mechanisms,i.e.micro matrix cracks,fiber/matrix interface debonding and fiber fracture,are studied.Three kinds of RVE are proposed to model the microstructure of C/SiC with above damage mechanisms respectively.The matrix cracking is modeled by critical matrix strain energy(CMSE)principle while a maximum shear stress criterion is used for modeling fiber/matrix interface debonding. The behavior of fiber fracture is modeled by the famous Weibull statistic theory.A numerical example of continuous fiber reinforced C/SiC composite under tensile loading is performed.The results show that the stress/strain curve predicted by the developed model agrees with experimental data.

Fabrication and characterization copper/diamond composites for heat sink application using powder metallurgy

Copper composites reinforced with diamond particles were fabricated by the powder metallurgical technique. Copper matrix and diamond powders were mixed mechanically, cold com- pacted at 100 bar then sintered at 900?C. The prepared powders and sintered copper/diamond composites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDS). The effect of diamond contents in the Cu/diamond composite on the different properties of the composite was studied. On fracture surfaces of the Cu/uncoated diamond composites, it was found that there is a very weak bonding between diamonds and pure copper matrix. In order to improve the bonding strength between copper and the reinforcement, diamond particles were electroless coated with NiWB alloy. The results show that coated diamond particles distribute uniformly in copper composite and the interface between diamond particles and Cu matrix is clear and well bonded due to the formation of a thin layer from WB2, Ni3B, and BC2 between Cu and diamond interfaces. The properties of the composites materials using coated powder, such as hardness, transverse rupture strength, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were exhibit greater values than that of the composites using uncoated diamond powder. Additionally, the results reveals that the maximum diamond incorporation was attained at 20 Vf%. Actually, Cu/20 Vf% coated diamond com- posite yields a high thermal conductivity of 430 W/mK along with a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 6 × 10–6/K.

Thermal properties of pressureless melt infiltrated AlN-Si-Al composites

Thermal properties of AlN-Si-Al composites produced by pressureless melt infiltration of Al/Al alloys into porous a-Si3N4 preforms were investigated in a temperature range of 50-300 °C. SEM and TEM investigations revealed that the grain size of AlN particles was less than 1 μm. In spite of sub-micron grain size, composites showed relatively high thermal conductivity （TC）, 55-107 W/（m·K）. The thermal expansion coefficient （CTE） of the composite produced with commercial Al source, which has the highest TC of 107 W/（m·K）, was 6.5×10-6 K-1. Despite the high CTE of Al （23.6×10-6 K-1）, composites revealed significantly low CTE through the formation of Si and AlN phases during the infiltration process.

High-temperature thermal stability of C/C−ZrC−SiC composites via region labeling method

To investigate the thermal stability of ceramic-matrix composites,three kinds of C/C−ZrC−SiC composites with different Zr/Si molar ratios were synthesized by reactive melt infiltration.Employing region labeling method,the high-temperature thermal stability of the composites was systematically studied by changing the temperature and holding time of thermal treatment.Results show that the mass loss rate of low Si composites has a growth trend with increasing temperature,and a crystal transformation from β-SiC toα-SiC occurs in the composites.In the calibrated area,SiC phase experiences Ostwald ripening and volume change with location migration,while ZrC phase experiences a re-sintering process with diffusion.Moreover,it is found that increasing temperature has a more obvious effect on the thermal stability than extending holding time,which is mainly attributed to the faster diffusion rate of atoms.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Composites Embeded with Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method. The Ag nanoparticles (AgNP) were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy which shows an absorption band at 420 nm confirming the formation of nanoparticles. For any practical application of the silver nanoparticles it is necessary to stabilize it which can be done by making a composite. In the present studies three polymers were chosen such that AgNP could be put to some practical use. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), Polypyrrole (Ppy) and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are important for use in textiles, electronics and food/drug technologies respectively. Polymeric composites of PVA, PPy, and CMC were prepared by mixing the aqueous solutions of the respective polymers and the colloidal suspension of preformed silver nanoparticles. Various compositions containing 1% to 5% of Ag nanoparticles were prepared. Thin films of these composites were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of the peaks at 2θ values of 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.4 and 78.2° corresponding to cubic phase of silver metal. SEM photographs revealed the presence of Ag nanoparticles of sizes varying from 40 to 80 nm. The electrical conductivity of these materials was studied using the four probe method. The conductivity was found to increase from 10–6 for control samples to 10–3 S/cm after the formation of the nanocomposites.

