Changes in Enzyme Activities Involved in Starch Synthesis and Hormone Concentrations in Superior and Inferior Spikelets and Their Association with Grain Filling of Super Rice

The changes in activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion and concentrations of hormones in superior and inferior spikelets of super rice were investigated and their association with grain filling was analyzed.Four super rice cultivars,Liangyoupeijiu,IIyou 084,Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15,and two high-yielding and elite check cultivars,Shanyou 63 and Yangfujing 8,were used.The activities of sucrose synthase （SuSase）,adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase （AGPase）,starch synthase （StSase） and starch branching enzyme （SBE）,and the concentrations of zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside （Z ＋ ZR）,indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） and abscisic acid （ABA） in superior and inferior spikelets were determined during the grain filling period and their relationships with grain filling rate were analyzed.Maximum grain filling rate,the time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate,mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed a slight difference between the super and check rice cultivars,but were significantly lower in the super rice than in the check rice for inferior spikelets.Changes of enzyme activities and hormone concentrations in grains exhibited single peak curves during the grain filling period.The peak values and the mean activities of SuSase,AGPase,StSase and SBE were lower in inferior spikelets than in superior ones,as well as the peak values and the mean concentrations of Z ＋ ZR and IAA.However,the peak value and the mean concentration of ABA were significantly higher in inferior spikelets than in superior ones and greater in the super rice than in the check rice.The grain filling rate was positively and significantly correlated with the activities of SuSase,AGPase and StSase and the concentrations of Z ＋ ZR and IAA.The results suggested that the low activities of SuSase,AGPase and StSase and the low concentrations of Z ＋ ZR and IAA might be important physiological reasons for the slow grain filling rate and light grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice.

Changes in Activities of Key Enzymes for Starch Synthesis and Glutamine Synthetase in Grains of Progenies from a Rice Cross During Grain Filling

The progenies differed in amylose and protein contents in grains, which derived from a rice cross, Dongnong 423×Toukei 180, were used to study changes in the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （AGPP）, soluble starch synthetase （SSS）, starch branching enzyme （SBE） and glutamine synthetase （GS） in rice grains during grain filling. The activities of AGPP, SSS and SBE gradually increased and then declined as a single-peak curve with the process of grain filling in the progenies with high and low amylose contents in grains. The progenies with high amylose content peaked earlier in the AGPP, SSS and SBE activities and had higher AGPP, SSS and SBE activities at the early grain filling stage than those with low amylose content. The GS activity peaked earlier and was higher at the late stage of grain filling in the progenies with high protein content than in those with low protein content. It is suggested that the activities of key enzymes for starch synthesis and glutamine synthetase could be changed in oriented breeding for amylose and protein contents in grains.

Changes in Activities of Glutamine Synthetase during Grain Filling and Their Relation to Rice Quality

Four japonica rice varieties differed in cooking and eating qualities were used in a pot experiment to study the relationship between the activities of glutamine synthetase during grain filling and rice quality. The activities of glutamine synthetase gradually increased and then declined as a single peak curve in the course of grain filling. The 15th day after heading was a turning point, before which the enzymatic activities in the inferior rice varieties with high protein content were higher than those in the superior rice varietie with low protein content, and after which it was converse. The activity of glutamine synthetase in grain was correlated with the taste meter value, peak viscosity and breakdown negatively at the early stage of grain filling whereas positively at the middle and late stages. Moreover, it was correlated with the protein content of rice grain and setback positively at the early stage and negatively at the middle and late stages. The correlation degree varied with the course of grain filling. From 15 days to 20 days after heading was a critical stage, in which the direction of correlation between the activity of glutamine synthetase and taste meter value and RVA properties of rice changed.

