Changes of coastline and tidal flat and its implication for ecological protection under human activities: Take China’s Bohai Bay as an example

The change processes and trends of shoreline and tidal flat forced by human activities are essential issues for the sustainability of coastal area,which is also of great significance for understanding coastal ecological environment changes and even global changes.Based on field measurements,combined with Linear Regression(LR)model and Inverse Distance Weighing(IDW)method,this paper presents detailed analysis on the change history and trend of the shoreline and tidal flat in Bohai Bay.The shoreline faces a high erosion chance under the action of natural factors,while the tidal flat faces a different erosion and deposition patterns in Bohai Bay due to the impact of human activities.The implication of change rule for ecological protection and recovery is also discussed.Measures should be taken to protect the coastal ecological environment.The models used in this paper show a high correlation coefficient between observed and modeling data,which means that this method can be used to predict the changing trend of shoreline and tidal flat.The research results of present study can provide scientific supports for future coastal protection and management.

Seabed deposition and erosion change and influence factors in the Yangshan Deepwater Port over the years

The seabed scouring and silting are very important to the construction of port and waterway engineering. Seabed deposition and erosion change is complicated due to the influence of sediment supply, human activities and other factors. The Yangshan Deepwater Port is the new deep water harbor, which is an important part of the Shanghai International Shipping Service Center. Its construction has received much attention. At present, the water depth from the 1 st to the 3 rd harbor district is currently suitable under regular dredging and tidal current action. The fourth harbor district will be built in the world’s largest fully-automated deep water wharf. In the study, bathymetry change of the entire sea area of the Yangshan Deepwater Port and the 4 th harbor district(i.e.,Phase IV project) waters were analyzed quantitatively using multiyear bathymetric, hydrological and sediment data. The results show that from 1998 to 2010, seabed changes are characterized by large volumes of erosion and sedimentation, which the southern part was deposited and the northern part was eroded in the inner harbor waters, but the seabed of the Kezhushan inlet was eroded. Seabed changes of Phase IV project waters generally show a scour tendency in recent few years with the annual scour rate about 0.7 m. Among the many factors, the existence of Kezhushan inlet and its influence of the western water flow play an important positive role in water depth changes under the ebb tide action.

Wind dynamic environment and wind-sand erosion and deposition processes on different surfaces along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway,China

The Dunhuang–Golmud railway passes through different deserts in arid areas,especially drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi.The near-surface wind environment and wind-sand transport process vary due to different external factors,such as topography,vegetation,and regional climate,resulting in evident spatial differences in surface erosion and deposition.Consequently,the measures for preventing wind-sand hazards will differ.However,the mechanism and control theory of sand damage remain poorly understood.In this study,we used meteorological observation,three-dimensional(3D)laser scanning,and grain-size analysis to compare and evaluate the spatial distribution of wind conditions,sand erosion and deposition patterns,and grain composition in the drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway in China.Results show that the annual mean wind speed,the frequency of sand-driving wind,and the drift potential of sandy-gravel Gobi are higher than those of drifting-sand desert,indicating a greater wind strength in the sandy-gravel Gobi,which exhibits spatial heterogeneity in wind conditions.The major sediment components in sandy-gravel Gobi are very fine sand,fine sand,and medium sand,and that in drifting-sand desert are very fine sand and fine sand.We found that the sediment in the sandy-gravel Gobi is coarser than that in the drifting-sand desert based on mean grain size and sediment component.The spatial distributions of sand erosion and deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi and drifting-sand desert are consistent,with sand deposition mainly on the west side of the railway and sand erosion on the east side of the railway.The area of sand deposition in the drifting-sand desert accounts for 75.83%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.032 m;while the area of sand deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi accounts for 65.31%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.028 m,indicating greater deposition amounts in the drifting-sand desert due to the presence of more fine sediment components.However,the sand deposition is more concentrated with a greater thickness on the embankment and track in the sandy-gravel Gobi and is dispersed with a uniform thickness in the drifting-sand desert.The sand deposition on the track of the sandy-gravel Gobi mainly comes from the east side of the railway.The results of this study are helpful in developing the preventive measures and determining appropriate selection and layout measures for sand control.