基于pH调节的CMCS-PMMS/PAAm复合水凝胶的构筑与性能研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸/二氧化硅(Poly(MMA/MAA)/SiO_( 2),PMMS)、羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)、丙烯酰胺(AAm)为原料,EDC/NHS为催化剂,通过调节体系pH值和自由基聚合反应制备了系列CMCS-PMMS/PAAm复合水凝胶,并对其流变性能、力学性能、溶胀性能、导电性能及生物相容性进行研究.结果表明:pH值对复合水凝胶的流变性能具有较大影响,储能模量G′整体呈先减小后增大的趋势,当pH值为6时,G′最大为9200 Pa;在较低pH值条件下制备的复合水凝胶强度较大,较高pH值条件下则呈现软而韧的性质,且当pH值为9或10时,复合水凝胶能在较大压缩应变下保持良好的形态并拥有较好的拉伸性能和可循环压缩性能;该复合水凝胶具有良好的溶胀性能,即使在吸水达到溶胀平衡后,仍能保持形变恢复能力(纯水中平衡溶胀率可达860%);另外,它还具有良好的导电性能,其电导率最大可达2.98×10^(-4)S/cm,且具有良好的抗溶血性能与细胞相容性,所有复合水凝胶样品的溶血率均小于5%,细胞活性均在75%以上.

Preparation of Fe-M Intermetallic/TiC-M_2O_3 Ceramic Composites from Ilmenite by SHS

Fe-Al intermetallic/TiC-Al2O3 ceramic composites were successfully prepared by selfpropagating high-temperature synthesis （SHS） from natural ilmenite, aluminium and carbon as the raw materials. The effects of carbon sources, preheating time and heat treatment temperature on synthesis process and products were investigated in detail, and the reaction process of the FeTiO3-Al-C system was also discussed. It is shown that the temperature and velocity of the combustion wave are higher when graphite is used as the carbon source, which can reflect the effect of the carbon source structure on the combustion synthesis; Prolonging the preheating time or heat treatment temperature is beneficial to the formation of the ordered intermetallics; The temperature and velocity of the combustion wave are improved, but the disordered alloys are difficult to eliminate with the preheating time prolonged. The compound powders mainly containing ordered Fe3Al intermetallic can be prepared through heat treatment at 750 ℃.

Identification of Growth Promoter to Fabrication SiCp/Al₂O₃Ceramic Matrix Composites Prepared by Directed Metal Oxidation of An Al Alloy

SiC particulates reinforced alumina matrix composites were fabricated using Directed Metal Oxidation (DIMOX) process. Continuous oxidation of an Al-Si-Mg-Zn alloy with different interlayers (dopents) as growth promoters, will encompasses the early heating of the alloy ingot, melting and continued heating to temperature in the narrow range of 950°C to 980°C in an atmosphere of oxygen. Varying interlayers (dopents) are incorporated to examine the growth conditions of the composite materials and to identification of suitable growth promoter. The process is extremely difficult because molten aluminum does not oxidize after prolonged duration at high temperatures due to the formation of a passivating oxide layer. It is known that the Lanxide Corporation had used a combination of dopents to cause the growth of alumina from molten metal. This growth was directed, i.e. the growth is allowed only in the required direction and restricted in the other directions. The react nature of the dopants was a trade secret. Though it is roughly known that Mg and Si in the Al melt can aid growth, additional dopents used, the temperatures at which the process was carried out, the experimental configurations that aided directed growth were not precisely known. In this paper we have evaluated the conditions in which composites can be grown in large enough sizes for evaluation application and have arrived at a procedure that enables the fabrication of large composite samples by determining the suitable growth promoter (dopant). Scanning electron microscopic, EDS analysis of the composite was found to contain a continuous network of Al2O3, which was predominantly free of grain-boundary phases, a continuous network of Al alloy. Fabrication of large enough samples was done only by the inventor company and the property measurements by the company were confirmed to those needed to enable immediate applications. Since there are a large number of variable affecting robust growth of the composite, fabrication large sized samples for measurements is a difficult task. In the present work, to identify a suitable window of parameters that enables robust growth of the composite has been attempted.

