Remote sensing of quality traits in cereal and arable production systems:A review

Cereal is an essential source of calories and protein for the global population.Accurately predicting cereal quality before harvest is highly desirable in order to optimise management for farmers,grading harvest and categorised storage for enterprises,future trading prices,and policy planning.The use of remote sensing data with extensive spatial coverage demonstrates some potential in predicting crop quality traits.Many studies have also proposed models and methods for predicting such traits based on multiplatform remote sensing data.In this paper,the key quality traits that are of interest to producers and consumers are introduced.The literature related to grain quality prediction was analyzed in detail,and a review was conducted on remote sensing platforms,commonly used methods,potential gaps,and future trends in crop quality prediction.This review recommends new research directions that go beyond the traditional methods and discusses grain quality retrieval and the associated challenges from the perspective of remote sensing data.

Enemies atpeace:Recentprogressin Agrobacterium-mediated cereal transformation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated plant transformation is a versatile tool for plant genetic engineering following its discovery nearly half a century ago.Numerous modifications were made in its application to increase efficiency,especially in the recalcitrant major cereals plants.Recent breakthroughs in transformation efficiency continue its role as a mainstream technique in CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and gene stacking.These modifications led to higher transformation frequency and lower but more stable transgene copies with the capability to revolutionize modern agriculture.In this review,we provide a brief overview of the history of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and focus on the most recent progress to improve the system in both the Agrobacterium and the host recipient.A promising future for transformation in biotechnology and agriculture is predicted.

Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Penne-Type Pasta Based on Cereals (Oryza sativa (L.), Digitaria exilis, Pennicetum glaucum), Tubers (Ipomoea batata, Manihot esculenta Crantz), and a Legume (Vigna unguiculata (L.))

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and sensory characteristics of penne-type pasta produced from locally sourced cereals, tubers, and legumes. To achieve this, we formulated four different types of pasta with varying levels of incorporation ranging from 10 to 50% cereals such as millet, fonio, and rice, tubers such as manioc and sweet potato, and legumes such as cowpea. The results showed that the incorporation of local products considerably improved the nutrient content of penne without being rejected by consumers. Sensory analysis showed that the best results were obtained with mixtures of sweet potato, cowpea, and wheat, as well as with rice, manioc, cowpea, and sample wheat. These results are of great importance to manufacturers in a world where developing nutritious and attractive food products is a crucial challenge.

Study and Formulation of Composite Flours Based on Gluten Flour and Local Cereal Flours: Fonio, Millet and Sorghum

This study makes it possible to establish baking flours of nutritional quality and technologically acceptable following the increase in their rheological parameters due to the insertion of gluten flour. The composite flours were obtained using the Philips mixer type (model HR2811). The nutritional qualities of the formulated flours were determined by the Kjeldahl, AOAC 985-29, UV-VIS spectrophotometry (DR 5000;HACH and LANGE, France) and Soxhlet gravimetric methods. The compounds obtained are respectively: Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, micronutrient and vitamin contents. Monitoring the analysis of functional properties (water and oil absorption capacity) as well as baking value.

Molecular diagnosis and direct quantification of cereal cyst nematode(Heterodera filipjevi) from field soil using TaqMan real-time PCR

Heterodera filipjevi continues to be a major threat to wheat production worldwide.Rapid detection and quantification of cyst nematodes are essential for more effective control against this nematode disease.In the present study,a TaqManminor groove binder(TaqMan-MGB)probe-based fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)was successfully developed and used for quantifying H.filipjevi from DNA extracts of soil.The primers and probe designed from the obtained RAPD-SCAR marker fragments of H.filipjevi showed high specificity to H.filipjevi using DNA from isolatesconfirmed species of 23 Heterodera spp.,1 Globodera spp.and 3 Pratylenchus spp.The qPCR assay is highly sensitive and provides improved H.filipjevi detection sensitivity of as low as 4^(-3) single second-stage juvenile(J2)DNAs,10^(-3) female DNAs,and 0.01μgμL^(-1) genomic DNAs.A standard curve relating to the threshold cycle and log values of nematode numbers was generated and validated from artificially infested soils and was used to quantify H.filipjevi in naturally infested field soils.There was a high correlation between the H.filipjevi numbers estimated from 32 naturally infested field soils by both conventional methods and the numbers quantified using the qPCR assay.qPCR potentially provides a useful platform for the efficient detection and quantification of H.filipjevi directly from field soils and to quantify this species directly from DNA extracts of field soils.

