Advances in arterial spin labeled cerebral perfusion imaging in cerebrovascular diseases

Cerebrovascular disease is a disease with high morbidity,disability and mortality rates,which seri-ously affects the daily life of patients and is a heavy burden on families and society.Arterial spin labeling(ASL)is a magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technology that uses the magnetic labeling of hydrogen atoms in arterial blood as tracers to noninvasively evaluate brain blood flow.ASL does not require injection of an exogenous contrast agent,and has the advantages of no radiation,simplicity and low cost.In cerebrovascular diseases,ASL can evaluate the collateral cerebrovascular circulation and abnormal perfusion of brain tissue,which can provide a reliable basis for early diagnosis and clinical decision-making.This study reviewed ASL and its application in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of cerebrovascular diseases.

Significance of Cyclooxygenase-2 Elevation in Middle Cerebral Artery for Patients with Hemorrhagic Moyamoya Disease

The etiology and pathogenesis of moyamoya disease（MMD） remain elusive. Some inflammatory proteins, such as cyclooxygenase（COX）-2, are believed to be implicated in the development of MMD. So far, the relationship between COX-2 and MMD is poorly understood and reports on the intracranial vessels of MMD patients are scanty. In this study, tiny pieces of middle cerebral artery（MCA） and superficial temporal artery（STA） from 13 MMD patients were surgically harvested. The MCA and STA samples from 5 control patients were also collected by using the same technique. The expression of COX-2 was immunohistochemically detected and the average absorbance（A） of positively-stained areas was measured. High-level COX-2 expression was found in all layers of the MCA samples from all 5 hemorrhagic MMD patients, while positive but weak expression of COX-2 was observed only in the endothelial layer of the MCA samples from most ischemic MMD patients（6/8, 75%）. The average A values of COX-2 in the hemorrhagic MMD patients were substantially higher than those in their ischemic counterparts（t=4.632, P=0.001）. There was no significant difference in the COX-2 expression among the ＂gender＂ groups, or ＂radiographic grade＂ groups, or ＂lesion location＂ groups（P0.05 for all）. The COX-2 expression was detected neither in the MCA samples from the controls nor in all STA specimens. Our results suggested that COX-2 was up-regulated in the MCA of MMD patients, especially in hemorrhagic MMD patients. We are led to speculate that COX-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of MMD and even contribute to the hemorrhagic stroke of MMD patients.

Histopathological Features of Middle Cerebral Artery and Superficial Temporal Artery from Patients with Moyamoya Disease and Enlightenments on Clinical Treatment

The histopathological features of the middle cerebral artery（MCA） and superficial temporal artery（STA） from moyamoya disease（MMD） and their relationships with gender,age,angiography stage were explored.The causes and the clinical significance of vasculopathy of STA were also discussed.The clinical data and specimens of MCA and STA from 30 MMD patients were collected.Twelve samples of MCA and STA from non-MMD patients served as control group.Histopathological examination was then performed by measuring the thickness of intima and media,and statistical analysis was conducted.The MCA and STA specimens from MMD group had apparently thicker intima and thinner media than those from the control group.There was no significant pathological difference between the hemorrhage group and non-hemorrhage group,and between the males and females in MMD patients.Neither the age nor the digital subtraction angiography（DSA） stage was correlated with the thickness of intima in MCA and STA.MMD is a systemic vascular disease involving both intracranial and extracranial vessels.Preoperative external carotid arteriography,especially super-selective arteriography of the STA,benefits the selection of donor vessel.

Risk factors and ankle brachial indexes in cerebral infarction combined with peripheral arterial disease

