Negative air ions(NAIs)benefit the mental and physical health of humans,but rapid urbanization can decrease the abundance of NAIs.Quantifying the spatial and seasonal distribution of NAIs and determining the factors t...Negative air ions(NAIs)benefit the mental and physical health of humans,but rapid urbanization can decrease the abundance of NAIs.Quantifying the spatial and seasonal distribution of NAIs and determining the factors that infl uence the concentration during urbanization is thus essential.In the present study of a typical developing urban district in southern China,negative air ion concentrations(NAICs)in 60 forests sites and 30 urban green spaces were quantifi ed on seven consecutive days in each of the four seasons.Large seasonal variations in NAIC were revealed in forests and urban green spaces with trough values in summer.NAIC progressively decreased from forests to urban green spaces and was infl uenced by local land morphology,vegetation characteristics,and climatic factors.The vast,heavily vegetated northeastern region was the richest area for NAIs,whereas the narrow central region(urbanized area)was the poorest,implying dramatic impacts of urbanization on the spatial distribution of NAIs.The relationship between air temperature and NAIC was better fi tted with a quadratic equation than a linear equation.Moreover,the NAIC was more sensitive to local morphology in urban green spaces than in urban forests,indicating the vulnerability of NAIs in urbanized areas.Therefore,the appropriate design of local urban morphology is critical.展开更多
Negative air ions are natural components of the air we breathe Forests are the main continuous natural source of negative air ions （NAI）. The spatio-temporal patterns of negative air ions were explored in Shanghai, ...Negative air ions are natural components of the air we breathe Forests are the main continuous natural source of negative air ions （NAI）. The spatio-temporal patterns of negative air ions were explored in Shanghai, based on monthly monitoring in 15 parks from March 2009 to February 2010. In each park, sampling sites were selected in forests and open spaces. The annual variation in negative air ion concentrations （NAIC） showed peak values from June to October and minimum values from December to January. NAIC were highest in summer and autumn, intermediate in spring, and lowest in winter. During spring and summer, NAIC in open spaces were significantly higher in rural areas than those in suburban areas. However, there were no significant differences in NAIC at forest sites among seasons. For open spaces, total suspended particles （TSP） were the dominant determining factor of NAIC in sum- mer, and air temperature and air humidity were the dominant determining factors of NAIC in spring, which were tightly correlated with Shanghai＇s ongoing urbanization and its impacts on the environment. R is suggested that urbanization could induce variation in NAIC along the urban-rural gradient, but that may not change the temporal variation pattern. Fur- thermore, the effects of urbanization on NAIC were limited in non-vegetated or less-vegetated sites, such as open spaces, but not in well-vegetated areas, such as urban forests. Therefore, we suggest that urban greening, especially urban forest, has significant resistance to theeffect of urbanization on NAIC.展开更多
The results from Raman spectroscopy analysis of salt aqueous solutions at?170℃demonstrate that for those clearly sharp iron peaks whose Raman wavenumber is close to each other such as NO_(3)and CO^(2)_(3),their origi...The results from Raman spectroscopy analysis of salt aqueous solutions at?170℃demonstrate that for those clearly sharp iron peaks whose Raman wavenumber is close to each other such as NO_(3)and CO^(2)_(3),their original shape could be restorable by the stripping technique,and that ice’s sharp characteristic peak(3090―3109 cm^(-1))is steady,while the spectrum band of the complex compound(nCl―[H^(+)―OH]_(n))chlorine ion combined chemically with water molecule is 3401―3413 cm^(-1).On the other hand,the research shows that the higher the negative iron concen-tration,the stronger its Raman characteristic peak intensity and the smaller the ice’s.Based on the number of data and theoretical work,the strong correlation of the molar concentration of negative ion with the S_(i)/S_(H_(2)O)band area ratio is built up.Moreover,the developed Raman method is successfully used in the component analysis of the field fluid inclusions from Silurian sandstone in Tarim basin.展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge the volunteers who helped with the fi eld investigations.
文摘Negative air ions(NAIs)benefit the mental and physical health of humans,but rapid urbanization can decrease the abundance of NAIs.Quantifying the spatial and seasonal distribution of NAIs and determining the factors that infl uence the concentration during urbanization is thus essential.In the present study of a typical developing urban district in southern China,negative air ion concentrations(NAICs)in 60 forests sites and 30 urban green spaces were quantifi ed on seven consecutive days in each of the four seasons.Large seasonal variations in NAIC were revealed in forests and urban green spaces with trough values in summer.NAIC progressively decreased from forests to urban green spaces and was infl uenced by local land morphology,vegetation characteristics,and climatic factors.The vast,heavily vegetated northeastern region was the richest area for NAIs,whereas the narrow central region(urbanized area)was the poorest,implying dramatic impacts of urbanization on the spatial distribution of NAIs.The relationship between air temperature and NAIC was better fi tted with a quadratic equation than a linear equation.Moreover,the NAIC was more sensitive to local morphology in urban green spaces than in urban forests,indicating the vulnerability of NAIs in urbanized areas.Therefore,the appropriate design of local urban morphology is critical.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40971041)
文摘Negative air ions are natural components of the air we breathe Forests are the main continuous natural source of negative air ions （NAI）. The spatio-temporal patterns of negative air ions were explored in Shanghai, based on monthly monitoring in 15 parks from March 2009 to February 2010. In each park, sampling sites were selected in forests and open spaces. The annual variation in negative air ion concentrations （NAIC） showed peak values from June to October and minimum values from December to January. NAIC were highest in summer and autumn, intermediate in spring, and lowest in winter. During spring and summer, NAIC in open spaces were significantly higher in rural areas than those in suburban areas. However, there were no significant differences in NAIC at forest sites among seasons. For open spaces, total suspended particles （TSP） were the dominant determining factor of NAIC in sum- mer, and air temperature and air humidity were the dominant determining factors of NAIC in spring, which were tightly correlated with Shanghai＇s ongoing urbanization and its impacts on the environment. R is suggested that urbanization could induce variation in NAIC along the urban-rural gradient, but that may not change the temporal variation pattern. Fur- thermore, the effects of urbanization on NAIC were limited in non-vegetated or less-vegetated sites, such as open spaces, but not in well-vegetated areas, such as urban forests. Therefore, we suggest that urban greening, especially urban forest, has significant resistance to theeffect of urbanization on NAIC.
文摘The results from Raman spectroscopy analysis of salt aqueous solutions at?170℃demonstrate that for those clearly sharp iron peaks whose Raman wavenumber is close to each other such as NO_(3)and CO^(2)_(3),their original shape could be restorable by the stripping technique,and that ice’s sharp characteristic peak(3090―3109 cm^(-1))is steady,while the spectrum band of the complex compound(nCl―[H^(+)―OH]_(n))chlorine ion combined chemically with water molecule is 3401―3413 cm^(-1).On the other hand,the research shows that the higher the negative iron concen-tration,the stronger its Raman characteristic peak intensity and the smaller the ice’s.Based on the number of data and theoretical work,the strong correlation of the molar concentration of negative ion with the S_(i)/S_(H_(2)O)band area ratio is built up.Moreover,the developed Raman method is successfully used in the component analysis of the field fluid inclusions from Silurian sandstone in Tarim basin.
