molecular pathology of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

Since the first description of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs)of the pancreas in the eighties,their identification has dramatically increased in the last decades,hand to hand with the improvements in diagnostic imaging and sampling techniques for the study of pancreatic diseases.However,the heterogeneity of IPMNs and their malignant potential make difficult the management of these lesions.The objective of this review is to identify the molecular characteristics of IPMNs in order to recognize potential markers for the discrimination of more aggressive IPMNs requiring surgical resection from benign IPMNs that could be observed.We briefly summarize recent research findings on the genetics and epigenetics of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms,identifying some genes,molecular mechanisms and cellular signaling pathways correlated to the pathogenesis of IPMNs and their progression to malignancy.The knowledge of molecular biology of IPMNs has impressively developed over the last few years.A great amount of genes functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes have been identified,in pancreatic juice or in blood or in the samples from the pancreatic resections,but further researches are required to use these informations for clinical intent,in order to better define the natural history of these diseases and to improve their management.

European vs 2015-World Health Organization clinical molecular and pathological classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms

The BCR/ABL fusion gene or the Ph^1-chromosome in the t(9;22)(q34;q11)exerts a high tyrokinase acticity,which is the cause of chronic myeloid leukemia(CML).The1990 Hannover Bone Marrow Classification separated CML from the myeloproliferative disorders essential thrombocythemia(ET),polycythemia vera(PV)and chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic myeloproliferation(CMGM).The 2006-2008 European Clinical Molecular and Pathological(ECMP)criteria discovered 3variants of thrombocythemia:ET with features of PV(prodromal PV),"true"ET and ET associated with CMGM.The 2008 World Health Organization(WHO)-ECMP and 2014 WHO-CMP classifications defined three phenotypes of JAK2^(V617F)mutated ET:normocellular ET(WHO-ET),hypercelluar ET due to increased erythropoiesis(prodromal PV)and ET with hypercellular megakaryocytic-granulocytic myeloproliferation.The JAK2^(V617F)mutation load in heterozygous WHO-ET is low and associated with normal life expectance.The hetero/homozygous JAK2^(V617F)mutation load in PV and myelofibrosis is related to myeloproliferative neoplasm(MPN)disease burden in terms of symptomaticsplenomegaly,constitutional symptoms,bone marrow hypercellularity and myelofibrosis.JAK2 exon 12mutated MPN presents as idiopathic eryhrocythemia and early stage PV.According to 2014 WHO-CMP criteria JAK2 wild type MPL^(515)mutated ET is the second distinct thrombocythemia featured by clustered giant megakaryocytes with hyperlobulated stag-horn-like nuclei,in a normocellular bone marrow consistent with the diagnosis of"true"ET.JAK2/MPL wild type,calreticulin mutated hypercellular ET appears to be the third distinct thrombocythemia characterized by clustered larged immature dysmorphic megakaryocytes and bulky(bulbous)hyperchromatic nuclei consistent with CMGM or primary megakaryocytic granulocytic myeloproliferation.

PVSG and WHO vs European Clinical,Molecular and Pathological Criteria for prefibrotic myeloproliferative neoplasms