Changes of spring wind erosion based on wind erosion climate factor in the black soil region of Northeast China

The dry and windy climate and low ground cover in spring in the black soil region of Northeast China make the soil strongly affected by wind erosion,which seriously threatens the food security and ecological security of this region.In this paper,based on the daily observation data of 124 meteorological stations in study area from 1961 to 2020,seasonal and monthly wind erosion climate factor(C)in spring(March to May)were calculated by using the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the wind erosion characterization in spring were systematically analyzed based on C by various statistical analysis methods.The results showed that in the past 60 years,spring wind erosion climate factor(CSp)and monthly C of the whole region and each province(region)all showed highly significant decreasing trend,but they began to show rebounded trend in the middle or late 2000s.CSp of the study area showed a significant upward trend since 2008 with an increase of 4.59(10a)^(-1).The main contributors to this upward trend are the changes of C in March and in April.For the four provinces(regions),CSp in Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia all showed rebounded since 2008,2011,2008 and 2009,respectively.The rebounded trend of CSp in eastern Inner Mongolia was the most obvious with a tendency rate of 11.27(10a)^(-1),and its mutation occurred after 1984.The rebound trend of CSp in Heilongjiang Province takes the second place,with a trend rate of 4.72(10a)^(-1),but there’s no obvious time mutation characteristics.The spatial characteristics of CSpand monthly C are similar,showing decreasing characteristics centered on the typical black soil belt of Northeast China.Compared with 1961-1990,in the period from 1991 to 2020,the proportion of high value areas(CSp>35,monthly C>10)has decreased to varying degrees,while the proportion of low value areas(CSp≤10,monthly C≤4)has increased.The trends of seasonal and monthly C in 82.2%~87.7%of the stations show significant decreases at 95%confidence level.CSp is closely related to wind speed at 2m height,temperature difference,minimum temperature and precipitation in the same period,of which the correlation between CSp and wind speed is the strongest,indicating that the main control factor for CSp in the study area is wind speed,but the impact of the change of temperature and precipitation on CSp cannot be ignored.

Quantitative analysis on the dynamic characteristics of megadunes around the Crescent Moon Spring, China

The Crescent Moon Spring is a precious natural heritage. However, the dynamic characteristics of megadunes around the Crescent Moon Spring are not well known. This paper quantitatively studied the character- istics and changes of megadunes around the Crescent Moon Spring by interpreting aerial photographs taken in 1985 and 2004 and analysing the dune crestlines and the wind data collected from 2011 to 2012. Results revealed that pyramid dunes were formed by a complex wind regime. The Crescent Moon Spring was not buried by shifting sands because of the stable wind regime and relative stability of pyramid dunes. The crestlines of the dunes around the spring moved northward between 1985 and 2004. The south-facing slip faces were also exposed to wind ero- sion, whereas the other faces were under deposition, thus indicating that the southerly wind was relatively en- hanced. Limiting the scale of tall windbreaks and architectures in the Dunhuang oasis at the north of the spring was necessary to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of the wind regime and sand transport.

小浪底水库运行以来对黄河下游河道河床演变特性的影响

小浪底水库自1999年10月下闸蓄水,23年来深刻改变了进入黄河下游河道的径流泥沙过程,进而引起了下游河道的再造床。本研究以1960—2022年长序列水文泥沙、断面地形、遥感影像等多源资料为基础,从径流泥沙、冲淤演变、形态调整三个方面阐明了小浪底水库运行以来对下游河道河床演变特性的影响。结果表明:(1)水库拦沙效果显著,下泄水量在年内分配更加均匀、沙量则向汛期更加集中;大流量和高含沙事件的严重程度和发生频率均有所降低;悬沙调整不明显,床沙粗化显著。(2)扭转了黄河下游河道持续淤积的趋势,冲淤调整主要发生在花园口至高村的游荡性河段;冲刷效率持续下降,主槽过流能力得到显著恢复。(3)游荡性河段横断面形态向窄深发展,二级悬河发育得到有效缓解,整体河势处于相对稳定状态。研究成果丰富了多沙河流修建水库对下游河道影响的科学认识,也可为小浪底水库优化调度提供科技支撑。

