Overview on Mangrove Forest Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Functions

This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.

Nourishment and disaster mitigation efficiency of feeding sand on the dry section of a dissipative beach

To explore the nourishment effect and disaster reduction efficiency of a fully dissipative dry beach under the impact of storms,this paper uses the measured topography and hydrodynamic data to establish a one-dimensional numerical model of the XBeach beach profile.By numerically modeling the change in the nourished profile for different dry beach widths under normal waves and storm conditions and the recovery process of the profile after the storm,the degree of response in dry beach nourishment for the fully dissipative beach is analyzed.The results show that under normal wave conditions,the response of the nourished dry beach is obvious.Sediment on the dry beach erodes heavily,and the shoreline moves landward over a long distance.With the increase in the width and size of the dry beach,the wave height at the bottom of the backshore profile decreases,the wave height attenuation rate increases continuously,and the wave elimination effect is remarkable.When the storm incident wave intensifies,the wave height attenuation rate of the nourished dry beach decreases,indicating that the smaller the storm intensity is,the more significant the wave reduction effect of the nourished dry beach is.At the same time,different profile arrangements of nourished dry beaches suffer from different degrees of erosion under storm conditions,with significant changes in profile morphology.With intensified storm action,the intensity of sediment erosion in the nourished dry beach increases,the nourishment is weakened,and the recovery effect of the profile after the storm is not obvious.The results of the numerical modeling highlight that the dry beach nourishment method can resist storms to a certain extent,but the overall effect is relatively limited.

Reflection on China's Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Construction after Rainstorm and Snowstorm

On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.

Application of IPv6 and NGN to the information network of earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation

下一代网络（next generation network，缩写为NGN）是以高性能、可扩展、可运营、可管理、更安全的下一代电信网络为基础，实现高质量流媒体应用、无线和移动应用、多样化终端设备、按需的传输质量控制和更高安全保障的新型网络，IPv6是下一代网络的关键支撑技术．IPv6网是下一代IP网，不等同于下一代网络，IPv6网只有在满足下一代网络的必要特征后才可成为下一代网络．

Integrated Debris Flow Disaster Mitigation—A Comprehensive Method for Debris Flow Disaster Mitigation

Integrated disaster mitigation needs interpreting torrent catchment areas as complex landscape systems. The history of valley-evolution shows the influence of climate and vegetation on the valley-evolution. The energy-concept (energy dissipation concept including the idea of the energy-line) is used for a simple explanation of debris flow. Examples of heavy debris flow disasters in controlled torrents in the Alps and Pyrenees give hints, which expanding the time scale can show that side-effects restrict or counteract the mitigation measures. A pallet of different mitigation measures to avoid or to reduce some of the side-effects is shown. The comprehensive method of disaster mitigation also includes the effect of vegetation. The pallet includes: avoiding hazards (hazard mapping, warning and alarming), appropriate land use and avoiding disaster-enhancing measures in the landscape and technical measures, which take into account their side-effects. The energy line is used as simple design theory. The Jiu-Jitsu Principle is explained too. With this comprehensive method a more sustainable reduction of disasters seems possible.

Preliminary Study in Spatial Data Warehouse of Flood Control and Disaster Mitigation in Yangtze River Basin

Since 1990s,the spatial data warehouse technology has rapidly been developing, but due to the complexity of multi-dimensional analysis, extensive application of the spatial data warehouse technology is affected. In the light of the characteristics of the flood control and disaster mitigation in the Yangtze river basin, it is proposed to design a scheme about the subjects and data distribution of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin, i.e., to adopt a distributed scheme. The creation and development of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin is presented .The necessity and urgency of establishing the spatial data warehouse is expounded from the viewpoint of the present situation being short of available information for the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin.

Study on Risk Assessment of Summer Rainstorm Disaster and Countermeasures for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Shaoyang City

Using summer(June-August)precipitation observation data in 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1971-2021 and disaster data caused by summer rainstorm in nine counties(cities)and four districts of Shaoyang during 1981-2021,statistical analysis on summer rainstorm and its caused disaster in Shaoyang was conducted,and spatial and temporal characteristics of summer rainstorm and spatial distribution rule of disaster were found out.The results showed that(1)the rainstorm disaster in Shaoyang City occurs almost every year and is highly seasonal.(2)Rainstorm disaster loss is the first of other meteorological disasters.(3)The summer rainstorm disaster has the characteristics of sudden and destructive.On this basis,the relative grades of rainstorm disaster risk degree and disaster loss degree were divided,and the risk assessment of rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang City was made,and the disaster prevention and mitigation measures and countermeasures were put forward.The research could provide scientific decision basis for party and government departments guiding flood fighting and disaster relief.