The Polycythemia Vera Study Group(PVSG),World Health Organization(WHO) and European Clinical,Molecular and Pathological(ECMP) classifications agree upon the diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera(PV) and advanced primary myelofibrosis(MF). Essential thrombocythemia(ET) according to PVSG and 2007/2008 WHO criteria comprises three variants of JAK2V617 F mutated ET when the ECMP criteria are applied. These include normocellular ET,hypercellular ET with features of early PV(prodromal PV),and hypercellular ET due to megakaryocytic,granulocytic myeloprolifera-tion(ET.MGM). Evolution of prodromal PV into overt PV is common. Development of MF is rare in normocellular ET(WHO-ET) but rather common in hypercellular ET.MGM. The JAK2V617 F mutation burden in heterozygous mutated normocellular ET and in heterozygous/homozygous or homozygous mutated PV and ET.MGM is of major prognostic significance. JAK2/MPL wild type ET associated with prefibrotic primary megakaryocytic and granulocytic myeloproliferation(PMGM) is characterized by densely clustered immature dysmorphic megakaryocytes with bulky(bulbous) hyperchromatic nuclei,which are never seen in JAK2V617 F mutated ET,and PV and also not in MPL515 mutated normocellular ET(WHO-ET). JAK2V617 mutation burden,spleen size,LDH,circulating CD34+ cells,and pre-treatment bone marrow histopathology are mandatory to stage the myeloproliferative neoplasms ET,PV,PMGM for proper prognosis assessment and therapeutic implications. MF itself is not a disease because reticulin fibrosis and reticulin/collagen fibrosis are secondary responses of activated polyclonal fibroblasts to cytokines released from the clonal myeloproliferative granulocytic and megakaryocytic progenitor cells in ET.MGM,PV and PMGM.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in Jinhua,China:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,lymph nodes,and bone marrow,with rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis.The BPDCN diagnosis is mainly based on the immunophenotype.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.CONCLUSION In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.

Cavitary Pulmonary Metastases: CT Features and Their Correlation with the Pathology of the Primary Malignancy

Objective: To study CT features of cavitary pulmonary metastases and to investigate the pos- sible relationship between CT features and the pathology of the primary lesions. Methods: CT ?ndings of 131 cavitary metastatic nodules in 40 patients with pathologically-proved pulmonary metastases were retrospectively analyzed. A comparison between CT signs and the pathologic types of the primary tumors was made. Results: Cavitary metastases and multiple solid nodules coexisted in all patients. Cavitary metastases presented as bubble (n=41), irregular (n=33), cystic (n=26) or small circular (n=31) cavities, with even (n=61) or uneven (n=70) thickness of the cavity wall. Of 131 cavitary nodules, diameter less than 15 mm was seen in 44, between 15–25 mm in 66, 25–40 mm in 17 and larger than 40 mm in 4 respectively. And the wall thickness of the cavity below 4 mm, between 4–15 mm and over 15 mm was respectively seen in 69, 44 and 18 metastatic nodules. Cavitary pulmonary metastases mainly occurred in patients whose primary malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma (n=13) or adenocarcinoma (n=22). Both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma had its own CT characteristics. The occurrence of cavity bore no relationship to its site in the lung. Conclusion: Cavitary pulmonary metastases carries certain CT features and its occurrence is related to the pathologic type of the primary malignancy.

Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasia of the pancreas:Histopathology and molecular biology

Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a clinically and morphologically distinctive precursor lesion of pancreatic cancer,characterized by gradual progression through a sequence of neoplastic changes.Based on the nature of the constituting neoplastic epithelium,degree of dysplasia and location within the pancreatic duct system,IPMNs are divided in several types which differ in their biological properties and clinical outcome.Molecular analysis and recent animal studies suggest that IPMNs develop in the context of a field-defect and reveal their possible relationship with other neoplastic precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer.

Malignant neoplasms of the uterus following radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma: a clinical study of 47 cases

