Effect of Two Herbicides on the Growth of Early Seedlings of Rye(Secale cereale)

[Objective]The aim was to study the effect of herbicide on the growth of early seedlings of rye（Secale cereale）.[Method]Effect of two kinds of herbicide（Atrazine and APM）on seedling growth of rye was investigated at the physiological,biochemical and cellular level.[Result]The Atrazin significantly decreased the contents of chlorophyll a,b and soluble proteins.Rye seeds were treated with 0.01-1 mg/L Atrazine for 16 h,the contents of chlorophyll a and b decreased from 1.26（a）,0.49（b）mg/g FW（control）to 1.15（a）,0.46（b）mg/g FW（0.1 mg/L）and 0.81（a）,0.33（b）mg/g FW（1.0 mg/L）.The content of soluble protein decreased with the increasing concentration of Atrazin.Atrazin had no significant influence on the cell division and chromosome structure variation.The contents of chlorophyll a,b and soluble proteins had no significantly change under the treatment of APM,but the number of chromosome structure variation such as chromosome bridge,multipolar division cells,lagging chromosome and unequal division cells increased significantly.[Conclusion]The critical concentration of Atrazine was 0.1-1.0 mg/L and 4 mg/L of APM in rye.

Development and identification of two novel wheat-rye 6R derivative lines with adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew and high-yielding potential

Powdery mildew,caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt),is a devastating disease that seriously threatens wheat yield and quality.To control this disease,host resistance is the most effective measure.Compared with the resistance genes from common wheat,alien resistance genes can better withstand infection of this highly variable pathogen.Development of elite alien germplasm resources with powdery mildew resistance and other key breeding traits is an attractive strategy in wheat breeding.In this study,three wheat-rye germplasm lines YT4-1,YT4-2,and YT4-3 were developed through hybridization between octoploid triticale and common wheat,out of which the lines YT4-1 and YT4-2 conferred adult-plant resistance(APR)to powdery mildew while the line YT4-3 was susceptible to powdery mildew during all of its growth stages.Using genomic in situ hybridization,multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization,multi-color GISH,and molecular marker analysis,YT4-1,YT4-2,and YT4-3 were shown to be cytogenetically stable wheat-rye 6R addition and T1RS.1BL translocation line,6RL ditelosomic addition and T1RS.1BL translocation line,and T1RS.1BL translocation line,respectively.Compared with previously reported wheat-rye derivative lines carrying chromosome 6R,YT4-1 and YT4-2 showed stable APR without undesirable pleiotropic effects on agronomic traits.Therefore,these novel wheat-rye 6R derivative lines are expected to be promising bridge resources in wheat disease breeding.

Advances in the study of waterlogging tolerance in plants

Waterlogging is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening crop yields globally.Under waterlogging stress,plants suffer from oxidative stress,heavy metal toxicity and energy deficiency,leading to metabolic disorders and growth inhibition.On the other hand,plants have evolved waterlogging-tolerance or adaptive mechanisms,including morphological changes,alternation of respiratory pathways,antioxidant protection and endogenous hormonal regulation.In this review,recent advances in studies on the effects of waterlogging stress and the mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in plants are presented,and the genetic differences in waterlogging tolerance among plant species or genotypes within a species are illustrated.We also summarize the identified QTLs and key genes associated with waterlogging tolerance.

Enemies atpeace:Recentprogressin Agrobacterium-mediated cereal transformation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated plant transformation is a versatile tool for plant genetic engineering following its discovery nearly half a century ago.Numerous modifications were made in its application to increase efficiency,especially in the recalcitrant major cereals plants.Recent breakthroughs in transformation efficiency continue its role as a mainstream technique in CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and gene stacking.These modifications led to higher transformation frequency and lower but more stable transgene copies with the capability to revolutionize modern agriculture.In this review,we provide a brief overview of the history of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and focus on the most recent progress to improve the system in both the Agrobacterium and the host recipient.A promising future for transformation in biotechnology and agriculture is predicted.