三门峡水库控制运用方式的优化探讨

三门峡水库“蓄清排浑”运用为多沙河流的治理提供了宝贵经验,随着来水来沙情况的变化及对水库功能需求和对水库泥沙冲淤规律认识的深化,该运行方式亦在实践中不断调整和完善。为此,针对不同的典型年份设定集中敞泄与分段敞泄的敞泄排沙方案,采用一维非恒定水沙数学模型,对选取的2018~2019年丰水少沙年和2014~2016年枯水少沙年设定12种控制运用方案进行模拟,比较各方案下库区冲淤变化的优劣,据此选取适合三门峡水库的控制运用方式。结果表明,2018~2019年分段敞泄方案的冲刷效果优于集中敞泄方案,即使在后汛期的控制水位抬高至310 m,也能达到较好的冲刷效果;2014~2016年分段敞泄方案虽优于集中敞泄方案,但其冲刷主要集中于2014年汛期,2015、2016年整体呈淤积状态,综合考虑建议枯水少沙年份水库采用“泥沙年际调节”运用模式。

固–液相变含水率区间松散土石体中细粒组分抗剪特性试验

松散土石体在泥水作用下易引发地质灾害,其中细粒组分在高含水率下的抗剪性能骤然劣化是触发相变失稳的重要因素之一。基于环剪试验,对三峡库区某滑坡松散土石体试样设计试验方案,研究细组构由软塑~流塑发展的固-液相变全过程抗剪特性演化规律。结果表明:松散土石体试样为粗细组分二元特征较强的级配不良土体介质,其中,细粒组分在原状干密度条件下的饱和含水率为23.6%,液塑限分别为27.2和18.1,据此选定含水率23.6%~29.0%范围中的5个取值制定试验方案,可完整覆盖细粒组分的软塑~流塑相变;含水率为25.0%、26.0%和27.0%时,试样处软塑状态,在低法向压力下均可顺利开展环剪试验;其中,含水率25.0%试样恰进入软塑态,较含水率23.6%试样的峰值和残余内摩擦角分别降低23.5%和18.6%,峰值和残余黏聚力均降低超过80%。含水率为28.0%和29.0%时,试样已处于流塑状态,仅在无法向压力时可顺利开展环剪试验,且抗剪强度极低,其物理意义贴近于高黏稠泥浆的黏滞性;根据试样的黏聚力c在进入软塑状态时基本丧失,而内摩擦角φ表现为在软塑区间随含水率增加而逐步降低,进而触及液限骤然丧失的特性分析,c和φ劣化过程异步;经单元体受力模式和概化分析认为,相变前软塑状态试样静止侧压力系数K0的激增缓解了φ值的大幅骤降。

黑龙江干流黑河市城区段河床演变研究

黑龙江黑河市城区河段河道受自然及人为因素影响,河床演变复杂。采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和双累积曲线法分析了水沙变化趋势。基于实测水文和泥沙资料,对河床稳定性及冲淤变化进行了定量研究。研究结果表明,该河段属于少沙河流,结雅河口以上年径流和输沙量随时间呈减小趋势,结雅河口以下年径流没有明显的趋势性变化,年输沙量呈减小趋势。自然状态下,河段岸线和深泓线位置基本稳定,河床冲淤变化不大,以约10年为一个周期,基本可以达到冲淤平衡。在人类活动及支流汇入影响下,黑河水位站至长发岛段纵向不稳定,预测会引起该段未防护岛屿洲滩的岸线变迁。