Objective： To study the characteristics and clinical features of uterine neoplasms developed after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma. Methods： Clinical data of 47 cases of uterine neoplasms occurred following radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Results： The median age at uterine neoplasms diagnosis was 62 years （range： 38-77 years）, and the median latency period from initial therapy to development of uterine neoplasms was 14 years （range： 5-35 years）. Thirty of 47 cases were endometrial carcinoma, of which 3 were uterine papillary serous carcinoma （UPSC）. Seventeen of 47 patients were uterine sarcoma, all of those were carcinosarcoma. The distribution by stage, grade, and histology of 30 cases of endometrial carcinoma was as follows： stage Ⅰb, 1 case; stage Ⅰc, 2 cases; stage Ⅱ, 6; stage Ⅲa, 4; stage Ⅲb, 2; stage Ⅲc, 11; stage Ⅳ, 4 cases; grade 1, two cases; grade 2, nine; grade 3 （include 3 UPSC patients）, seventeen; unknown grade, two; endometriod, 27; UPSC, 3 cases; 7 of 30 cases of endometrial carcinoma had recurrences （23.3%）, at median time to recurrence was 24 months, and their median survival time was 26 months. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 60% and 38%, respectively. Of the 17 cases of uterine sarcoma, the median survival was 10 months, 6 patients occurred recurrence （35.9%）, at a median time to recurrence was 9 months, and their median survival was 6 months. The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 12% and 0, respectively. Conclusion： The main uterine neoplasms development after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma is endometrial carcinomas, of which there is a preponderance of high-risk histological subtypes and a poor prognosis. Most of the uterine sarcomas occurred following radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma are carcinosarcomas and the prognosis is very poor.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm originating from a jejunal heterotopic pancreas:A case report

BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)is a rare pancreatic tumor and has the potential to become malignant.Surgery is the most effective treatment at present,but there is no consensus on the site of resection.Heterotopic pancreas occurs in the gastrointestinal tract,especially the stomach and duodenum but is asymptomatic and rare.We report a case of ectopic pancreas with IPMN located in the jejunum.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old male patient suffered from severe pain,nausea and vomiting due to a traffic accident and sought emergency treatment at our hospital.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the whole abdomen suggested splenic congestion,which was considered to be splenic rupture.Emergency laparotomy was performed,and the ruptured spleen was removed during the operation.Unexpectedly,a cauliflower-like mass of about 2.5 cm×2.5 cm in size was incidentally found about 80 cm from the ligament of Treitz during the operation.A partial small bowel resection was performed,and postoperative pathology confirmed the small bowel mass as heterotopic pancreas with low-grade IPMN.CONCLUSION Ectopic pancreas occurs in the jejunum and is pathologically confirmed as IPMN after surgical resection.

The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in evaluating the size of early-stage breast neoplasms

Objective Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. Accurate evaluation of the size and extent of the tumor is crucial in selecting a suitable surgical method for patients with breast cancer. Both overestimation and underestimation have important adverse effects on patient care. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of breast magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and ultrasound(US) examination for measuring the size and extent of early-stage breast neoplasms.Methods The longest diameter of breast tumors in patients with T_(1–2)N_(0–1)M_0 invasive breast cancer preparing for breast-conserving surgery(BCS) was measured preoperatively by using both MRI and US and their accuracy was compared with that of postoperative pathologic examination. If the diameter difference was within 2 mm, it was considered to be consistent with pathologic examination.Results A total of 36 patients were imaged using both MRI and US. The mean longest diameter of the tumors on MRI, US, and postoperative pathologic examination was 20.86 mm ± 4.09 mm(range: 11–27 mm), 16.14 mm ± 4.91 mm(range: 6–26 mm), and 18.36 mm ± 3.88 mm(range: 9–24 mm). US examination underestimated the size of the tumor compared to that determined using pathologic examination(t = 3.49, P < 0.01), while MRI overestimated it(t =-6.35, P < 0.01). The linear correlation coefficients between the image measurements and pathologic tumor size were r = 0.826(P < 0.01) for MRI and r = 0.645(P < 0.01) for US. The rate of consistency of MRI and US compared to that with pathologic examination was 88.89% and 80.65%, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between them(χ~2 = 0.80, P > 0.05).Conclusion MRI and US are both effective methods to assess the size of breast tumors, and they maintain good consistency with pathologic examination. MRI has a better correlation with pathology. However, we should be careful about the risk of inaccurate size estimation.