Survey of Cereal Consumption Habits in the Community of Djougou, Benin

The cereal group occupies a prominent place in the dietary habits of people in northern Benin and there is little recent information on cereal consumption. This study aims to assess the consumption, acquisition and supply of cereals to households in the community of Djougou. A semi-directive survey with KoBoCollect was conducted among 369 households to collect individual cereal food consumption data. The survey data processed by statistical tools showed that the most consumed cereals are maize (95%, p = 0.887), millet (58%, p = 0.755), rice (55%, p = 0.753), sorghum (15%, p = 0.635), wheat (5%, p = 0.920) and fonio barely 5%. The most common mode of acquisition in Djougou is purchase (50%, p = 0.947) but donation is also observed (25%, p = 0.988) as well as production observed in 20.6% of households. Purchases are made from retailers in local markets (45%, p = 0.920) but also in streets and alleys (30%, p = 0.765). The most widely used preservation technique is drying at room temperature (70%, p = 0.995). Households most often dry in the areas provided in the field (50%, p = 0.783) and at home (40%, p = 0.643). The preferred storage location is the kitchen (60%, p = 0.790). The bedroom (20%, 0.669) and the store (15%, 0.522) are the alternative places for storing cereals. In addition, the supply costs of cereals increased between 2020 and 2021. This vertiginous rise in prices is due, among other things, to the covid19 pandemic. The various data generated not only make it possible to have fresh data but also to invest them in the assessment of health risks for the achievement of a high level of protection of the health and life of consumers.

品质导向的粮油食品精准加工分子基础与调控

粮油是国家最重要的战略物资,粮油食品产业在国民经济中起着基础作用,深度关系着国计民生和国民健康。粮食和油料中营养组分丰富及其多尺度结构复杂,且加工方式多变,进而影响粮油食品的感官、安全特性和消化吸收、营养健康效应。本文通过系统梳理粮油食品发展现状及产业战略意义,品质导向的粮油食品加工与制造发展现状及面临的挑战,提出从粮油食品的加工过程控制,营养组分多尺度结构变化与结构重构,多维度品质特性调控3个角度,系统解析基于品质导向的粮油食品精准加工的结构基础与调控机制,重点探讨粮油食品中主要营养组分的加工适应性、互作机制,粮油食品加工对感官品质、健康品质和安全品质等品质特性的影响,多维品质与加工过程构效关系与关联调控机制等制约粮油食品未来发展的研究方向,以期建立品质导向的粮油食品精准加工的理论基础、技术方法和新型绿色加工策略,为创制感官、安全和健康品质协同提升的营养健康粮油食品提供理论支撑,推动我国粮油食品加工产业的高质量发展。

谷物多酚提取及影响和改善其生物活性利用技术的研究进展

谷物中的多酚以游离态和结合态形式存在,具有良好的生物活性,是天然食品抗氧化剂的主要来源,可采用酸法、碱法、酶解法、超声辅助水解等方式提取。但谷物多酚在提取及加工过程中会发生降解、释放或与其他物质结合法,进而影响谷物多酚的生物活性利用,故可采用包封等技术避免谷物多酚的分解和氧化。文章综述了谷物中多酚的提取方法及加工方式对其含量、结构、稳定性、抗氧化性及抗菌性的影响,同时总结了几种改善谷物多酚活性释放和递送的途径,为多酚的有效利用和功能性产品的开发提供了参考。