BACKGROUND: Ankle brachial index (ABI) is widely involved in researches and clinical application of peripheral vascular injury of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the application in cerebral infarction (CI) is rare. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible risk factor of cerebral infarction plus peripheral arterial disease (PAD), compare metabolic characteristics of patients who having CI plus PAD or only having CI, and understand the significance of ABI on screening and diagnosing CI plus PAD of lower limb. DESIGN: Contrast observation based on CI patients. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 124 CI patients were selected from Department of Neurology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from July 2005 to April 2006, including 72 males and 52 females aged from 45 to 88 years. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of cerebrovascular disease established by National Academic Conference of Cerebrovascular Diseases in 1995 and determined as cerebral infarction with MRI or CT examination. All patients provided informed consent. There were 46 cases (37.2%) with CI plus PAD and 78 cases (62.8%) only with CI. METHODS: Blood pressure of bilateral ankles and upper extremities was measured at plain clinostatism with DINAMAP blood pressure monitor (GE Company). The ratio between average systolic pressure of lateral ankle and average systolic pressure of both upper extremities was regarded as ABI. The normal ABI was equal to or more than 0.9. If ABI < 0.9 occurred at one side, patients were diagnosed as PAD. On the second morning after hospitalization, blood was collected to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (PBG2h), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Among them, blood glucose, lipid and other biochemical markers were measured with enzyme chemistry assay and HbA1c was measured with HbA1c meter based on high liquid phase. Measurement data and enumeration data were compared with t test and Chi-square test, and multiple factors were dealt with Logistic regression analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of correlation between ABI and metabolic markers with multivariate linear regression analysis; risk factors of CI plus PAD with Logistic regression analysis; comparisons of metabolic markers between PAD and non-PAD patients. RESULTS: All 124 patients with acute CI were involved in the final analysis. ① Comparisons of metabolic markers: Levels of serum LDL-C and uric acid (UA) were higher of PAD patients than those of non-PAD patients (t =2.051 9, 3.339 1, P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among other metabolic markers (P > 0.05). ② Results of multivariate linear regression analysis: PBG2h, LDL-C and UA were obvious correlation with ABI of posterior tibial artery of lower limb and dorsal pedis artery (partial regression coefficient = -0.231 to -1.010, P < 0.05). ③ Risk factors of CI plus PAD with Logistic regression analysis: Age, smoking history, sum of CI focus (≥3) and LDL-C were independent risk factor of CI plus PAD (OR =1.524-5.422, P < 0.05-0.01). CONCLUSION: ① Levels of serum LDL-C and UA of patients with CI plus PAD are high. ② ABI of lower limbs is correlation with PBG2h, LDL-C and UA. In addition, measuring ABI is beneficial for early diagnosing PAD of lower limbs of patients who have poorly controlled blood glucose, abnormal lipid and poor renal function. ③ Age, LDL-C and sum of CI focus (≥3) are independent risk factors of CI plus PAD. It is of significance for screening non-PAD patients to evaluate risk degrees and prognosis and select therapeutic methods based on ABI measurement.

Neuroprotective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Penehyclidine hydrochloride can promote microcirculation and reduce vascular permeability. However, the role of penehyclidine hydrochlodde in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established in experimental rats, and penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment was given via intravenous injection prior to model establishment. Tetrazolium chloride, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling and immunohistochemical staining showed that, penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment markedly attenuated neuronal histopathological changes in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum, reduced infarction size, increased the expression level of BcI-2, decreased the expression level of caspase-3, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Xanthine oxidase and thiobarbituric acid chromogenic results showed that penehyclidine hydrochloride upregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase and downregulated the concentration of malondialdehyde in the ischemic cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced the concentration of extracellular excitatory amino acids in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, penehyclidine hydrochloride inhibited the expression level of the NR1 subunit in hippocampal nerve cells in vitro following oxygen-glucose deprivation, as detected by PCR. Experimental findings indicate that penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress injury after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, thus exerting a neuroprotective effect.

NOTCH3 Mutations and CADASIL Phenotype in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Disease

Background:The etiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease(PAHCHD)is complicated and the phenotype is heterogeneous.Genetic defects of NOTCH3 were associated withcerebral disease and pulmonary hypertension.However,the relationship between NOTCH3 mutations and theclinical phenotype has not been reported in CHD-PAH.Methods:We eventually enrolled 142 PAH-CHD patientsfrom Fuwai Hospital.Whole exome sequencing(WES)was performed to screen the rare deleterious variants ofNOTCH3 gene.Results:This PAH-CHD cohort included 43(30.3%)men and 99(69.7%)women with the meanage 29.8±10.9 years old.The pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations of NOTCH3 were identified in five cases.Patients 2,5,8 and 11 carried the same NOTCH3 mutation c.1630C>T(pArg544Cys),which is the hot-spotmutation for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy(CADASIL).Patient 3 carried the NOTCH3 mutation p.Arg75Gln that has also been reported to be associatedwith the CADASIL.Patients 2,5,8,11 took the examination of the cerebral magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and confirmed the phenotype of CADASIL.Conclusions:We first reported the NOTCH3 rare mutationsand CADASIL phenotypes in CHD-PAH patients.The NOTCH3 rare variants were with a relatively high positiverate and CADASIL phenotypes were likely enriched in PAH-CHD patients.The preoperative neurological examinationmight be recommended for PAH-CHD patients to determine the surgical contraindications and reduceintraoperative neurological complications.