前列腺癌多参数MRI诊断及误诊原因分析

目的 探讨前列腺癌临床特点、多参数MRI表现,总结其误诊原因及防范措施。方法 对2020年4月—2022年2月收治的多参数MRI检查后误诊为膀胱癌、前列腺增生的前列腺癌10例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 10例年龄54~73岁。6例因尿急、尿频、尿潴留、排尿困难就诊,直肠指诊示前列腺肥大,查血清前列腺特异性抗原升高,多参数MRI及前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查未发现前列腺肿瘤证据,误诊为前列腺增生,后经术后病理检查确诊T1期前列腺癌。4例以尿痛、血尿、排尿困难就诊,经多参数MRI检查误诊为膀胱癌,查血清前列腺特异性抗原升高,直肠指诊发现前列腺肥大,再次行多参数MRI和前列腺组织穿刺活组织病理检查证实为前列腺癌累及膀胱。误诊时间4~10 d。误诊为前列腺增生6例接受根治性手术,误诊为膀胱癌4例予内分泌和放射治疗,随访至今病情控制尚可。结论 临床接诊以尿急、尿频、尿潴留、排尿困难等症状就诊的中老年男性患者时应考虑到前列腺癌可能。加强对前列腺癌影像学特征认识,行多参数MRI检查时重点观察前列腺结构、包膜完整与否、膀胱壁连续性等重要特征,必要时可行前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查,以提高该病术前诊断正确率。

中老年肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤临床病理及预后特点

目的探讨中老年肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours,IMT)的临床病理及预后特点。方法回顾性分析5例中老年肠道IMT的临床、病理形态、免疫表型及随访结果。结果4例IMT发生在右半结肠,1例在回肠。3/5患者有肠道损伤史,首发消化道症状且白细胞增高。瘤组织由梭形肌纤维母细胞和纤维母细胞构成,席纹状排列,浸润性生长,伴较多淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,可见胶原化及黏液水肿。其中一例异型性明显,核大且畸形。免疫表型:瘤细胞vimentin(5例)、SMA(5例)、desmin(3例)、ALK(3例)、CK(2例)阳性,Caldesmon、CD34、β-catenin、MC、CD117、DOG1、S-100、BCL-2、CD99、CD68均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数1.28%~10.01%。5例均完整切除肿瘤,随访53~137.5个月,其中1例83岁患者,于术后27个月影像学考虑肿瘤复发;另一例术后无瘤生存122个月,因其他原因去世;其余均无瘤生存,基本状况良好。结论(1)本组中老年肠道IMT多见于右半结肠,多有肠道损伤史,多首发消化道症状,白细胞多升高;(2)Vimentin和SMA同时阳性,多伴ALK阳性;(3)4/5的患者手术切除治疗效果好,1/5的患者术后2~3年可复发;高龄且ALK阳性、Ki67达10%、异型性明显很有可能是中老年肠道IMT复发的重要危险因素,其中ALK阳性者复发的风险或许为1/3。

术前Sonazoid超声造影评估肝细胞癌病理分化程度的价值

目的分析肝细胞癌(HCC)Sonazoid超声造影(CEUS)的特点与病理分化程度的相关性。方法纳入行CEUS检查并经病理确诊为HCC的患者64例,共64个病灶,根据病理分化程度将其分为高、中、低分化组,分别为6、48和10例。比较不同病理分化程度HCC的CEUS动脉期增强形态、增强水平和增强模式。结果动脉期增强形态分为均匀增强和不均匀增强2种,低分化组所有病灶及58.3%中分化组病灶呈不均匀高增强;高分化组病灶可呈均匀高增强、均匀等增强和不均匀高增强3种表现。动脉期,所有中、低分组病灶和66.7%高分化组病灶呈高增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);门脉期,高、中、低分化组分别有16.7%、25.0%和70.0%的病灶消退成低增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);延迟期,75%中分化组病灶和所有低分化组病灶呈低增强,66.7%高分化组病灶呈等增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Kupffer期,所有低分化组和95.8%中分化组病灶呈低增强,高分化组中仍有50%的病灶呈等增强,不同分化程度HCC的增强水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高分化组病灶表现为多种CEUS模式,中分化组病灶以“快进快退”、“快进慢退”为主,90.0%低分化组病灶呈“快进快退”模式,不同分化程度HCC的CEUS模式差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论Sonazoid-CEUS在评估HCC病理分化程度方面具有一定价值。