开孔率与布置间距对透空型双丁坝水动力与冲淤特性的影响

采用三维水动力和泥沙数值模型,模拟分析了不同开孔率和不同布置间距的透空型双丁坝局部三维水动力特性和冲淤特性以及对水生生物生境的影响。结果表明:透空型双丁坝周围流场结构丰富,形成了上丁坝坝内环流区、坝间主副环流区以及下丁坝坝后缓流区,有利于有机质富集;开孔率15%时透空型双丁坝坝间主环流区和坝间涡量最大,坝间涡量以及紊动能随布置间距的增大而增大,控制开孔率大小并适当增大布置间距有利于底栖生物索饵洄游;最大切应力与上游切应力的比值随着开孔率和布置间距的增大逐渐降低,适当增大布置间距并选择较大的开孔率可减轻下泄水流对坝后河床的冲刷;坝内及坝后淤积范围和高度随开孔率增大而减小,随布置间距增大而增大,实际工程中适当提高开孔率和布置间距有利于透空丁坝减速促淤,为底栖生物提供丰富的饵料。

侵蚀—沉积对土壤重金属形态、浓度及富集影响的研究进展

[目的]探讨侵蚀—沉积对土壤重金属形态、浓度和富集的作用规律,旨在明晰侵蚀—沉积对土壤重金属形态、浓度和富集的影响机制,为流域土壤重金属污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]基于国内外有关侵蚀—沉积对土壤重金属影响的相关文章,借助CiteSpace和VOSveiwer软件对侵蚀—沉积过程中影响土壤重金属的知识图谱进行研究,并对相关研究成果进行系统分析。[结果]①近30 a侵蚀—沉积与重金属的研究呈上升趋势。在2017—2023年迅猛上升,地球化学特征、生态风险评价、源解析、迁移转化等是侵蚀—沉积与重金属研究的热点。②侵蚀过程中降雨促使重金属由颗粒态向溶解态转化。径流导致土壤重金属含量的空间分异,沉积环境中土壤团聚体和黏粒含量影响重金属分布和富集。③有机质对重金属具有双重作用。既能吸附游离态重金属离子,降低土壤重金属的交换态含量,又能与重金属发生络合作用,提高重金属的有机结合态含量。④pH值对重金属形态的转化具有显著影响。酸性条件下促进重金属离子间络合、沉淀等作用;而碱性条件下土壤颗粒表面正电荷增加与重金属离子所带正电荷相排斥,进而影响土壤颗粒表面对重金属离子的吸附。⑤土壤水分影响重金属的还原释放。土壤水分越高重金属的溶解度越大,但过量的水分会导致氧气不足,降低氧化还原电位(Eh),Eh的变化直接影响土壤铁锰氧化物和硫化物的稳定性,进而造成重金属浓度变化。[结论]侵蚀—沉积过程中土壤重金属赋存形态、浓度变化和富集特征受多种环境因子共同作用,呈现侵蚀区到沉积区显著的差异,未来研究应关注侵蚀—沉积过程中重金属动态演化监测的新技术与新方法的开发;侵蚀—沉积过程对重金属的赋存形态、浓度变化和富集特征的内在联系机制的研究;不同因素在侵蚀—沉积过程中对重金属的交互影响,以期为土壤重金属污染的防控提供更加精准的策略。

汉江兴隆枢纽坝下河床冲刷引起的水位变化

汉江兴隆枢纽运行以来坝下河床冲刷较为严重,枯水期下游最低通航水位下降幅度较大。为保证兴隆枢纽安全运行,枢纽正常蓄水位需同步降低,以适应坝下水位下降,导致兴隆船闸上下闸首枯水期门槛水深不足,千吨级船舶通航保证率不高。针对兴隆枢纽坝下河床冲刷引起的水位变化问题,通过分析汉江现状水文泥沙特性和枯水水文情势,运用一维与二维长系列年水沙数学模型,滚动计算60 a和50 a兴隆坝下河床冲淤及水位变化情况,得出40 a后坝下同流量对应的水位逐渐趋于稳定,并考虑2000吨级航道整治工程实施后,且汉口站水位每年下降0.1 m情况下,50 a末兴隆坝下水位将可能下降3.77 m,旨在为汉江兴隆枢纽坝下河段相关工程设计水位的确定提供参考。