Computer-aided differential diagnosis system for Alzheimer’s disease based on machine learning with functional and morphological image features in magnetic resonance imaging

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a dementing disorder and one of the major public health problems in countries with greater longevity. The cerebral cortical thickness and cerebral blood flow (CBF), which are considered as morphological and functional image features, respectively, could be decreased in specific cerebral regions of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a computer-aided classification system for AD patients based on machine learning with the morphological and functional image features derived from a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system. The cortical thicknesses in ten cerebral regions were derived as morphological features by using gradient vector trajectories in fuzzy membership images. Functional CBF maps were measured with an arterial spin labeling technique, and ten regional CBF values were obtained by registration between the CBF map and Talairach atlas using an affine transformation and a free form deformation. We applied two systems based on an arterial neural network (ANN) and a support vector machine (SVM), which were trained with 4 morphological and 6 functional image features, to 15 AD patients and 15 clinically normal (CN) subjects for classification of AD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values for the two systems based on the ANN and SVM with both image?features were 0.901 and 0.915, respectively. The AUC values for the ANN-and SVM-based systems with the morphological features were 0.710 and 0.660, respectively, and those with the functional features were 0.878 and 0.903, respectively. Our preliminary results suggest that the proposed method may have potential for assisting radiologists in the differential diagnosis of AD patients by using morphological and functional image features.

Long-Term Prognosis and Predictive Risk Factors for Polyvascular Disease in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Background: The aim of the current study was to assess fifteen-year life expectancy, cardiovascular events, fate of the limb, and risk factors with or without polyvascular disease in patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in 1019 PAD patients. The endpoints were Cardiovascular or Cerebrovascular Death (CCVD), All-Cause Death (ACD), Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE), and Cardiovascular and/or Limb Events (CVLE). Results: The patients who died were 539 (52.9%) during follow-up periods. The rate of CCVD was 50.5% (n = 272). In multiple regression analysis, the number of affected arteries had correlations with estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), HDL-cholesterol, Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABI), and diabetes (p < 0.05). In multiple logistic analysis, PAD with Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) was correlated with older age, ABI, eGFR, and atrial fibrillation (p < 0.05);PAD with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) was correlated with younger age, eGFR, HDL-cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, and diabetes (p < 0.05);and triple vascular disease (PAD with CVD and CHD) was correlated with ABI, eGFR, HDL-cholesterol, and diabetes (p < 0.05). The number of affected arteries had significant correlations with CCVD, ACD, MACE, and CVLE (p < 0.05). In Cox multivariate analyses, age, Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI), eGFR, albumin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Body Mass Index (BMI), CVD, and CHD were related to CCVD (p < 0.05);age, albumin, eGFR, CRP, BMI, CLI, and CVD were associated with ACD (p < 0.05);age, albumin, eGFR, CRP, CLI, CHD, and diabetes were associated with MACE (p < 0.05);age, ABI, albumin, eGFR, CRP, CLI, CHD, and diabetes were related to CVLE (p < 0.05). Statins improved all outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Polyvascular disease was independently associated with fifteen-year mortality, cardiovascular events, and the fate of the limb with diverse risk factors in PAD patients.

经桡动脉行PCI术联合术后伊伐布雷定对冠心病患者疗效及对冠脉再狭窄发生率、血清ET水平的影响

目的探讨经桡动脉行PCI术联合术后伊伐布雷定对冠心病患者疗效及对冠脉再狭窄发生率、血清内皮素(Endothelin,ET)水平的影响。方法选取2021年1月—2022年8月贵州省纳雍县人民医院经桡动脉行PCI术的120例冠心病患者为研究对象,按照随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组术后给予常规治疗,观察组在此基础上联合伊伐布雷定治疗。比较两组患者的临床资料、手术指标、疗效(有效率、炎性反应、复发心绞痛率)、冠脉再狭窄发生率及血清ET水平。结果与对照组(76.67%)相比,观察组的治疗有效率(93.33%)更高,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.614,P<0.05);观察组的C-反应蛋白、白细胞计数、心绞痛复发率、冠脉再狭窄率、血清ET水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论经桡动脉行PCI术联合术后伊伐布雷定能够提高冠心病患者的临床疗效,降低冠脉再狭窄发生率,降低血清ET水平。