淮河流域谷物生产水足迹及用水效率研究

为研究淮河流域水稻、小麦、玉米三大谷类粮食作物生产用水总量和用水效率,保障粮食安全,促进粮食生产可持续发展,本研究以淮河及沂-沭-泗水系的35个地级市为研究对象,基于2000-2019年谷物生产、水资源、气候等数据,采用PenmanMonteith模型、探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)模型、空间杜宾模型,对流域谷物生产水足迹强度进行测度以反映其用水效率,并分析其时空演变特征及影响因素。结果表明,2000-2019年淮河流域谷物生产水足迹逐渐趋于稳定,谷物生产水足迹强度整体下降82.86%。水足迹强度空间集聚显著,集聚状态逐渐稳定。社会经济条件、农业生产投入、农业生产条件、自然条件与资源禀赋对谷物生产水足迹强度影响显著。淮河流域谷物生产用水总量整体增加,用水效率总体不断提升。淮河流域谷物生产用水效率存在显著的空间差异,效率较高的区域为淮河干流下游及沂-沭-泗水系,效率较低的区域为淮河干流安徽段。农村经济发展水平、科技发展水平与有效灌溉面积等因素的提升能促进谷物生产用水效率的提升,城镇化水平、化肥施用量、年日照时长、年平均气温等因素的提升则会对其产生抑制作用,农村经济发展水平、城镇化水平、年平均气温等因素通过要素流动、技术转移等产生空间溢出效应。

速食杂粮预熟化工艺研究

旨在对耐煮杂粮进行预熟化加工来提高耐煮杂粮食用的便捷性.采用常压蒸煮预熟化工艺,研究蒸煮时间对薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米的复水率和糊化度的影响,对比分析预熟化前后的杂粮熬制时间和品质变化.研究结果表明:薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米常压蒸煮预熟化的蒸煮时间分别为110、65、40、40和35 min,预熟化薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米的复水率分别为171.5%、190%、170.67%、224%和182.67%,糊化度分别为90%、74.54%、80.1%、92.85%和96.97%.预熟化压片薏仁、红豆、莲子、麦仁和糯米的熬制时间分别为10、8、12、10和6 min,与未预熟化原料相比,熬制时间缩短了6.6、6.5、3、4和2.3倍,极大提高了杂粮食用的便捷性.

基于机器视觉的谷物品种识别研究进展

品种纯度是谷物种子重要的质量指标,种子质量安全直接关乎国家粮食安全。国标规定的品种纯度鉴定采用形态鉴定法和苯酚染色法,鉴定结果受制于检验人员的经验且耗时较长。近年来,机器视觉技术和机器学习、深度学习算法发展迅速,在谷物品种识别和纯度、净度检测中取得了较大进展。主要从图像采集、图像预处理以及机器学习、深度学习技术在谷物品种识别领域的应用等方面进行归纳,分析了目前取得的研究成果以及存在的问题,对该领域未来研究重点进行了展望。

从《大麦通讯》至《大麦与谷类科学》的历程——纪念创刊40周年

《大麦与谷类科学》杂志创刊于1984年12月,初定名为《大麦通讯》(江苏省期刊登记证第176号);1988年3月在中国作物学会大麦专业委员会主持下,经请示程序,期刊《大麦通讯》获准改为《大麦科学》(苏期出证字第1165号);2005年11月,在主管单位江苏省农业科学院按既定流程完成更名申请后,原国家新闻出版总署发文[新出报刊(2005)1285号]同意将《大麦科学》更名为《大麦与谷类科学》,自此《大麦与谷类科学》走上了新的征程。

氮肥减施对玉米间作箭筈豌豆种间关系及产量的影响

通过探究氮肥减施对玉米间作箭筈豌豆种间关系的影响,为进一步发挥禾豆间作优势提供理论依据。2017年在甘肃省武威市甘肃农业大学绿洲农业综合试验站进行试验,以玉米、箭筈豌豆为试验对象,设单作箭筈豌豆(V)、单作玉米(M)、玉米间作箭筈豌豆(M/V)3个种植模式和不施氮(N0,0 kg·hm^(-2))、减量施氮(N1,240 kg·hm^(-2))、传统施氮(N2,300 kg·hm^(-2))3个施氮水平,探究河西绿洲灌区减量施氮对玉米间作箭筈豌豆种间关系及产量的影响。结果表明,箭筈豌豆干物质积累量间作较单作增加43.0%,减量施氮比传统施氮增加10.9%;玉米干物质积累量间作较单作增加26.7%,减量施氮比传统施氮增加8.5%;共生期内箭筈豌豆相对于玉米的竞争比率始终大于1,表明箭筈豌豆的种间竞争力强于玉米,且减量施氮能增强种间竞争;箭筈豌豆收获后间作和单作玉米生长速率比在不同施氮水平下均大于1,表明间作玉米有明显的恢复效应。箭筈豌豆产量间作较单作增加37.7%,减量施氮与传统施氮无显著差异;玉米产量间作较单作增加3.4%,且间作模式下减量施氮比传统施氮增加4.0%;各间作处理土地当量比无显著差异且均大于1,说明具有增产优势。因此,玉米间作箭筈豌豆氮肥减施20%可通过调控种间关系进一步挖掘间作增产潜力,是绿洲灌区玉米生产的可行措施。