Source-Sink and Grain-Filling Characteristics of Two-Line Hybrid Rice Yangliangyou 6

With two-line hybrid rice Yangliangyou 6 （YLY6） and Liangyoupeijiu （LYPJ） and three-line hybrid rice Shanyou 63 （SY63） as materials, the source, sink and flow characteristics in association with grain filling were investigated. The seed-setting rate, grain filling degree and grain yield of YLY6 and SY63 were significantly higher than those of LYPJ. The export and transformation percentages of the matter in culms and sheaths of YLY6 and SY63 were significantly higher than those of LYPJ. Activities of sucrose synthase, adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in grains were higher for YLY6 and SY63 than for LYPJ, and were very significantly correlated with maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, grain filling degree and grain weight. The spikelet number, grain yield and total sink load per area of vascular bundle and phloem of YLY6 and SY63 were significantly smaller than those of LYPJ, and the greater the load, the lower seed-setting rate and the poorer grain filling. The transportation rate per area phloem of YLY6 was greater than that of LYPJ or SY63. The results suggest that YLY6 possesses strong source, great sink activity and efficient flow, which lay a physiological base for its high seed-setting rate and good grain filling.

温度对早籼稻米垩白发生与胚乳物质形成的影响

Under two treatments of temperature i. e. high temperature (day/night: 33℃ /29℃ ) and proper temperature (day/night: 26℃ /22℃ ) in growth chamber, grain weight, water content, starch, soluble sugar and protein content and Q enzymes, starch phosphorylase, proteinase, peroxidase in endosperm during grain filling were continuously measured in early indica rice Luhongzao 1 (more chalkiness ) and Zhongyouzao 3 (less chalkiness ).With high temperature treatment, peaks of materials synthesis (or transformation) and enzyme activity in endosperm were earlier than those of proper temperature treatment. It affected the sequence and pattern of changes of materials and enzymes in endosperm during normal grain filling, and resulted in rice chalkiness increasing.

亚种间杂交稻发育籽粒中ATP酶活性及其调节

以籼／粳亚种间杂交稻组合及其亲本为材料，研究了灌浆期籽粒中ATP酶活性变化动态及其激素与多胺调控。结果表明：花后3～18d籽粒中的ATP酶活性，强势粒明显高于弱势粒，物质运转率或籽粒充实好的组合（亲本）高于物质运转率或籽粒充实差的组合(亲本)，灌浆初期籽粒中的ATP酶活性与谷粒充实率、受精籽粒粒重和物质运转率呈极显著正相关；开花后2d分别喷施低浓度ABA(0．05mmol·L(-1))、IAA(0．2mmol·L(-1))、亚精胺(1mmol·L(-1))和精胺(0．5mmol·L(-1))可明显提高籽粒中的ATP酶活性、物质运转率和谷粒充实率。

两系杂交稻扬两优6号源库特征与结实特性的分析

以两系杂交稻扬两优6号和两优培九及三系杂交稻汕优63为材料,研究了源、库、流特征及其与籽粒充实的关系。扬两优6号和汕优63的结实率、籽粒充实度和产量明显高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63茎鞘物质输出率和转换率显著高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶的活性显著高于两优培九,且上述各酶的活性与籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重呈极显著的正相关;扬两优6号和汕优63的单位维管束和韧皮部的颖花负荷、现实产量负荷、总库容负荷显著小于两优培九,且负荷越大的组合结实率就越低,充实度也就越差。扬两优6号单位面积韧皮部的物质转运速率显著高于两优培九和汕优63。表明扬两优6号具有源足、库强、流畅的特点,这是它结实率高和籽粒充实度好的生理基础。

超级稻花后强、弱势粒淀粉合成相关酶活性和激素含量变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系

种植4个超级稻品种[两优培九和Ⅱ优084(杂交籼稻)、淮稻9号和武粳15(粳稻)]和2个高产对照品种[汕优63(杂交籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻)],观察其结实期强、弱势粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、淀粉合酶(StSase)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性及玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、3-吲哚乙酸(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化,并测定了强、弱势粒灌浆速率。结果表明,超级稻品种强势粒的最大灌浆速率、到达最大灌浆速率的时间、平均灌浆速率和糙米重与对照品种差异较小,超级稻品种弱势粒的灌浆速率和糙米重显著低于对照。灌浆期强、弱势粒的SuSase、AG-Pase、StSase和SBE活性变化及Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量变化均呈单峰曲线。弱势粒的SuSase、AGPase、StSase和SBE的峰值活性和平均活性及其Z+ZR和IAA的峰值含量和平均含量均低于强势粒。弱势粒的ABA峰值含量和平均含量显著高于强势粒,超级稻品种高于对照品种。籽粒灌浆速率与SuSase、AGPase和StSase活性及Z+ZR和IAA含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,与SBE活性及ABA含量的相关不显著。说明超级稻品种弱势粒中较低的SuSase、AGPase和StSase活性及较低的Z+ZR和IAA含量是其灌浆速率小、粒重轻的一个重要原因。

