Cereal grains can contribute to maintain health and prevent chronic diseases by supplying biologically active components. The exact mechanism of action of these components is not completely understood,but extensive ev...Cereal grains can contribute to maintain health and prevent chronic diseases by supplying biologically active components. The exact mechanism of action of these components is not completely understood,but extensive evidence suggests the antioxidants that are present in the grains are the likely source of benefits. These activities or properties might protect against coronary heart disease and diabetes. The relationships of complex carbohydrates,whole grain products and the prevention of diseases,including type2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease continue to challenge the scientific community. Though cereal grains contribute to a healthy diet there are some people that can not tolerate the proteins present in the grain. This can lead to food allergies and when severe can be diagnosed as celiac disease.展开更多
Mode choice is important in shipping commodities efficiently. This paper develops a binary logit model and a regression model to study the cereal grains movement by truck and rail in the United States using the public...Mode choice is important in shipping commodities efficiently. This paper develops a binary logit model and a regression model to study the cereal grains movement by truck and rail in the United States using the publically available Freight Analysis Framework (FAF2.2) database and U.S. highway and networks and TransCAD, a geographic information system with strong transportation modeling capabilities. The binary logit model and the regression model both use the same set of generic variables, including mode split probability, commodity weight, value, network travel time, and fuel cost. The results show that both the binary logit and regression models perform well for cereal grains transportation in the United States, with the binary logit model yielding overall better estimates with respect to the observed truck and rail mode splits. The two models can be used to study other commodities between two modes and may produce better results if more mode specific variables are used.展开更多
Cereal grains are the common food staples that collectively provide over 50% of dietary calories and proteins for the world＇s population. Although the Green Revolution has greatly increased the yield of commercial ce...Cereal grains are the common food staples that collectively provide over 50% of dietary calories and proteins for the world＇s population. Although the Green Revolution has greatly increased the yield of commercial cereal crops, they often lack nutrients essential for human health in the edible tissues. In developing nutrition-sensitive agriculture, the nutritional quality of cereal grains has been a major target for improvement using breeding and biotechnology approaches. This review examines recent progress on biofortification of micronutrients （provitamin A and folates） and an essential amino acid （lysine） in three major cereal grains, wheat, rice, and maize, through plant breeding. In addition, how natural variations, induced mutations, and the advanced genome-editing technologies can be applied to improving the nutrient content and stability in these cereal grains are discussed. High-yield cereal crops pyramided with improved （micro）nutrient contents hold great promise to meet the increasing demand of nutritionally limited popula- tions and to contribute to achieving sustainable nutrition security.展开更多
Cereal grains,millets in particular,are known to contain health-beneficial phenolic compounds.Despite the fact that various studies have been performed worldwide,the need of hour is to find the benefecial effect of di...Cereal grains,millets in particular,are known to contain health-beneficial phenolic compounds.Despite the fact that various studies have been performed worldwide,the need of hour is to find the benefecial effect of dietary polyphenols against obesity,which is a serious health concern.The current study aimed to investigate the anti-adipogenic effect of the polyphenols of selected cereal grains(pearl millet,proso millet,little millet,kodo millet,barnyard millet,and foxtail millet)using 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Polyphenols were extracted from six different cereal grains using different solvents under various conditions.The anti-adipogenic effect of polyphenol-rich extracts from grains was evaluated by means of analyzing lipid accumulation using oil red-O staining,triglycerides content,and the expression of adipogenic markers in 3T3-L1 cells.The total polyphenol content was comparatively higher in ethanol(80%)extracts of the millets.The polyphenolic profile of millets on HPLC revealed different compositions of phenolic compounds in each grain,which mainly included the phenolic acids and the flavonoids.Ethanol extract of proso millet significantly suppressed the intracellular lipid accumulation,and also the triglycerides content.Further,the grain polyphenolic compounds significantly down-regulated the expression of PPARγ,CEBPα,FAS,SREBP-1c,and pSREBP at both the early and late phase of adipogenesis.It is understood from our study that cereal grain polyphenols have the potential to redress the adipogenic effect in vitro.展开更多
Background： To our knowledge, there is little study on the interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure changes induced by different processing methods in dairy cattle. The objective of this stud...Background： To our knowledge, there is little study on the interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure changes induced by different processing methods in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat processing methods on interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure in terms of functional groups that are related to protein and starch inherent structure of oat grains with two continued years and three replication of each year.Method： The oat grains were kept as raw（control） or heated in an air-draft oven（dry roasting： DO） at 120 °C for 60 min and under microwave irradiation（MIO） for 6 min. The molecular structure features were revealed by vibrational infrared molecular spectroscopy.Results： The results showed that rumen degradability of dry matter, protein and starch was significantly lower（P 〈0.05） for MIO compared to control and DO treatments. A higher protein α-helix to β-sheet and a lower amide I to starch area ratio were observed for MIO compared to DO and/or raw treatment. A negative correlation（-0.99, P 〈 0.01）was observed between α-helix or amide I to starch area ratio and dry matter. A positive correlation（0.99, P 〈 0.01） was found between protein β-sheet and crude protein.Conclusion： The results reveal that oat grains are more sensitive to microwave irradiation than dry heating in terms of protein and starch molecular profile and nutrient availability in ruminants.展开更多
文摘Cereal grains can contribute to maintain health and prevent chronic diseases by supplying biologically active components. The exact mechanism of action of these components is not completely understood,but extensive evidence suggests the antioxidants that are present in the grains are the likely source of benefits. These activities or properties might protect against coronary heart disease and diabetes. The relationships of complex carbohydrates,whole grain products and the prevention of diseases,including type2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease continue to challenge the scientific community. Though cereal grains contribute to a healthy diet there are some people that can not tolerate the proteins present in the grain. This can lead to food allergies and when severe can be diagnosed as celiac disease.