同时性双侧乳腺癌分子分型与乳腺影像表现的相关性

目的分析同时性双侧乳腺癌不同分子分型与乳腺影像特征的相关性。资料与方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2022年5月青岛大学附属医院经手术病理证实的同时性双侧乳腺癌81例,其中80例接受X线检查,38例接受MRI检查。影像学特征参照第5版乳腺影像报告和数据系统。分子分型参照2013年St.Gallen国际专家共识。比较同时性双侧乳腺癌中首发癌与对侧癌的临床病理及影像表现差异以及首发癌、对侧癌不同分子分型的影像表现差异。结果首发癌与对侧癌组织学类型及分子分型差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=39.72、12.23,P<0.05)。X线示首发癌多为单纯肿块(51.9%,40/77),对侧癌多为单纯钙化(38.4%,28/73);首发癌多为多形性钙化(68.8%,22/32),对侧癌多为无定形钙化(45.2%,19/42)(χ^(2)=33.15、10.47,P<0.05)。MRI示首发癌与对侧癌强化方式差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.79,P<0.05)。对侧癌X线示4种分子分型表现形式、肿块密度以及MRI示强化方式、早期强化程度、时间-信号强度曲线差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对侧癌X线luminalA型多为肿块(51.3%,20/39),luminalB型(36.4%,8/22)、HER-2过表达型(50%,5/10)多为钙化,TNBC型为肿块伴钙化(χ^(2)=26.72、7.49、8.95、13.44、12.85,P<0.05)。首发癌X线示4种分子分型钙化分布差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=20.15,P<0.05)。结论同时性双侧乳腺癌分子分型及部分影像学特征存在差异,部分影像学特征可为预测分子分型提供参考。

卵巢-附件报告和数据系统超声2022版(O-RADS US v2022)及其联合恶性风险指数4鉴别附件良、恶性肿瘤

目的观察卵巢-附件报告和数据系统超声2022版(O-RADS US v2022)及其联合恶性风险指数4(RMI4)鉴别附件良、恶性肿瘤的价值。方法回顾性分析126例手术病理诊断为附件肿瘤患者,根据O-RADS US v2022将1~3类归为良性病变、4~5类归为恶性病变,以450为RMI4分类的临界值,基于二者进行联合分类。以病理结果为金标准,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),评估单一O-RADS US v2022、RMI4及其联合鉴别附件良、恶性肿瘤的效能。结果126例附件肿瘤中,良性94例、恶性32例。O-RADS US v2022鉴别附件良、恶性肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、准确率及AUC分别为78.13%、80.85%和80.16%、0.795,RMI4分别为71.88%、84.04%和80.95%、0.780;二者联合的特异度及准确率(93.62%、92.06%)均高于单一O-RADS US v2022(χ^(2)=7.322、5.967,P=0.007、0.015)或RMI4(χ^(2)=4.625、5.331,P=0.032、0.021),而敏感度及AUC(87.50%、0.906)差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论O-RADS US v2022能有效鉴别附件良、恶性肿瘤,联合RMI4可提高鉴别特异度及准确率。

原发性气管支气管腺样囊性癌的研究进展

原发性气管支气管腺样囊性癌(primary tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma, TACC)是一种罕见的非小细胞肺癌,仅占所有肺恶性肿瘤的0.1%~0.2%。按照2021版世界卫生组织(world health organization, WHO)肺肿瘤组织学分类,该肿瘤属于唾液腺型肿瘤。该疾病临床表现及影像学无特异性,易被延误诊治,确诊需病理,分期尚无公认标准,治疗首选手术,术后或不能手术者可行放疗,单纯全身治疗(化疗、靶向、免疫)效果差。该文对TACC从命名和组织学分类、临床特征、影像学、病理、分期、治疗和预后共七个方面进行了综述。