超级稻籽粒灌浆特性及其生理生化基础

以大穗型的 3个不同类型水稻品种 (组合 ) NPT- 2 2、培矮 6 4S/ E32、 优 86为材料 ,研究水稻籽粒灌浆特性及其有关生理生化活性变化。结果表明 ,3个水稻品种 (组合 )的强势粒都因为起始生长势高、进入灌浆盛期早、籽粒灌浆前期 ADPG焦磷酸化酶及淀粉合成酶活性强、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量高而使得其籽粒灌浆强于弱势粒。在 3个水稻品种 (组合 )中 ,NPT- 2 2的弱势粒因生理生化活性较低 ,其籽粒充实最差、结实率最低。

不同氮素水平对豫麦49-198籽粒灌浆及淀粉合成相关酶活性的调控效应

为了明确不同氮素水平下小麦干物质运转、籽粒灌浆及有关淀粉酶活性的变化规律,以豫麦49-198为材料,在河南科技大学试验农场,通过设置120 kg/hm2(N1)、180 kg/hm2(N2)、240 kg/hm2(N3)和300 kg/hm2(N4)4个氮素水平,研究了小麦茎鞘物质运转、籽粒灌浆和淀粉合成有关酶活性。结果表明,在一定范围内增施氮肥有利于提高茎鞘干物重以及抽穗后茎鞘物质输出量、输出率、转化率,各指标均以N3处理最高,N1处理最低。适量增施氮肥能提高籽粒生长潜势、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,缩短籽粒生长活跃期,使品种达最大灌浆速率的时间提前,其中N3处理最佳,其最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率分别为0.557×10-2和0.373×10-2g/(grains.d),N4处理最差,其最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率分别为0.406×10-2和0.272×10-2g/(grains.d)。适量增施氮肥能增强籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、Q酶和ADPG焦磷酸化酶3种酶活性,各处理中,酶活性均以N3处理最高,N4处理最低,N3和N4处理相比SSS、Q和ADPG焦磷酸化酶最大酶活性分别提高了22.0%、23.2%和9.5%。但过量施氮,降低了茎鞘干物重的积累、运输和转化能力以及籽粒灌浆速率和3种淀粉合成有关酶活性。抽穗期茎鞘干物重、抽穗后茎鞘干物质输出量和输出率均与籽粒产量呈显著正相关。试验表明,在适宜氮肥水平下小麦具有较高的茎鞘物质输出率和转化率、籽粒灌浆速率及淀粉合成有关酶活性,是产量较高的生理基础。

水分胁迫对水稻籽粒灌浆及淀粉合成有关酶活性的影响

【目的】探索不同水稻抗旱品种在水分胁迫条件下籽粒灌浆特性及有关淀粉酶活性的变化规律。【方法】选用抗旱性不同的3个杂交水稻品种,分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下,研究水稻茎鞘物质运转、籽粒灌浆和淀粉合成有关酶活性。【结果】水分胁迫下,抽穗期和成熟期茎鞘干物重以及抽穗后茎鞘物质输出量、输出率、转化率均下降;籽粒生长潜势、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率降低,籽粒生长活跃期缩短,各品种达最大灌浆速率的时间提前;籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、Q酶和ADPG焦磷酸化酶3种酶活性都不同程度的被抑制。各性状抗旱性强的品种均比抗旱性弱的品种减少的幅度小。抽穗期茎鞘干物重、抽穗后茎鞘干物质输出量、输出率和转化率均与籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】在水分胁迫下抗旱性强的品种具有较高的茎鞘物质输出率和转化率、籽粒灌浆速率及淀粉合成有关酶活性,是产量降低较少的生理基础。