CMC在航天领域的应用

论述了陶瓷基复合材料在航天领域的研究与应用,主要从陶瓷基复合材料的优势特点、制备方法、国内外研究进展以及CMC在航天型号产品上应用需要突破的难点和技术关键等五个方面进行了详细论述和介绍,提出了发展趋势和研究方向。

有机复合物H对纤维素CMC酶活的影响

采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)为显色剂,CMC为底物,测定纤维素酶的酶活。考察了在不同的酶促反应温度、pH值、底物浓度、反应时间等反应条件下,有机复合物H对纤维素酶CMC酶活(CMCA)的影响。结果表明,有机复合物H对纤维素酶的CMCA活性有明显促进作用,且在不同条件下的促进效果有较大差异。

葡萄酒渣多酚-壳聚糖-CMC可食性复合膜在水煮羊肉贮藏中的应用

为开发一种适用于水煮羊肉贮藏的可食性复合膜,以迷迭香(3%)复合膜、茶多酚(3%)复合膜和保鲜膜为对照组,利用不同浓度(1%、3%、5%)的葡萄酒渣多酚-壳聚糖-CMC复合膜和对照组膜处理水煮羊肉,分析其在冷藏[(4±1)℃]期间的感官特性、pH、色度、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数,根据结果筛选最佳复合膜,并对其贮藏期间的挥发性物质进行研究。结果表明:5%葡萄酒渣多酚-壳聚糖-CMC复合膜处理效果最佳,可以有效改善羊肉的色泽,延缓脂质氧化;贮藏至第9天时,5%多酚膜处理组感官特性、抑菌性显著(P<0.05)优于其他复合膜处理组,TVB-N低于限值;贮藏至第12天时,5%多酚膜处理组pH显著(P<0.05)低于其他复合膜处理组;羊肉的贮藏时间可延长至9 d;贮藏时间不同,5%多酚膜处理组挥发性物质含量存在一定的差异。总体上,葡萄酒渣多酚-壳聚糖-CMC复合膜可以有效保持羊肉在贮藏期间的色泽,抑制氧化,减少腐败,延长货架期,有效保持羊肉在贮藏期间的食用品质。

CMC-g-AM/SiO_2高吸水性复合材料的合成

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N′—亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用水溶液法合成了CMC-g-AM/SiO2高吸水性复合材料。用正交试验设计考察了羧甲基纤维素与单体总量的比例、引发剂用量、硅溶胶用量、交联剂用量,反应温度,中和度对树脂吸水率的影响。用红外光谱、热重和电镜对合成材料进行表征。结果表明,该高吸水性复合材料的吸水倍率达1132.2 g.g-1,热稳定性提高,无机组分与有机组分没有明显的相分离,并可能存在化学键合。

SPI/HA/CMC三元复合膜的制备及其性能研究

以甘油为增塑剂,通过溶液共混法制备大豆分离蛋白/透明质酸/羧甲基纤维素钠三元复合膜,并采用SEM、UV-Vis、拉伸试验等手段对其微结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明：当SPI含量在40%~50%时,复合膜的力学强度最大,SPI的引入能够提高复合膜表面的疏水性,同时透光率也会降低。当SPI含量较低时,水蒸气透过率较低,当SPI含量超过50%时,水蒸气透过率显著增加。该复合膜以天然高分子为基质,具备良好的力学性能、耐水性、阻隔性,有望应用于食品包装领域。