Remote sensing of quality traits in cereal and arable production systems:A review

Cereal is an essential source of calories and protein for the global population.Accurately predicting cereal quality before harvest is highly desirable in order to optimise management for farmers,grading harvest and categorised storage for enterprises,future trading prices,and policy planning.The use of remote sensing data with extensive spatial coverage demonstrates some potential in predicting crop quality traits.Many studies have also proposed models and methods for predicting such traits based on multiplatform remote sensing data.In this paper,the key quality traits that are of interest to producers and consumers are introduced.The literature related to grain quality prediction was analyzed in detail,and a review was conducted on remote sensing platforms,commonly used methods,potential gaps,and future trends in crop quality prediction.This review recommends new research directions that go beyond the traditional methods and discusses grain quality retrieval and the associated challenges from the perspective of remote sensing data.

Microbial metabolic interaction in fermentation ecosystem and cooperation in flavor compounds formation of Chinese cereal vinegar

Shanxi aged vinegar(SAV)is a famous cereal vinegar in China,which is produced through a solid-state fermentation where diverse microbes spontaneously and complex interactions occur.Here,combined with the metatranscriptomics,the microbial co-occurrence network was constructed,indicating that Lactobacillus,Acetobacter and Pediococcus are the most critical genera to maintain the fermentation stability.Based on an extensive collection of 264 relevant literatures,a transport network containing 2271 reactions between microorganisms and compounds was constructed,showing that glucose(84%of all species),fructose(67%)and maltose(67%)are the most frequently utilized substrates while lactic acid(64%),acetic acid(45%)are the most frequently occurring metabolites.Specifically,the metabolic influence of species pairs was calculated using a mathematical calculation model and the metabolic influence network was constructed.The topology properties analysis found that Lactobacillus was the key role with robust metabolic control of vinegar fermentation ecosystem and acetic acid and lactic acid were the main metabolites with feedback regulation in microbial metabolism of SAV.Furthermore,systematic coordination of positive and negative impacts was proved to be inevitable to form flavor compounds and maintain a natural microbial ecosystem.This study provides a new perspective for understanding microbial interactions in fermented food.

Nutritional Characterization of Traditional Foods Based on Millet, Sorghum and Cowpea from the North-Central Region of Burkina Faso

The food and nutrition situation in Burkina Faso, like most developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, is marked by growing food vulnerability. The majority of local dishes are being abandoned in favor of a minority of imported cereal dishes and other ultra-processed foods. This minority of cereal foods is blamed for stunted growth in children, while ultra-processed foods are linked to chronic diseases such as hypertension, certain types of diabetes and cancer. Knowledge of the nutritional value of local foods is needed to determine their nutritional quality. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional values of local dishes based on millet, sorghum and cowpea in the Centre-North region. The methodology consisted of making an inventory of millet-, sorghum- and cowpea-based dishes using focus groups made up of women and men from three age groups comprising young people, adults and the elderly in the communes of Lebda and Boussouma. The dishes were reproduced, and standard biochemical methods were used for nutritional characterization. A total of 34 dishes were inventoried, including 16 millet/sorghum-based dishes, 8 cowpea-based dishes and 10 dishes composed of millet/sorghum and cowpea or leaves. The mean protein, carbohydrate, ash and iron contents per 100 g DM of the three types of dishes were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05), ranging respectively from 13.61 to 22.63 g, 70.76 to 80.88 g, 1.87 to 5.96 g and 7.67 to 12.06 mg. Those for lipid, energy and zinc were not significantly different, ranging from 5.51 to 6.56 g, from 427 to 433 Kcal and from 2.98 to 3.32 mg respectively. Cowpea-based and mixed dishes cover the nutritional requirements for protein, carbohydrates, iron, zinc and energy recommended for children and adults. The consumption of mixed dishes and cowpea-based dishes could be promoted by nutritional policy to reduce stunting and recommended to obese, hypertensive and diabetic people as part of their diet.

Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Penne-Type Pasta Based on Cereals (Oryza sativa (L.), Digitaria exilis, Pennicetum glaucum), Tubers (Ipomoea batata, Manihot esculenta Crantz), and a Legume (Vigna unguiculata (L.))

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and sensory characteristics of penne-type pasta produced from locally sourced cereals, tubers, and legumes. To achieve this, we formulated four different types of pasta with varying levels of incorporation ranging from 10 to 50% cereals such as millet, fonio, and rice, tubers such as manioc and sweet potato, and legumes such as cowpea. The results showed that the incorporation of local products considerably improved the nutrient content of penne without being rejected by consumers. Sensory analysis showed that the best results were obtained with mixtures of sweet potato, cowpea, and wheat, as well as with rice, manioc, cowpea, and sample wheat. These results are of great importance to manufacturers in a world where developing nutritious and attractive food products is a crucial challenge.

The Impact of Intercropping between Maize and Soya Bean on Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Related to Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.), River Nile State, Sudan

Intercropping has benefited the global agricultural sector in several ways.It is a critical farming practice for long-term productivity,agro-ecological improvement,land management and land use.It is a well-known method to increase soil health and crop productivity.Mixtures of cereals and legumes are used extensively for forage production.Mix between maize(Zea mays)and soya bean(Glycine max L.)was used to investigate intercropping effect on moisture and temperature of soil related to yield of maize.The experiment was carried out with randomized complete block design with four replications.The results showed that intercropping systems had non-significant effect on yield of maize.But it affected soil conditions especially between plant;and reduced soil temperature rang about 0.3-8℃ affected by treatment of soya bean sowing methods(W2)for both seasons.The percentage of soil moisture content was increased about 1%-18%in treatment W2.It was because of increase of percentage of canopy cover fraction by soya bean covered,the conditions area of maize was adapted to give chance for increased irrigation intervals of maize without making stress.

Physicochemical Characterisation of Flours from Local Cereals and Powder from Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaves Varieties Cultivated in the Northern-Cameroon in Order to Supplement Infant Flours

The aim of the present study was to investigate on the inventory and determination of the nutritional value of cereals flour and cassava leaves powder in order to analyse their use in the production of infant flour. In this paper, a A survey to identify the cereals used in the preparation of infant porridge in the Northern Cameroon was done by using 447 mothers having children between 06 and 59 months from areas (Gbakoungue, Sassa-Mbersi, Sanguere-Ngal and Kotkong-Wouldata) with high rate on malnourished children. Flour was prepared from the most preponderant cereals and Cassava leaves powder from varieties identified by the Regional Centre of Agricultural Research (CRRA) of Wakwa and local population. Flour and powder samples obtained were subjected to chemical composition analysis. Parameters analysed were crude proteins, total carbohydrates, ash, total fats, total phenols, total tannins, total carotenoids, vitamin C or cyanide. Also Iron, calcium and zinc were determined. The results revealed that white maize (62%) was the main cereal used in the preparation of infant porridge followed respectively by red sorghum, white rice and muskwari. Ten cassava varieties were identified: three (03) by CRRA (TME, 96/1/14 and IRAD 4115) and seven (south, gambada, sweet, Benin, six months, M. glaziovii and grouna) by local population. Amongst cereals flour, those from white maize indicated high protein (10.09%), carbohydrates (84.46%) and total fat (7.46%) contents. The powder from 96/14/14 cassava variety showed high amount of iron (11.98 mg/100g), calcium (751.02 g/100g) and low cyanide content (1.21 ppm) amongst all the cassava leaves powder samples. The supplementation of white maize flour by cassava leaves powder from 96/14/14 variety could therefore be recommended for the preparation of infant flours.