The Characteristics of Earthquake Disasters and Countermeasures for Their Mitigation in Metropolitans

Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a smaller city, and the impact of earthquake disaster on the economy and society is large. The characteristics of earthquake disasters and countermeasures to protect against and mitigate disaster in the metropolitan, as well as some key research fields in the earthquake disaster protection and mitigation, are discussed.

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China1

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.

China's Satellite System for Natural Disaster Mitigation

This paper reviews the development and achievement in the field of satellite system for natural disaster mitigation abroad,analyzes the development trend of the system.The author also makes his views and suggestions on establishing China’s satellite system for natural disaster mitigation here.

Mitigating Disaster Impacts in Africa

The financial cost of disasters in Africa is estimated by the AU to run between 3 and 15 percent of the continent＇s GDR High vulnerability to disaster risk is thus a major challenge undermining Africa＇s accelerated and sustainable structural transformation efforts. But there is a plan in place to build resilience to disasters and reduce the risk impact,

Analysis on the Influence of Meteorological Disasters on China Tourism Industry

Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of meteorological disasters on tourism brand, tourism decision, tourism transport, peak tourist season and the threat on tourism industry chain were studied, the main tourism meteorological disasters in North China, East China, Central China, Northeast Region, Southeast Region and Southwest Region were summarized, and some comprehensive measures of meteorological disaster for prevention and mitigation were put forward.

Valuation of debris flow mitigation measures in tourist towns:a case study on Hongchun gully in southwest China

The estimation of the value on the engineering project in tourist towns is usually very challenging and controversial. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the economic value of the debris flow control engineering in tourist towns by integrating both welfare and disaster economics. The total value of debris flow prevention and control engineering in tourist towns(VDFE) includes investment cost(IC), disaster mitigation benefit(DMB), and loss of brand value(LBV). Here DMB is assessed by the cost-benefit method. The LBV is estimated by incorporating brand equity and costbenefit methods. The engineering for debris flow control in the Hongchun Gully of southwest China was built to protect Yingxiu tourist town and was assessed as an example. The IC for the engineering is180 million RMB, however, the VDFE reaches as high as 3401 million RMB, of which the LBV is 169 million RMB, and the input-output ratio is 1:18. Thus, the LBV cannot be neglected in case of VDFE estimation process. The more developed the tourism in one town or city is, the greater the LBV and the higher the VDFE are.

Multisource Disaster Chain and Control in Regional Water Environment of the Dongjiang Lake in China

On the background of analysis on region water environment safety in the Dongjiang Lake of south-central China, the source of pollution of water environment and its control are studied. The concept of region environment disaster chain is put forward on the basis of combination study on the disaster chain theory and pollution problem in regional water environment. Through identification and analysis of pollution disaster resources in regional water environment of the Dongjiang Lake, the annual emission of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP) and heavy metal (Cd, As, Pb) are counted. According to evaluation on structure proportion of contaminants in the Dongjiang Lake, agricultural non-point source is the uppermost pollution source, which accounted for 87.74% in total pollution load. Ammonia nitrogen, TP and COD are mainly contaminants accounted for 94.27% in total pollution load. By analyzing danger of contaminants in the lake, basic form of disaster chain of water environment pollution is built elementarily. It shows characteristics of branches and trunk basin disaster chain and embodies multisource disaster implication chain caused by human activities. Then, disaster resources chain-cutting methods for pollution prevention and control of regional water environment of the Dongjiang Lake are analyzed.

Disaster risk reduction in mountain areas: a research overview

This paper gives an account of the diverse dimensions of research on disaster risk reduction in mountain regions derived from an open call of the Journal of Mountain Science that brought 21 contributions.This special issue includes topics as diverse as landslide dynamics and mechanisms,landslide inventories and landslide susceptibility models,insights to landslide hazards and disasters and mitigation measures,disaster response and disaster risk reduction.The overall structure of the paper takes the form of three sections.The first part begins by laying out the significance of disaster risk reduction in mountain areas,whereas the second one looks at the research insights on disaster risk reduction in mountains provided by the contributions comprised in the special volume.The final section identifies areas for further research.

Evaluation of Social Vulnerability to Natural Disasters on a County Scale in Henan Province

Social vulnerability evaluation is of important significance to analyzing risks of natural disasters to human society and economy. By using expert investigation and AHP method,12 indicators from four aspects( population,economy,infrastructure and disaster prevention and mitigation capacity) are selected to assess social vulnerability to natural disasters on a county scale in Henan Province. The results show that the population vulnerability and economic vulnerability to natural disasters in the eastern region is generally higher than in the western region,while the areas with high infrastructure vulnerability are mainly located in the northwest; the disaster prevention and mitigation capacity in northwest is higher than in east and south,and this capacity of various districts is obviously higher than that of counties; in terms of the spatial pattern,social vulnerability to natural disasters is roughly higher in a belt from northeast to southwest,and lower on both sides of the belt. The results can provide scientific basis for disaster risk management and disaster prevention and mitigation planning in Henan Province.