不同类型水稻籽粒灌浆的生理生化特性研究

以3个较大穗型的不同类型水稻品种(组合)“IR_(65600-85)”、“培矮64S/E32”、“Ⅱ优86”为材料,试验研究水稻籽粒灌浆特性及其有关生理生化活性变化结果表明,3个水稻的强势粒起始生长势均高于弱势粒,从而更早进入灌浆盛期;ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性强势粒高峰值均出现在花后6d,弱势粒峰值出现在花后12d;淀粉合成酶活性强势粒在花后0～18d高于弱势粒,尔后弱势粒高于强势拉,但“IR_(65600-85)”弱势粒后期活性仅弱高于强势粒,造成3个水稻的弱势粒灌浆不如强势粒,尤其是“IR_(65600-85)”弱势粒生理生化活性更低,其籽粒充实最差,结实率也最低。

水稻杂交后代灌浆成熟期籽粒淀粉合成关键酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化的初步研究

以东农423和藤系180为试材,籽粒直链淀粉和蛋白质含量为选择指标,通过逐代的定向选择形成了遗传背景相近且直链淀粉和蛋白质含量有显著差异的杂种后代,并对水稻灌浆成熟过程中籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合酶、淀粉分支酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化进行了初步研究。高直链淀粉含量杂交后代的籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合酶、淀粉分支酶活性峰值显著或极显著高于低直链淀粉含量后代,而且在籽粒灌浆前期蛋白质含量高的后代籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性显著或极显著高于蛋白质含量低的后代。因此,通过直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的连续定向选择可以显著提高或降低灌浆过程中的籽粒碳氮代谢关键酶活性。

早籼稻米垩白形成中的生理生化变化特性

以早籼多垩白品种泸红早１号、浙７３３和少垩白品种中优早３号、舟优９０３及中籼中引８５为材料，在自然高温条件下对水稻灌浆过程中胚乳内含物质（如淀粉、可溶性糖等）和酶（淀粉磷酸化酶、Ｑ酶）活性的连续变化进行测定。结果表明，不同垩白度品种其胚乳内部物质增长的时间进程和酶活性的变化存在差异，由此造成灌浆动态明显不同。

籼粳杂交稻籽粒库活性与其充实关系的研究

以两个籽粒充实程度不同的籼粳亚种间杂交稻 PC31 1×早献党 1 8(充实差 )和测 0 3×扬稻 4号 (充实好 )为材料 ,研究两组合的强、弱势粒发育过程中籽粒库活性与其充实之间的关系。结果表明 :( 1 )充实好的亚杂组合强、弱势粒干重、淀粉积累速率都相应高于充实差的亚杂组合 ,两组合的强、弱势粒灌浆特性均表现异步型特征 ;( 2 )在灌浆早期 ,两亚杂组合强、弱势粒胚乳中蔗糖含量都比较高 ,且测扬要明显高于 P早 ;在籽粒发育后期 ,蔗糖含量又有回升 ,尤其是 P早弱势粒 ;( 3)充实好的亚杂组合强、弱势粒胚乳蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和淀粉合成酶活性都相应高于充实差的亚杂组合 ,尤以弱势粒表现更明显 ,3种酶活性变化都与淀粉积累曲线一致 ;( 4 )胚乳细胞质中低 Pi含量、高 ATP水平有利于淀粉体合成淀粉。

早晚季不同耐光氧化特性水稻品种籽粒灌浆关键酶活性变化

选用光氧化敏感和不敏感的两大类型4个水稻品种研究早晚季耐光氧化反应特性与其稻米品质稳定性密切相关的生理生化原因.结果表明,耐光氧化反应特性强的适强光生态型水稻品种的平均灌浆速率(Gmean)、达最大灌浆速率时间(Tmax.G)和达最大灌浆速率百粒重(Wmax.G)等参数在早晚季灌浆结实期间保持相对稳定;而对光氧化敏感的弱光生态型品种佳禾早占以上参数的早晚季稳定性较差.比较早晚季籽粒灌浆充实过程中关键酶活性的变化结果可见,耐光氧化反应特性强的品种,灌浆速率高峰到灌浆终期ADPG-焦磷酸化酶和淀粉合成酶活性早晚季变异比耐光氧化反应特性弱的品种小,且耐光氧化反应特性强的品种灌浆高峰前后酶活性变异的幅度早晚季也较一致.