文摘Mode choice is important in shipping commodities efficiently. This paper develops a binary logit model and a regression model to study the cereal grains movement by truck and rail in the United States using the publically available Freight Analysis Framework (FAF2.2) database and U.S. highway and networks and TransCAD, a geographic information system with strong transportation modeling capabilities. The binary logit model and the regression model both use the same set of generic variables, including mode split probability, commodity weight, value, network travel time, and fuel cost. The results show that both the binary logit and regression models perform well for cereal grains transportation in the United States, with the binary logit model yielding overall better estimates with respect to the observed truck and rail mode splits. The two models can be used to study other commodities between two modes and may produce better results if more mode specific variables are used.
文摘Cereal grains are the common food staples that collectively provide over 50% of dietary calories and proteins for the world＇s population. Although the Green Revolution has greatly increased the yield of commercial cereal crops, they often lack nutrients essential for human health in the edible tissues. In developing nutrition-sensitive agriculture, the nutritional quality of cereal grains has been a major target for improvement using breeding and biotechnology approaches. This review examines recent progress on biofortification of micronutrients （provitamin A and folates） and an essential amino acid （lysine） in three major cereal grains, wheat, rice, and maize, through plant breeding. In addition, how natural variations, induced mutations, and the advanced genome-editing technologies can be applied to improving the nutrient content and stability in these cereal grains are discussed. High-yield cereal crops pyramided with improved （micro）nutrient contents hold great promise to meet the increasing demand of nutritionally limited popula- tions and to contribute to achieving sustainable nutrition security.
基金the Science and Engineering Research Board,Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi,India,for the award of National Post Doctoral Fellowshipthe Director of CSIR-CFTRI and CSIR-CLRI for the constant support.We thank Ellur Govindraj for his technical support in gene expression studies.
文摘Cereal grains,millets in particular,are known to contain health-beneficial phenolic compounds.Despite the fact that various studies have been performed worldwide,the need of hour is to find the benefecial effect of dietary polyphenols against obesity,which is a serious health concern.The current study aimed to investigate the anti-adipogenic effect of the polyphenols of selected cereal grains(pearl millet,proso millet,little millet,kodo millet,barnyard millet,and foxtail millet)using 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Polyphenols were extracted from six different cereal grains using different solvents under various conditions.The anti-adipogenic effect of polyphenol-rich extracts from grains was evaluated by means of analyzing lipid accumulation using oil red-O staining,triglycerides content,and the expression of adipogenic markers in 3T3-L1 cells.The total polyphenol content was comparatively higher in ethanol(80%)extracts of the millets.The polyphenolic profile of millets on HPLC revealed different compositions of phenolic compounds in each grain,which mainly included the phenolic acids and the flavonoids.Ethanol extract of proso millet significantly suppressed the intracellular lipid accumulation,and also the triglycerides content.Further,the grain polyphenolic compounds significantly down-regulated the expression of PPARγ,CEBPα,FAS,SREBP-1c,and pSREBP at both the early and late phase of adipogenesis.It is understood from our study that cereal grain polyphenols have the potential to redress the adipogenic effect in vitro.
基金supported by grants from the Prairie Oat Grower Association(POGA)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC-federal government)Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair(PY)Program
文摘Background： To our knowledge, there is little study on the interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure changes induced by different processing methods in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat processing methods on interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure in terms of functional groups that are related to protein and starch inherent structure of oat grains with two continued years and three replication of each year.Method： The oat grains were kept as raw（control） or heated in an air-draft oven（dry roasting： DO） at 120 °C for 60 min and under microwave irradiation（MIO） for 6 min. The molecular structure features were revealed by vibrational infrared molecular spectroscopy.Results： The results showed that rumen degradability of dry matter, protein and starch was significantly lower（P 〈0.05） for MIO compared to control and DO treatments. A higher protein α-helix to β-sheet and a lower amide I to starch area ratio were observed for MIO compared to DO and/or raw treatment. A negative correlation（-0.99, P 〈 0.01）was observed between α-helix or amide I to starch area ratio and dry matter. A positive correlation（0.99, P 〈 0.01） was found between protein β-sheet and crude protein.Conclusion： The results reveal that oat grains are more sensitive to microwave irradiation than dry heating in terms of protein and starch molecular profile and nutrient availability in ruminants.