Study and Formulation of Composite Flours Based on Gluten Flour and Local Cereal Flours: Fonio, Millet and Sorghum

This study makes it possible to establish baking flours of nutritional quality and technologically acceptable following the increase in their rheological parameters due to the insertion of gluten flour. The composite flours were obtained using the Philips mixer type (model HR2811). The nutritional qualities of the formulated flours were determined by the Kjeldahl, AOAC 985-29, UV-VIS spectrophotometry (DR 5000;HACH and LANGE, France) and Soxhlet gravimetric methods. The compounds obtained are respectively: Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, micronutrient and vitamin contents. Monitoring the analysis of functional properties (water and oil absorption capacity) as well as baking value.

普通小麦近缘物种黑麦1R、簇毛麦1V及鹅观草1Rk^(#1)染色体特异分子标记的筛选

为筛选普通小麦近缘物种黑麦1R、簇毛麦1V及鹅观草1Rk#1染色体特异分子标记,根据已定位于普通小麦第一部分同源群的EST序列设计104对STS引物,对中国春、鹅观草、黑麦及簇毛麦进行多态性分析。在104对STS引物中,有53对在对照普通小麦中国春与鹅观草、黑麦及簇毛麦之间存在多态性。利用普通小麦-黑麦1R^7R二体异附加系筛选出5对黑麦1R染色体特异标记,分别是CINAU 19-500、CINAU20-950、CINAU21-1500、CINAU22-310和CINAU23-2000;利用普通小麦-簇毛麦1V^7V二体异附加系筛选出5对簇毛麦1V染色体特异标记,分别是CINAU23-1700、CINAU24-1050、CINAU25-1650、CINAU26-500和CINAU27-620;利用鹅观草二体异附加系DA1Rk#1、异代换系DS1Rk#1(1A)、端体系DA1Rk#1L、易位系T1Rk#1S.W、长臂缺失系Del1Rk#1L筛选出5对鹅观草1Rk#1特异标记,分别是CINAU27-960、CINAU28-1360、CINAU29-480、CINAU30-560和CINAU31-520。研究表明,可以利用普通小麦的EST序列设计PCR引物,转化成STS标记,筛选普通小麦近缘物种黑麦、簇毛麦及鹅观草等染色体特异的分子标记,快速检测和追踪导入普通小麦背景中的黑麦1R、簇毛麦1V及鹅观草1Rk#1染色体或染色体片段,为深入研究普通小麦远缘杂种材料提供新的工具。

内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市燕麦炭疽病病原鉴定

2010年8月,从内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市燕麦炭疽病病叶上分离得到产生镰刀形分生孢子的刺盘孢菌,依据柯赫氏法则、病菌形态特征和生物学特性,将其鉴定为Colletotrichum cereale Manns。病菌分生孢子盘生大量黑色针状刚毛;分生孢子单细胞,镰刀形,无色,（17.43~24.90）μm×（1.99~3.74）μm,平均（22.02±1.80）μm×（2.85±0.36）μm;分生孢子萌生的附着胞黑色,卵圆形或近圆形,（6.23~7.97）μm×（4.98~6.23）μm,平均（7.30±0.52）μm×（5.82±0.48）μm;菌丝生附着胞黑色,近圆形、长椭圆形或裂瓣状,（7.47~14.94）μm×（4.98~9.96）μm,平均（10.87±1.46）μm×（6.74±1.01）μm。病菌菌丝在5~35℃可生长,适宜生长温度为25℃;在人工接种条件下（离体叶片,23~25℃）,菌株蒙-3-1对供试的2个裸燕麦品种和8个皮燕麦品种均具有强的致病性,但不侵染小麦、玉米、谷子和高粱。

Primary Identification of Alien Chromatin in T911289,a Maintainer of Wheat Male Sterile Line with Cytoplasm of Aegilops kotschyi