Association between large artery stenosis,cerebral small vessel disease and risk of ischemic stroke

We aimed to assess the associations of large artery stenosis(LAS)and cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)with the risk of ischemic stroke and to investigate their respective and combined contributions.In the prospective population-based Shunyi Study,1,082 stroke-free participants aged 55.9±9.1 years were included.Participants were followed for incident stroke throughout the study period(2013-2019).Total small vessel disease score was used to measure CSVD burden.Cervico-cerebral large artery stenosis was evaluated via brain magnetic resonance angiography and carotid ultrasound.We estimated the risk of ischemic stroke in relation to LAS and CSVD with Cox regression models.During a mean follow-up of 4.2 years,34 participants(3.1%)experienced at least one ischemic stroke.Severe LAS(≥50% stenosis versus no stenosis:HR=3.27(95%CI:1.31-8.18))and high CSVD burden(total small vessel disease score 2-4 versus 0 point:HR=12.73(4.83-33.53))were associated with increased stroke risk independently.In multivariate models,CSVD burden(7.72%)explained a larger portion of the variation in stroke risk than severity of LAS(3.49%).Our findings identified that both LAS and CSVD were associated with future ischemic stroke in asymptomatic subjects,while those with high CSVD burden deserve more attention in primary prevention of stroke.

冠脉重建术后患者康复运动对ET-1、NO和CGRP的影响

目的:观察康复运动治疗对冠心病患者冠脉重建术后内皮素(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平的影响,以进一步探讨康复运动治疗对冠心病患者内皮功能的作用。方法:选择56例经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA),10例冠脉搭桥术(CABG)后患者,按随机原则此66例患者被分配入康复运动治疗组和常规治疗组,每组33例。两组临床特征无统计学差异,有可比性。两组患者均给予相同的常规药物治疗,康复运动治疗组还接受12周康复运动治疗。观察疗程前后两组ET-1、NO及CGRP基因相关肽水平的变化。结果:康复运动治疗组12周疗程前、后ET-1、NO及CGRP水平均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗后康复运动组与常规治疗组的ET-1、NO、CGRP水平均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。而常规治疗组疗程前、后ET-1、NO、CGRP水平均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:康复运动治疗可以改善冠心病冠脉重建术后患者的血管内皮功能。

补肾法对冠心病心绞痛患者NO、NOS、ET的影响

目的观察补肾法对冠心病心绞痛患者一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、内皮素(ET)的影响。方法用单硝酸异山梨酯作为对照,服药前后记录NO、NOS、ET、心绞痛症状、心电图ST-T改变、动态心电图缺血性ST-T改变的时间、血液流变学和血脂的情况。结果补肾中药治疗后,患者NO、NOS明显升高,ET明显下降;NO由(46.42±7.94)μmol/L改善为(70.16±12.94)μmol/L,NOS由(1.62±0.22)u/mL改善为(2.36±0.30)u/mL,ET由(64.46±15.12)pg/mL改善为(41.42±8.76)pg/mL;心绞痛总有效率为92%,心电图改善总有效率为68%,动态心电图缺血性ST-T改变的时间由(104.70±12.25)min改善为(24.26±3.41)min,与单硝酸异山梨酯治疗的对照组相比,有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论补肾法治疗冠心病心绞痛疗效明显,能明显升高NO、NOS,明显降低ET,且没有任何毒副作用。

冠脉重建术后患者康复运动对ET-1、NO和CGRP的影响

目的:观察康复运动治疗对冠心病患者冠脉重建术后内皮素(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)及降钙索基因相关肽(CGRP)水平的影响,以进一步探讨康复运动治疗对冠心病患者内皮功能的作用。方法:选择56例经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA),10例冠脉搭桥术(CABG)后患者,按随机原则此66例患者被分配入康复运动治疗组和常规治疗组,每组33例。两组临床特征无统计学差异,有可比性。两组患者均给予相同的常规药物治疗,康复运动治疗组还接受12周康复运动治疗。观察疗程前后两组ET-1、NO及CGRP水平的变化。结果:康复运动治疗组12周疗程前、后ET-1、NO及CGRP水平均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗后康复运动组与常规治疗组的ET-1、NO、CGRP水平均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。而常规治疗组疗程前、后ET-1、NO、CGRP水平均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:康复运动治疗可以改善冠心病冠脉重建术后患者的血管内皮功能。