EFFECT OF Z-PINS’ DIAMETER,SPACING AND OVERLAP LENGTH ON CONNECTING PERFORMANCE OF CMC SINGLE LAP JOINT

The effect of through-thickness reinforcement by composite pins （Z-pins） on the static tensile strength and failure mechanisms of the joints made from ceramic matrix composite （CMC） is investigated. Overlap length of the single lap joint is 15 mm, 20 mm, 23 mm, 37 mm, and 60 mm, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the final failure modes of the joints can be divided into two groups, （a） the bond-line stops debonding until crack encounters Z-pins; and then the adherends break at the location of Z-pins, when overlap length is more than 20 mm; （b） the bond-line detaches entirely and Z-pins are drawn from adherends, when overlap length is equal to 15 mm. A simple efficient computational approach is presented for analyzing the benefit of through-thickness pins for restricting failure in the single lap joints. Here, the mechanics problem is simplified by representing the effect of the pins by tractions acting on the fracture surfaces of the cracked bond-line. The tractions are prescribed as functions of the crack displacement, which are available in simple forms that summarize the complex deformations to a reasonable accuracy. The resulting model can be used to track the evolution of complete failure mechanisms, for example, bond-line initial delamination and ultimate failure associated with Z-pin pullout, ultimate failure of the adherends. The paper simulates connecting performance of the single lap joints with different Z-pins＇ diameter, spacing and overlap length; the numerical results agree with the experimental results; the numerical results indicate enlarging diameter and decreasing spacing of Z-pins are in favor of improving the connecting performance of the joints. By numerical analysis method, the critical overlap length that lies between two final failure modes is between 18 mm and 19 mm, when Z-pins＇ diameter and spacing are 0.4 mm, 5 mm, respectively.

Z-pin增强CMC层间Ⅰ+Ⅱ混合型断裂韧性

提出手工预缝纫方法将3K丝束的T300碳纤维引入预成型体,采用CVI工艺在预成型体和缝线处同时渗透SiC基体,制备了Z-pin增强平纹编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料。通过三点弯曲试验测定了Ⅰ+Ⅱ混合型应变能释放率,分析了材料的裂纹扩展行为和Z-pin增强机理。结果表明:随着裂纹扩展长度的增大,Ⅰ+Ⅱ型裂纹扩展阻力不断增大,相同裂纹扩展长度,增加Z-pin植入密度可以提高粘结强度,增大止裂作用。Z-pin增强平纹编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料裂纹扩展的耗能途径主要是层间界面剥离、Z-pin弹性剪切和拉伸变形。

TXC/CMC复合絮凝剂对污泥CST的影响研究

以无机絮凝剂钛干凝胶(TXC),羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)为原料,制备出了新型TXC/CMC复合絮凝剂,采用FTIR和XRD对新型复合絮凝剂进行表征。结果表明,壳聚糖已经成功羧基化,而且TXC也顺利掺入复合絮凝剂中。以毛细吸水时间(CST)的变化为检测指标,考察了TXC与CMC的复合比,TXC、CMC、TXC/CMC复合絮凝剂的pH、反应温度和絮凝剂投加量对离心式处理的剩余污泥脱水性能的影响。当TXC与CMC的复合比为5∶1时,复合絮凝剂对剩余污泥调理效果最好,其CST最小。复合絮凝剂对CST的影响与反应温度负相关,而随初始pH和投加量的增加呈先降低后提高的趋势。污泥初始pH值为7时,复合絮凝剂投加量为30 mg/g,反应温度为35℃时,污泥调理效果最好,CST为9.7 s,降幅为54%。