The genomic composition of 1911289, a wheat ( Tritium aestivum L.) maintainer of K-CMS, was examined by several methods, such as genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), biochemical marking, and DNA molecular marking. The results got by GISH and PCR amplification of dispersed rye-specific repetitive DNA sequence suggested that the alien chromatin in T911289 derived from rye. Specifically PCR amplification of the rye-specific microsatellite primers (SCM9) and seed storage protein analysis indicated that the alien chromatin in T911289 had developed from the short arm of 1R chromosome of rye (1RS). PCR amplification by using microsatellite primers locating on 1BS and seed storage protein analysis also revealed that 1911289 had lost the arm of 1BS or a small distal segment of it. We conclude that T911289 is a heterogeneous population which displays two distinct different types of translocation, i.e. the Robertsonian translocation and small segment translocation. The Robertsonian translocation type observed in our study is different from the 1BL/1RS translocation which is widely used in wheat production; it may be a novel and complex translocation form. Though the linkage between the desirable agronomic traits and the deleterious genes expressed as sticky dough has not got broken in T911289, the recovery of small segment translocation will still benefit the genetic study of wheat and rye.

江苏小麦条纹病毒病和中国小麦花叶病的初步鉴定

江苏位于长江中下游,地处中国的南北交界处,小麦上病毒病种类较多。先后发现的有小麦丛矮病(病原为北方禾谷花叶病毒,Northern cereal mosaic virus,NCMV)、小麦梭条花叶病(病原为小麦黄花叶病毒,Wheat yekllow mosaic virus, WYMV)、小麦黄矮病(病原为大麦黄矮病毒, Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)、小麦“绿矮”病 (病原为水稻黑条矮缩病毒,Rice black streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV),其中小麦梭条花叶病曾大面积流行。2005年春天以来,江苏小麦上又发生了多种病毒病,除了以上4种。

黑麦胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚胎形成过程中内源IAA和Zt变化的初步研究

黑麦胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚胎形成过程中内源ＩＡＡ和Ｚｔ变化的初步研究邢登辉吴琴生刘大钧（首都师范大学农学系北京１０００３７）（南京农业大学农学系南京２１００９５）体细胞胚胎发生已经成为许多植物细胞全能性得以实现的主要途径，黑麦也不例外。许多报道就...

Research Progress on the Biological Basis of Cereal Pollen Culture

This paper summarizes the physiological and metabolic mechanism of a series of processes in the cereal microspore culture from the angle of plant physiological metabolism, explores the physiological or cytology mechanism of several key processes, including microspore dedifferentiation and callus formation, differentiation and transformation, and sums up the current problems in this field and forecasts the direction of future development.

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.

Phytate:impact on environment and human nutrition.A challenge for molecular breeding

Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.

Production and genetic improvement of minor cereals in China

China is a leading country in the production of several minor cereals such as foxtail millet,Job's tears,naked oat,and naked barley.Sorghum and proso millet have also contributed greatly to Chinese agriculture.Foxtail millet,sorghum,barley,and proso millet were widely grown as major crops 60 years ago,and the reduction in their cultivation area reflects historical changes in Chinese agriculture over the past decades.Systematic germplasm collections from the 1950 s to the 1990 s gathered more than 66,690 accessions of these minor cereals,and for some of them,the Chinese germplasm collections are the largest in the world;for example,the 27,700 accessions of foxtail millet.Germplasm evaluations of each cereal species have focused mainly on drought tolerance,nutritional quality,and resistance to their main diseases.Comparisons among lines and selection of those with desirable traits were the main breeding methods for minor cereals in the 1950 s and 1960 s,but these methods were replaced by crossbreeding in the 1970 s.Newly developed cultivars have greatly changed the production situation,and many super cultivars have become milestones in crop breeding history.In this review,we describe the distribution and ecoregions,origin and domestication,and landmark varieties of several minor cereals in China.Nearly all of the minor cereals are drought-tolerant and fertilizer-efficient.The requirements for environmentally friendly crops and a more diverse food supply for humans and animals provide new opportunities to cultivate minor cereals in the drier and warmer environmental conditions that are predicted in the future.