中国人群血清总胆红素与冠心病和脑梗死疾病关系的Meta分析

目的:采用循证医学的研究方法分析血清总胆红素水平与冠心病和脑梗死(即脑梗塞、卒中)的关系及意义。方法:通过文献检索收集相关病例对照研究,按照一定的标准将研究方法相近的文献归类、整理、数据汇总,然后以软件RevMan 4.2.8进行Meta分析。结果:分析结果显示血清总胆红素水平与冠心病和脑梗死呈现密切的负相关,其加权均数差(the weighted mean difference,WMD)为-3.64,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)分别为-4.01和-3.27。结论:低血清总胆红素者冠心病和脑梗死的发病率增加,胆红素在预防动脉粥样硬化性心、脑血管疾病中可能发挥一定的作用。

对比PETRA-MRA、TOF-MRA及CTA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄

目的 对比径向采集逐点编码缩短时间MR血管成像(PETRA-MRA)、时间飞跃法MRA(TOF-MRA)及CT血管成像(CTA)评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄程度及长度的效能。方法 回顾性分析56例经颅脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊颅脑前循环动脉狭窄患者的颅脑PETRA-MRA、TOF-MRA和CTA资料,采用组内相关系数(ICC)及Bland-Altman法观察PETRA-MRA与TOF-MRA、CTA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄程度及长度与DSA结果的一致性,以及分析上述评估结果与DSA的相关性。结果 Bland-Altman分析显示,以DSA为标准,PETRA-MRA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄程度的变异系数、偏差及一致性限度范围分别为13.30%、1.04及(-13.37,15.46),TOF-MRA分别为15.89%、2.81及(-14.68,20.29),CTA分别为20.17%、11.19及(-12.66,35.04)。PETRA-MRA、TOF-MRA及CTA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄程度(ICC=0.92、0.89、0.80),以及PETRA-MRA、TOF-MRA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄长度与DSA结果的一致性均好(ICC=0.99、0.97),而CTA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄长度与DSA结果的一致性差(ICC=0.30)。PETRA-MRA、TOF-MRA及CTA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄程度(r=0.94、0.86、0.80)及其长度(r=0.98、0.97、0.70)均与DSA结果呈正相关(P均<0.01)。结论 PETRA-MRA评估颅脑前循环动脉狭窄的效能优于TOF-MRA及CTA。

Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass combined with encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis in treating moyamoya disease： surgical techniques, indications and midterm follow-up results

Background Surgical interventions for moyamoya disease include direct and indirect revascularizations. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass combined with an indirect revascularization procedure, encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis, in the treatment of moyamoya disease. Methods From October 2005 to November 2009, we performed this combined revascularization procedure in 111 patients with different types and stages of moyamoya disease. The superficial temporal artery, middle meningeal artery and the deep temporal artery were evaluated for individualized surgical planning in these cases. The integrity of the deep temporal artery and the middle meningeal artery network, and the pre-existing spontaneous anastomoses of the distal branches of the external carotid artery with the cortical arteries were well preserved. The mean follow-up time was 72.5 months, all clinical and radiological data were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 198 stomas were performed in 122 hemispheres, all remaining patent until the last follow-up. The encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis resulted in extensive anastomoses of the deep temporal artery （100%）, the middle meningeal artery （90.9%）, and the sphenopalatine artery （39.8%） with the cortical arteries, respectitvely. The superficial temporal artery, deep temporal artery, and the middle meningeal artery were significantly thickened in 88 patients as determined by digital subtraction angiography at follow-up. The relative cerebral blood flow increased significantly within one week after the operation. At 6 months post the operation, the relative cerebral blood flow was further increased by 15.5% from the gradual formation of anastomoses as a result of indirect revascularization. Transient ischemic attacks were effectively reduced or totally arrested. The neurological deficits significantly improved in 37 patients, with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores lowered by 2-8. There was no rehemorrhage in hemorrhagic moyamoya disease patients. Conclusion This study showed that the superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass combined with encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis can achieve good therapeutic effect in the treatment of moyamoya disease.