代谢组学在谷物食品中的应用研究进展

谷物食品是人类每日能量、蛋白质和膳食纤维摄入的主要来源。随着人们生活水平的不断提升,谷物食品的营养价值、质量安全和食用品质备受关注。谷物代谢组学作为一个新兴且快速发展的“代谢组学”分支,在量化和分析各种代谢产物方面取得了快速发展。本文综述了代谢组学技术的分析流程,以及其在谷物食品成分鉴定、风味物质鉴定、产地溯源、新产品开发等方面的应用,并对代谢组学在谷物食品领域的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为谷物食品深度开发与应用提供参考。

高寒区燕麦、豌豆农艺性状对氮添加和间作模式的响应

间作种植与氮添加对高寒区燕麦(Avena sativa)和豌豆(Pisum sativum)农艺性状影响的研究报道较少。基于此,本研究以燕麦新品系‘青永久872’和饲用豌豆‘青建1号’为试验对象,比较间作种植模式和氮添加对间作燕麦、豌豆关键农艺性状的调控作用及产量的影响。结果表明:1)种植方式和氮添加均影响燕麦和豌豆农艺性状表现;2)低氮添加和隔行间作种植的燕麦、豌豆间作体系总土地当量比最高,且在N_(2)(50 kg·hm^(−2))和N_(3)(200 kg·hm^(−2))处理下燕麦种间竞争力强于豌豆;3)冗余分析(RDA)表明,种植方式和氮添加水平与燕麦株高、分蘖等与草产量相关的农艺性状正相关,氮添加水平与豌豆草产量相关农艺性状正相关,种植方式与豌豆种子产量相关农艺性状正相关;4)灰色关联分析表明,在未添加氮N1(0 kg·hm^(−2))时,单播燕麦分蘖和豌豆始荚节数、隔行间作燕麦单株籽粒数和豌豆荚数以及同行混合间作燕麦分蘖和豌豆荚数与草产量关联系数最大;在低氮添加N_(2)(50 kg·hm^(−2))时,单播燕麦分蘖和豌豆单株籽粒数、隔行间作燕麦粒长和豌豆荚数以及同行混合间作燕麦单株小穗数和豌豆单株籽粒数与草产量关联系数最大;在高氮添加N_(3)(200 kg·hm^(−2))时,单播燕麦茎粗和豌豆荚数、隔行间作燕麦单株籽粒重和豌豆单株籽粒数以及同行混合间作燕麦单株籽粒数和豌豆荚数与草产量关联系数最大。由此可见,合理安排种植方式和精准施氮是高寒区高品质栽培草地建植的关键。

中国城乡成人居民谷类摄入与高血压

目的:探索中国城市和农村成年居民各类主食的摄入量与高血压关联。方法:依据中国健康与营养调查纵向队列研究,共纳入18岁及以上成人6701人。膳食信息采用连续3d24h回顾法收集。采用多元cox回归模型,分析各类主食摄入量与高血压发病风险的关系。结果:农村居民高血压发病率(38.57%)高于城市居民(27.09%)。城市居民多元cox回归分析显示,随着大米及制品摄入量增加,发生高血压的风险降低(P-趋势=0.009)。农村居民多元cox回归分析显示,随着面粉及制品摄入量增加,发生高血压的风险升高(P-趋势=0.0017)。与摄入量第1分位相比,第2~4分位水平发生高血压的风险比分别是1.201、1.422、1.534。结论:农村居民高血压发病率高于城市居民。城市居民大米及制品摄入量与高血压发生呈负相关,农村居民面粉及制品摄入量与高血压发生风险呈正相关。