Comprehensive Disaster Risk Prevention of "the Belt and Road Initiative":Important Significance,Catastrophe Risk,International Cooperation and Strategic Countermeasure

"The Belt and Road Initiative"is major decision proposed by the CPC Central Committee with comrade Xi Jinping as the core co-ordinating the domestic and international overall situations,and concerns peaceful rise of China and extension of the strategic opportunity period of modernization construction.It needs multi-faceted safeguards to successfully impel"the Belt and Road Initiative",in which disaster risk identification and its effective prevention and control are indispensable links.By integrating geogeographic and atmospheric environmental factors,countries along"the Belt and Road Initiative"belong to frequent occurrence region of major natural disasters.It restricts not only the economic and social development of relevant countries but also implementation effect of"the Belt and Road Initiative"construction,and is also related to the success or failure of Chinese enterprises going out to a certain extent.It should enhance disaster prevention and mitigation and ensure safety of major infrastructure construction related to interconnection of"the Belt and Road Initiative"by disaster identification and prevention,which is the key of successfully impelling strategy implementation and major need for guaranteeing the people s livelihood of the countries along the line.The work of disaster prevention and mitigation in the countries along the line is generally weak,and it is urgent to raise the level of disaster prevention as a whole by promoting the disaster prevention and mitigation cooperation in the"the Belt and Road Initiative"area;improve the coverage and level of disaster risk insurance;enhance construction in monitoring and early warning capability of natural disaster;strengthen structural adjustment of economy,industry and land use responding to climate change risks;establish a comprehensive disaster reduction forum of"the Belt and Road Initiative",and contain relevant content in"the Belt and Road Initiative"series of high-end forum topics.

Resilience: The New Paradigm in Disaster Management—An Australian Perspective

During past decades, frameworks relating to emergency and disaster management have been based on a risk management approach to prevention/mitigation and preparedness coupled with a strong emphasis on response by police and emergency service organisations. Numerous reviews and inquiries of significant events however have identified significant issues relating to the preparation for such events and the management thereof;in particular, critical shortcomings in the capability of emergency response agencies, their leaders and senior decision-makers. In 2008, the Australian Government, through The First National Security Statement to the Australian Parliament by Prime Minister Rudd, has incorporated non-traditional threats and hazards, such as those posed by the impact of climate change, on the national security agenda. In doing so, the Government has announced a paradigm shift in policy for the nation’s approach to emergency and disaster management, namely a move from “response” to “resilience”. In support of this policy shift, the Australian Government, through the Council of Australian Governments, has endorsed the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience and the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Strategy. These documents make resilience the responsibility of all levels of government, private industry, emergency response agencies, and the community. A review of the reports published following Australian reviews and inquiries into significant events has identified that existing frameworks do not provide the necessary mechanisms for baselining and assessing community resilience, that is, their ability to respond to and recover from significant events. Internationally, indices have been developed for assessing community resilience, however, inherent limitations have also been identified in their scope and application. This paper will review Australian and international events which have led to inquiries that have resulted in criticisms of the emergency and disaster response, as well as introducing the organisational capability and resilience of organisations particularly in the context of climate change.

Research on the Prevention and Control Methods for Forest Disasters in China's Forestry Ecological Environment Construction

With the development of economy,China has gradually begun to pay attention to the protection of the natural environment.Under the concept of"lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets",importance has been attached to the development of forestry economy.The protection of forest resources and the prevention and control of disasters are important contents and necessary components in the construction of China's forestry ecological environment.Through the analysis and research on the types of forest disasters(forest fires,biological disasters,meteorological disasters,geological disasters,deforestation)and disaster-causing factors,some basic countermeasures were put forward with the aim to enhance the production capacity of forest resources,improve the ecological environment of forest resources and prevent forest resource disasters.

A Survey of the Field of Hazard and Disaster Studies

This paper examines trends in the impacts of disasters at the world scale and proposes explanations for them. It is concluded that statistics on natural hazards are questionable, in that changes in recording methods have artificially inflated the number of disasters and the seriousness of their impacts. Next, the paper examines the symbolic interpretation of disasters at various scales of analysis in terms of human cultures. It further applies this approach to the analysis of natural hazards using information technology methods such as GIS （Geographic Information Systems）. Returning to the global scale, deficiencies and inequalities in the world disaster relief system are considered. Thereafter, the paper investigates how global economic imbalances are thrown into sharp relief by catastrophes, with examples from the record of past earthquakes, landslides and floods. Finally, it considers the prospects for a major change in the direction of world policy on disasters and concludes that this will only occur if the international financial system is forced to adjust to a ＂super-disaster＂ event, which could possibly be seismic, volcanic or nuclear in origin.