Assessment of cerebrovascular reserve impairment using the breath-holding index in patients with leukoaraiosis

Many studies have demonstrated that leukoaraiosis is associated with impaired cerebrovascular reserve function. However, the definitive hemodynamic changes that occur in leukoaraiosis are not clear, and there are many controversies. This study aimed to investigate hemodynamic changes in symptomatic leukoaraiosis using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and the breath-holding test in a Chinese Han population, from northern China. A total of 203 patients who were diagnosed with ischemic stroke or clinical chronic progressive ischemic symptoms were enrolled in this study, including 97 males and 106 females, with an age range of 43-93 years. The severity of leukoaraiosis was evaluated according to the Fazekas grading scale, and patients were divided into four groups accordingly. Grade 0 was no leukoaraiosis, and grades I, II, and III were mild, moderate, and severe leukoaraiosis, respectively, with 44, 79, 44, and 36 cases in each group. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and the breath-holding test were performed. The mean blood flow velocity of the bilateral middle cerebral artery was measured and the breath-holding index was calculated. The breath holding index was correlated with leukoaraiosis severity and cognitive impairment. Patients with a low breath holding index presented poor performance in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and executive function tests. That is, the lower the breath holding index, the lower the scores for the MoCA and the higher for the trail-making test Parts A and B. These results indicate that the breath-holding index is a useful parameter for the evaluation of cerebrovascular reserve impairment in patients with leukoaraiosis. In addition, the breath-holding index can reflect cognitive dysfunction, providing a new insight into the pathophysiology of leukoaraiosis. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fifth Peoples Hospital of Shenyang, China (approval No. 20160301) and registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR1800014421).

银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液对急性脑梗死合并多发性颅内动脉狭窄患者血清NO、ET-1的影响及疗效观察

目的观察银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液对急性脑梗死合并多发性颅内动脉狭窄患者血清NO、ET-1的影响及疗效观察。方法将101例急性脑梗死合并多发性颅内动脉狭窄的住院患者随机分成观察组50例、对照组51例,两组分别予西医常规治疗,观察组加用银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液,对照组加用舒血宁注射液。治疗前、后抽取静脉血,应用ELISA法检测ET-1的表达,用硝酸还原酶法检测NO的表达。并以神经功能缺损程度评分(NIHSS)减少率作为疗效判断标准。结果治疗2W后两组ET-1水平、NIHSS评分均较治疗前明显下降,而NO水平均较治疗前明显升高,但观察组ET水平、NIHSS评分的下降值明显高与对照组,而NO水平上升值明显高于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液可能通过更有效地纠正血清中ET-1和NO比例失衡这一作用机制,改善患者临床症状,维持内皮功能稳定,延缓动脉粥样硬化的发生及进展。

冠心病患者血浆ET、TXB_2、6－K－PGF_（1α）浓度变化

采用放射免疫分析技术对５２例冠心病（ＣＡＤ）进行血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）、血栓囊Ｂ＿２（ＴＸＢ＿２）、６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ＿（１α）（６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α））测定。结果显示，冠心病组血浆ＥＴ浓度明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），治疗后ＥＴ浓度显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＥＴ水平与冠心病严重程度有关，ＥＴ可作为判断冠心病严重程度的一种新指标。同时发现ＥＴ与ＴＸＢ＿２呈显著正相关，与６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）呈中度负相关。并对其机理进行了探讨。

应用颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗闭塞性脑血管疾病疗效与安全性meta分析

目的系统评价颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术(superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery,STA-MCA)治疗闭塞性脑血管疾病的疗效与安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网及万方数据库,搜集自建库起至2021年3月所有关于STA-MCA治疗闭塞性脑血管疾病(cerebrovascular disease)的随机对照试验(randomized controlled clinical trials,RCTs)。由2位研究者共筛选出939篇文献,最终纳入8篇文献,总病例数为2265例,其中试验组1138例,对照组1127例,使用Review Manager5.4软件进行研究分析。结果STA-MCA手术组较药物治疗组治疗有效性高(OR=0.67,95%CI:0.47~0.96,P=0.03)。结论对于颅内闭塞性脑血管疾病应用STA-MCA搭桥手术是一种有效的方法,但是该结论仍然需要更多的优质研究加以论证。