乌珠穆沁沙地聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障地表蚀积特征

沙障的蚀积特征对其发挥防护作用具有重要影响。为探究聚乳酸纤维(polylactic acid fiber,PLA)沙袋沙障对乌珠穆沁沙地沙化治理的效果,设置0.5 m×0.5 m、1.0 m×1.0 m、2.0 m×2.0 m和3.0 m×3.0 m共4种规格的聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障,采用悬测法测量障格内部凹曲面形态,并分析不同规格沙障内部凹曲面的形态特征、蚀积效应。结果表明,沙障凹曲面中心风蚀深度随沙障规格的增大由5.17 cm增加到21.23 cm,而堆积强度随沙障规格的增大由3.86 g·cm^(-3)降至0.42 g·cm^(-3),障格内由堆积变为风蚀;蚀积系数稳定在1/9~1/8,随沙障规格的增大蚀积系数逐渐减小;障格内风蚀最深点随主风向偏移,障格内与主风向一致的方位风蚀量更大,剖面曲线开口更大;坡顶处凹曲面拟合效果大于坡中和坡底。综上所述,在乌珠穆沁沙地内,风蚀多发生在西北-东南和西-东方向上,且坡顶处形成的凹曲面较稳定,该地区适合布设2.0 m×2.0 m规格PLA沙障,研究结果为PLA沙障在乌珠穆沁沙地防沙工程中的合理应用提供了科学参考。

若羌稀长沟锂矿体特征及成矿潜力分析

随着全球能源结构的转型和新能源技术的飞速发展,锂作为关键原材料,在电池、电动汽车、储能等领域的应用日益广泛。中国经济的持续发展和产业结构的优化升级,使锂矿需求量不断增长[1]。新疆地矿局第三地质大队新厘定的阿尔金锂铍稀有金属成矿带是近年来该区域成矿研究的重大突破之一,通过对该成矿带上新发现的若羌县稀长沟锂矿成矿地质背景、矿体规模、特征分析研究,对矿区资源量进行估算,认为其具有大型-超大型锂矿远景潜力。

2002—2020年深圳湾河床冲淤特性及驱动机制

明晰海湾冲淤变化规律与演变模式对城市化河口湾的开发利用具有重要意义。以深圳湾为研究对象,基于2002—2020年深圳湾高程数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)、冲淤变化定量评估等方法开展年际冲淤变化特征、淤积模式研究,探讨冲淤变化影响因素。结果表明:深圳湾整体成淤积态势,内湾年淤积量为67.54万m^(3)(平均淤积厚度为1.5 cm/a),外湾年淤积量为35.22万m^(3)(平均淤积厚度为0.98 cm/a);深槽-浅滩界面区域淤积是内湾的主要演变模式,但随着潮滩淤长,该模式逐渐减弱趋于平衡,外湾以深槽区域淤积为主;内湾南槽逐渐萎缩,由“宽窄型”向“等宽型”转变,伴随着喇叭口顶点位置西移、河控范围向下游延伸;潮流作用下的外界(伶仃洋)来沙是深圳湾淤积的主要来源,潮汐动力为主导的动力地貌相互作用是深圳湾演变的驱动机制,而极端天气下的伶仃洋动力格局显著影响深圳湾的冲淤变化。深圳湾治理须顺应以潮流为主导的外界来沙淤积模式。

上海市南汇南滩近期演变特征分析

作者利用经验正交函数(EOF)方法分析了南汇南滩近期冲淤特征,表现为随着时间推移在空间上纵向与横向的两种波动。纵向上,南汇南滩的冲淤波动以类似行进波的形式向西传播,速率约为820m/a,波动幅度沿程递减;横向上,以水下斜坡和海床的衔拉部位为节点,整个剖面以类似驻波的形式上下振动,节点上下出现相反的冲淤趋势,即上冲下淤或上淤下冲。水下斜坡带冲淤幅度最大,滩地和海床相对要小。

片蚀与细沟间侵蚀过程中地表微地形的变化

采用室内人工模拟降雨和地统计分析相结合的方法,对4种人为管理措施地表微地形在片蚀和细沟间侵蚀过程中的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同雨强下,各管理措施坡面地表微地形表现出了一定程度的不规则性。不同雨强和管理措施条件下,各等级的高程在片蚀阶段和细沟间侵蚀阶段都发生了相互转移;其中第Ⅰ级和第Ⅱ级转移出最多,且在细沟间侵蚀阶段后也只有很少部分转移至第Ⅰ级、第Ⅱ级;第Ⅲ级地表高程转移最少,且有大部分的其他等级的高程转入第Ⅲ级,这两个侵蚀阶段在0～0.01 m和0.01～0.03 m区域最易发生土壤堆积。