水稻籽粒灌浆的影响因子及其机制研究进展

水稻籽粒灌浆是籽粒形成的最重要生理过程,也是决定粒重、产量和稻米品质的决定性阶段。为充分了解水稻籽粒灌浆内在特性,促进水稻高产栽培和优良品质育种,对水稻籽粒灌浆的生物学特性、生理机制以及内源激素、酶活、基因、蛋白以及环境等影响因子进行综述,并对籽粒灌浆研究进行展望,提出从蛋白质组学、基因组学、基因表达等分子生物学方面深入研究籽粒灌浆机制的可能性。

不同栽培模式对早稻—再生稻头季稻籽粒灌浆特性和ATP酶活性的影响

为了揭示不同栽培措施对再生稻产量的影响,阐明超高产栽培模式实现高产的生理原因,采用超高产栽培模式并以常规栽培模式作为对照进行比较试验,研究不同栽培模式下早稻—再生稻头季稻籽粒灌浆特性和ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,超高产栽培模式头季稻强、弱势粒的生长潜势强,灌浆最大生长速率出现的时间早,灌浆速率在整个灌浆期的前、中、后3个阶段均较高,活跃灌浆时间较短,强、弱势粒较早进入灌浆盛期,同时,整个灌浆期头季稻强、弱势粒的Mg2+-ATP和Ca2+-ATP酶活性超高产栽培模式也都较常规栽培模式的高,尤其是在籽粒灌浆的快速增长阶段,超高产栽培模式的明显高于常规栽培模式,因而其头季籽粒灌浆呈现出灌浆起动快、灌浆强度大、灌浆后期"拉力"足的特点,从而有利于有机物质向穗部运输,这是超高产栽培模式头季实现大穗、多穗、粒饱、结实率高的籽粒灌浆特性和生理原因。

低温控制对优质水稻灌浆结实期的影响

低温条件下对不同地区的18个水稻品种进行灌浆结实期冷害鉴定试验。结果表明,低温控制耐冷性评价中龙稻17、吉粳302、通禾66等8个品种耐冷性表现强;吉农大538、通育266、吉粳515和吉粳302品种的SOD、CAT、POD酶活性比对照高,各品种之间有显著差异;龙稻17、龙稻18、吉粳809、吉粳515、通系935等品种的稻米外观品种和营养品质有差异显著;综合比较显示,吉粳515、通育266、吉粳302等品种抗冷性较强,是较适合吉林省东部冷凉地区种植的水稻品种。

水氮供应对灌浆期冬小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性及产量的影响

为明确不同水氮供应对冬小麦灌浆期籽粒蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性及籽粒产量的影响,在大田栽培条件下,以冬小麦品种矮抗58为材料,设3种水分处理(低水W0、中水W1、高水W2)和4个施氮水平(无氮N0、低氮N1、中氮N2、高氮N3),研究了不同水氮供应下灌浆期籽粒蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化特点。结果表明,水分胁迫能增加籽粒的蔗糖积累速率,缩短灌浆进程,促进小麦早熟;降低了籽粒中腺苷二膦酸葡萄糖磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性。适当增施氮肥能够促进籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉转化,增加4种淀粉合成相关酶活性,其中W1N2处理的ADPG-PPase、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性峰值最高,较W1N3、W1N1和W1N0处理分别增加了1.5%、7.9%、11.9%、5.8%和9.6%、4.5%、4.7%、5.2%和13.6%、7.6%、20.9%、10.5%,氮肥过量会对以上4种酶活性产生抑制作用。适当提高氮肥水平能增加小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,最终极显著地提高小麦产量,W1N2处理较W0N0和W2N3处理分别增产164.6%、3.0%。在小麦灌浆期间控制土壤田间持水量为60%~65%、配施氮肥240kg·hm^(-2)能协同提高小麦籽粒蔗糖含量,保证源器官有足够供应能力,提高淀粉合成酶活性,促进小麦体内碳氮代谢,最终增加产量。