外阴良性肿瘤的病理特征及临床分析

目的 探讨外阴良性肿瘤的临床特点、病理特征及治疗预后,总结相关的临床诊治经验。方法 收集2018年1月至2022年12月因外阴肿物收入首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院妇科微创中心住院治疗的24例经病理检查证实为外阴良性肿瘤患者的临床及病理资料进行回顾性分析。探讨发病年龄、临床症状体征、肿物性状特点、病理类型、治疗及转归情况。结果 24例患者中仅2例(8.3%)为多发病灶,其余患者均为单发。发病年龄为14~78岁,中位发病年龄为38岁,围绝经期患者2例(8.3%)。所有患者表现为自触和/或在妇科检查时发现外阴肿物,有2例伴异味及破溃;病程为2周~70年;3例表现为外阴囊性肿物,21例表现为外阴实性肿物(包括8例外阴皮赘),包块大小为0.5~8 cm。术后病理诊断为外阴软纤维瘤者8例,平滑肌瘤4例,外阴皮内痣、纤维瘤、乳头状汗腺腺瘤、血管肌纤维母细胞瘤各2例,多发鳞状细胞乳头状瘤、脂肪瘤、细胞性血管纤维瘤、孤立性纤维性肿瘤各1例。除1例外阴多发鳞状细胞乳头状瘤患者行单纯外阴切除术,其余患者均采用局部病灶切除术。术后随访3个月~5年,均未见复发。结论 外阴良性肿瘤多为单发,实性肿物多见,常无明显自觉症状,病理类型呈多样性,预后较好,建议尽早手术切除,术后加强随访。

阑尾杯状细胞腺癌临床病理分析

目的分析阑尾杯状细胞腺癌临床病理特征。方法选取2020年1月至2024年3月于厦门大学附属第一医院杏林分院病理科诊治的11例阑尾杯状细胞腺癌患者作为研究对象,所有患者均接受免疫组化检查,4例行基因检测。收集病历资料,分析阑尾杯状细胞腺癌的临床病理特征。结果11例阑尾杯状细胞腺癌患者经临床检查发现,在大体外观上均呈阑尾炎样,其中1例阑尾管腔明显闭塞,1例阑尾末端明显扩张,1例阑尾浆膜面暗褐色伴穿孔且浆膜面粘连。所有研究对象有2例累及回盲部,1例同时累及结肠肠壁,3例侵犯系膜,1例累及十二指肠、结肠且伴有肝肾间隙种植转移,1例淋巴结转移,3例其他部位转移。从侵犯来说,4例侵犯至阑尾浆膜下层,3例侵犯至浆膜层,1例突破浆膜,3例其他部位转移;其中8例侵犯神经(+)。高级别10例,低级别1例。T3N0M0IIA1例,PT3N2aM1b 1例,Ⅳc期1例。免疫组化染色结果:3例CK7(+),7例CK20(+),8例CDX2(+),8例syn(+),4例CD56(+),5例CgA(+),Ki-67增值指数为20%~85%,平均38.75%。基因突变两例:一例为KRAS基因2号外显子检测到G13D突变,另一例为KRAS基因和NRAS基因3号外显子检测到Q61X突变。结论阑尾杯状细胞腺癌是一种恶性肿瘤,其在形态学及生物学行为的谱系较为宽泛,恶性程度和侵袭性较高,特别是高级别的侵袭性更高,且易伴随其他病变,临床症状缺乏特异性,临床医师及病理医师应提高对阑尾杯状细胞腺癌临床病理特征的认知,以避免漏诊和误诊的发生。