小浪底水库运行以来黄河口演变分析

小浪底水库运行以来,黄河口来水来沙减少,与1976-1996年平均年水量261亿m^3/a、年沙量6.5亿t/a、平均含沙量25kg/m^3相比,2002年调水调沙以来,黄河口来水量减少27%、含沙量减少68%,致使河口感潮段从1976-1996年的淤积,变化为调水调沙以来的冲刷,冲刷速率为34m^3/a·m。河口延伸速率从1976-1996年的1.4km/a降到小浪底水库运行以后的0.3km/a,但远离行河口门的海岸蚀退。建议减少进入黄河口的沙量,或者来沙量较大时,把泥沙分散到三角洲整个蚀退海岸和洲面以抬高洲面高程,可以达到降低行河河口延伸速率、降低防潮堤前海岸冲刷速率、改良盐碱地、改善三角洲海域生态等目的。

中国北方沙漠-黄土体系的沉积和侵蚀过程与未来趋向探析

中国北方有大面积的土地被沙漠和黄土覆盖,是现代沉积和侵蚀比较活跃的地区。强烈的地表过程不仅影响着区域的生产生活活动,还通过粉尘传输影响北半球甚至于更大范围的气候和环境。长期以来,由于综合研究不够,对沙漠-黄土体系的沉积和侵蚀规律以及未来趋向的认识有限。结合对沙漠沙地-黄土沉积的高密度光释光年代测试结果,基于地统计法和遥感分析的黄土堆积量估算以及现代降尘、地表侵蚀的观察研究,认为沙漠沙地-黄土堆积区的沉积和侵蚀过程受气候变化控制,这里既是堆积区,又是侵蚀区,处于动态变化过程中;黄土比沙地沉积保存着更完整的过去气候变化信息。黄土高原水蚀和风蚀在地质历史时期就存在,人类活动加强了侵蚀过程,但可能还没有实质性地改变这一趋向。通过对地质记录和古气候模拟结果的分析,在未来全球变暖的背景下,沙地地区可能由于有效湿度减少变干而使风尘活动加强,黄土高原地区的粉尘沉积速率也将随之加快。

黑龙江三道湾子碲金矿床黄铁矿标型特征及矿床变化保存过程分析

三道湾子金矿床是近年来在中国北方地区新发现的典型碲金矿床,矿石矿物由大量碲化物及自然金和少量硫化物组成。本文主要研究产于矿床中黄铁矿的标型特征及其地质意义,重点探讨了该矿床形成后的变化与保存过程。通过研究表明矿床产出的黄铁矿主要有两期:第一期黄铁矿(Py1)呈粗粒立方体自形晶产出,为碲金成矿前黄铁矿化蚀变阶段的产物;第二期黄铁矿(Py2)主要呈细粒产出,与碲金矿化关系较为密切。黄铁矿的微量元素特征显示第二期的黄铁矿中存在微细粒的碲银矿;稀土元素研究表明黄铁矿及金矿化的形成与安山质岩浆活动关系较为紧密,而与该区花岗质岩浆活动关系不大。对三道湾子碲金矿床产出的黄铁矿进行热电分析表明,黄铁矿热电系数主要变化于-180～-90μV/℃之间,以N型导电型为主;且由矿体顶部至底部,N型导电型出现的频率逐渐增大(57.5%→84.2%→92%→97.4%);与蚀变安山岩中黄铁矿的热电系数比较,产于脉状石英中的黄铁矿具有更低的热电系数值。通过黄铁矿热电系数分析以及流体包裹体的研究可以计算出该矿床的平均剥蚀速率为53.6m/Ma。最后对该矿床形成后的变化与保存过程进行了分析,提出对于该区内寻找中生代之前形成的矿床应注意砂矿的重要指示意义。