Development of Composite Textile Structures for Wound Dressing Applications

The main objective of this research work was the development of novel and responsive nonwoven composite structures containing gelling materials for wound management. The development of novel all inclusive collagen booster(CB) therapeutic nonwoven wound dressings was mainly focused on. It provides essential functional properties such as high absorption,vertical and lateral wicking,and antibacterial and acidic pH properties. The developed composite wound dressing consisted of carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) fibre and also it was reinforced with polylactic acid( PLA) fibre. The produced composite wound dressings were treated with two different CBs at 4% by using the spray method. The details of the CBs have not been disclosed in this paper due to the Intellectual Property Rights( IPR) issues. The important benefit of using CB treatment is that it allows the maintenance of an acidic pH environment at the wound area. It is well known that acidic pH reduces the wound healing time and enhances the wound healing process. Furthermore,one of the CBs not only promotes the proliferation of the epithelial cells in wounds but also can provide antibacterial action. The PLA fibre reinforced CMC composite dressing has enhanced wicking properties which help to minimise the pooling of exudate on the wound bed and as a result maceration is prevented. The CBs treated dressings maintain the wound bed in an acidic pH condition which also improves the wound healing process. In addition to the above-mentioned properties,the CB treatment imparts antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,thus resulting in the reduction in the propensity for wound infection. Ultimately,the research has proved that the 4% CB treatment enhances the antimicrobial activity and the acidic pH characteristics of the developed CMC /PLA composite wound dressings.

Determination of Optimal Temperature,Blend Ratio and Plasticity Properties of Composite Bread Product Using Response Surface Methodology

Adaption of cassava composite flour to conventional process technology faces various engineering issues.The underlying goal of this study is how to plan a trade-off between cassava-wheat-soy composite materials and their operating conditions with a view to enhance the acceptability and improve quality of the composite bread product.Consequently,RSM(response surface methodology)comprising of central composite design to determine the optimal temperature,blend ratio and corresponding response variables of wheat-cassava bread was carried out.By using Design Expert,Version 8,contour plots were developed.The study reveals that wheat-cassava ratio of 80:20 percent at temperature of 220±2°C and time of 15±2 min gives the desired quality.Also,the plastic limit of the loaf responds to changes in cassava concentration,time and temperature.This experiment has shown that lower CMC(cassava mix concentration)(15%)improves bread volume(620 cm3),moisture content(7.1%)and plasticity(14%).The implication is that greater plasticity increases the malleability at which bread can be produced.Thus,the study is useful in interpreting the baking conditions of composite-wheat-cassava-soy(CWCS)breads and its acceptability.Design of the mix formulation on large scale requires huge investment capital.The particular findings could be of interest to food industry and a wider audience,hence constitute baseline for performance analysis by master bakers and policymakers.The outcome of this study helps to set malleability criteria for the dough which ensures acceptable bread quality.

复合黏结剂对铁精矿球团质量的影响

为充分发掘有机黏结剂对铁精矿球团质量提升的优点,同时弥补有机复合黏结剂削弱成品球抗压强度的不足,本文将蛭石、羧甲基纤维素钠(有机黏结剂)、膨润土进行复配,探究复合黏结剂对铁精矿球团质量的影响,并借助SEM和热重分析探索蛭石改善成品球强度的机理。试验结果表明:在不复配有机黏结剂,仅仅添加1%的膨润土时,球团的落下强度只有1.5次/(0.5 m),抗压强度为8.2 N/P,爆裂温度为550℃,在预热温度为950℃、焙烧温度为1200℃时成品球的强度为3121 N/P;固定膨润土用量,随着有机黏结剂复配比例增加到0.12%,生球落下强度可提升到8.0次/(0.5 m),抗压强度提升到11.3 N/P,但生球的爆裂温度下降到395℃,成品球强度下降到2465 N/P;加入0.03%蛭石+0.12%有机黏结剂+1%膨润土的复合黏结剂后,球团的质量指标最好,球团落下强度可达到6.5次/(0.5 m),抗压强度为13.4 N/P,爆裂温度为362℃,成品球强度在相同条件下可以提升至2764 N/P。SEM和热重分析结果表明:蛭石膨胀能不断填充球团中的孔隙,在焙烧过程中生成液相,有利于固相扩散晶体长大,降低球团孔隙率,从而提升成品球的抗压强度。