普通小麦(Taestivum)ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因系与黑麦(Secale cereale)的杂交及回交研究

利用中国春ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因系及对照中国春分别与甘肃黑麦杂交,结实率分别为94.0％、87.9％、93.8％和90.8％,其F_1减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对交叉数分别为9.748、2.968、5.000和1.376,ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因诱导小麦与黑麦F_1部分同源染色体配对顺序是ph1b>ph2b>ph2a。用中国春回交F_1取得了成功,回交结实率分别为1.06％、0.73％、2.52％和11.40％。利用ph1b、ph2b基因可以将黑麦中有益基因直接遗传转移给小麦,ph2a在导入黑麦有益基因方面不宜利用,或其效果不及ph1b、ph2b,回交结实率与染色体配对有关。

谷物摄入与骨关节炎风险之间的因果关系:两样本孟德尔随机化研究

目的:使用孟德尔随机化的方法研究谷物摄入与多种骨关节炎表型之间的因果关系。方法:本研究利用孟德尔随机化方法,分析谷物摄入与各种骨关节炎表型之间的因果关系。数据来源于全基因组关联研究(GWAS)数据库,其中包括有关谷物摄入、骨关节炎、膝关节骨关节炎和髋关节骨关节炎的GWAS数据。主要的孟德尔随机化分析方法是逆方差加权法(IVW)。计算F值统计量检验工具变量的稳定性,采用Cochran’sQ统计法和I2进行异质性检验。另外,使用加权中位数和MR-Egger回归和留一法来评估敏感性和多效性。结果:谷物摄入与骨关节炎和膝关节骨关节炎风险降低之间的因果关系:骨关节炎(OR=0.973,95%CI:0.949~0.998,P=0.035),膝关节骨关节炎(OR=0.564,95%CI:0.357~0.889,P=0.014)。然而,谷物摄入与髋关节骨关节炎风险之间没有因果关系(OR=0.602,95%CI:0.349~1.039,P=0.068)。结论:谷物摄入与骨关节炎和膝关节骨关节炎风险降低之间的因果关系,而与髋关节骨关节炎风险没有因果关系。

专利视角下全球谷物副产物加工产业技术发展态势与我国发展对策研究

为给大食物观背景下我国谷物副产物加工产业的发展提供指导,通过incoPat专利数据库统计近30年全球相关专利,采用专利计量研究方法,从宏观、中观和微观层面对全球谷物副产物加工专利整体态势、技术领域、运营布局进行了解析。与发达国家相比,我国谷物副产物加工正处于快速发展期,创新优势积聚于制备技术和加工技术;技术储备主要在高校科研阶段,高价值专利相对较少,专利转化率相对较低,技术创新驱动产业发展能力尚不足。研磨、谷物膳食纤维是产业的重点发展方向。我国应积极推进高校与企业的产学研合作,大力培育在谷物副产物研磨粉碎技术、谷物膳食纤维、谷物油脂产品等方面的高价值专利,促进科技成果转化落地,助推谷物副产物增值加工产业的高质量发展。

气相离子迁移谱技术在谷物食品中的应用研究进展

作为一种新兴的检测分析技术,气相离子迁移谱兼备气相色谱的高效分离能力和离子迁移谱的快速响应能力。因检测速度快、用时短、数据可视化等优势,在食品领域中得以广泛应用,特别是在食品等级分类、掺假检测、食品新鲜度评价、食品加工过程品质监测与贮藏期间变化方面。玉米、小麦、大米、大麦、高粱、糙米等谷物是我国重要的经济作物,不仅提供机体所需的营养素和能量,同时作为重要的传统美食加工原料,在日常生活中需求量大。随着人们对于健康营养食品的消费意识增加,围绕谷物及其制品的研究成为了关注的热点。基于此,本文介绍了气相离子迁移谱的原理及特点,并系统整理了该技术在谷物食品产地溯源、香气成分分析、原料精深加工等方面的研究情况,旨在为谷物资源的开发利用和品质调控提供重要支撑。