动态增强磁共振成像定量参数联合表观扩散系数值对外周带前列腺癌的诊断价值研究

目的探究动态增强磁共振成像(DCE-MRI)定量参数联合表观扩散系数(ADC)值诊断外周带早期前列腺癌的价值。方法选取2019年2月至2021年12月经穿刺病理学检查确诊为外周带早期前列腺癌31例和前列腺炎27例为研究对象。患者均进行DCE-MRI定量参数检查,以病理学检查结果为金标准,分析不同患者的DCE-MRI特征。并采用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)分析基于DCE-MRI定量参数与扩散加权成像(DWI)序列对外周带早期前列腺癌与前列腺炎的诊断价值。结果31例前列腺癌患者中,T2加权成像(T2WI)以外周带结节状低信号为主,占58.06%;DWI以结节状、弥漫性高信号,ADC值下降为主,占51.61%;DCE-MRI可见病灶早期强化,以延迟后病灶造影剂退出,强化曲线呈流出型为主,占64.52%。27例前列腺炎患者中,T2WI以外周带单侧或双侧弥漫性不均匀低信号为主,占51.85%;DWI可见外周带单侧或双侧不规则高信号,ADC值降低为主,占59.26%;DCE-MRI可见病灶早期强化,以延迟后造影剂退出不明显,强化曲线呈流入型为主,占81.48%。外周带早期前列腺癌患者ADC值低于前列腺炎,速率常数(Kep)值、转移常数(K^(trans))高于前列腺炎(P<0.05)。DCE-MRI定量参数联合ADC值诊断外周带早期前列腺癌的AUC为0.862(95%CI:0.659,0.865)、敏感度为87.10%,特异度为81.48%,准确度为84.48%,阳性预测值为84.38%,阴性预测值为84.62%。结论DCE-MRI定量参数联合ADC值对外周带早期前列腺癌的诊断效能良好,能显著提高临床检出率,为疾病的诊断与治疗提供依据。

结直肠癌组织中错配修复蛋白的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系

目的分析结直肠癌组织中错配修复蛋白(MMR)的表达情况及与临床病理特征的关系,并探讨MMR检测在临床工作中的价值。方法收集2021年12月至2023年7月山东省济宁市第一人民医院胃肠外科经外科手术治疗的212例结肠癌及直肠癌患者的相关临床病历资料,分析MMR蛋白Mut L蛋白同系物1(MLH1)、Mut S蛋白同系物2(MSH2)、Mut S蛋白同系物6(MSH6)、减数分裂后分离蛋白2(PMS2)的表达情况并将错配蛋白缺失(dMMR)与其他临床病理数据进行分析。结果212例患者中存在MLH1缺失5例(2.4%),PMS2缺失10例(4.7%),MSH2与MSH6分别缺失2例(0.9%),MLH1、PMS2共同缺失5例(2.4%),MSH2、MSH6共同缺失2例(0.9%)。212例结直肠癌组织中dMMR 12例占5.7%;dMMR与结直肠癌患者的性别、年龄、分化程度、TNM分期、T分期、N分期、有无脉管癌栓及有无神经侵犯均无关;与肿瘤部位、组织学类型相关(P<0.05)。结论MMR表达缺失与肿瘤部位及组织学类型相关,通过对MMR的检测可对术后治疗方案提供指导并对判断癌症患者的预后有重要意义。

骨髓增殖性肿瘤临床病理学特征分析

目的探讨骨髓增殖性肿瘤的骨髓病理组织形态学特点,探讨其临床诊断价值。方法选取2020年1月至2023年3月本院收治的MPN患者138例,对骨髓活检组织作组织学观察及免疫组化行表型分析,同时进行基因学检测。结果138例确诊MPN患者中,BCR ABL阳性CML 39例,BCR ABL阴性MPNs中PV 13例、ET 72例和PMF 11例。经典型MPN骨髓活检组织各具有诊断性形态学特点。CML粒红系比例明显增大伴粒系核右移,巨核细胞均为胞体小、分叶少的巨核细胞,PV粒红系比例明显减小,巨核细胞形态多样,混杂分布;ET粒红系比例大致正常,巨核细胞则为胞体大、分叶多的巨核细胞;PMF巨核细胞形态怪异,核染色质深染浓集,多伴网状纤维显著性增生。结论骨髓活检组织形态在MPN精准诊断和分型中具有重要临床意义。