The Changing Face of High Performance Computing in the United States

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Observation on Culture Characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis with Four Different Antigen Quantification Methods

[Objective] The paper was to explore the antigen harvest time of Mycoplasrna bovis and the antigen quantification alternative method. [Method] M. bovis 08M strain was inoculated in the Thiaueourt＇s medium containing 10% horse serum. Four growth curves were plotted by simultaneously measuring color change units （CCU）, colony forming units （CFU）, protein concentration and nucleic acid levels within 110 h. [ Result] The growth of M. bovis was divided into four phases： the longarithmie phase appeared after being cultured for 10 h; the stationary phase appeared at 30 h with the highest number of viable cells up to 1. 0× 108 CCU/mL and 7.7 × 107 CCU/mL, respectively; and the decline phase started at 75 h. The protein concentration afM. bov/s increased rapidly from 15 to 35 h, reached 72.06 μg/mL at 35 h, then maintained at 53.38 - 70.65 μg/mL. The nucleic acid levels of M. bov/s increased rapidly from 15 h, and the cycle threshold （Ct） values were maintained between 15, 32 and 17.84 after 25 h. [ Conclusion] There was a good correlation between the protein concentration and variable count of M. bov/s at the early stationary phase, which was the best time period to harvest antigen. The protein concentration determination could be an alternative method to quantify antigen content of M. bovis when preparing inactivated M. boviz vaccine. Key words Mycoplasma boyis; Antigen quantification; Color change units; Colony forming units; Protein concentration; Nucleic acid content

Establishing a measurement,reporting,and verification system for climate finance in post-Paris agreement period

The measurement,reporting,and verification(MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).It has been one of the key issues of global climate negotiations since 2009 and will continue to be of significant importance in addressing climate change and strengthening international trust.This paper analyses the concept,the objective,and the progress of the MRV of climate finance based on reviews of the latest literature and think-tank reports regarding climate finance regime and MRV.Following the analysis,challenges faced with the MRV of climate finance are illustrated.This paper presents that the comparability of climate finance data needs to be improved due to the variety of methodologies used for disaggregating climate finance.In addition,the integrality of the MRV system of climate finance has been impaired by the lack of feedback mechanism from the recipients to the contributors in reporting system.Furthermore,although accounting system of climate finance has been developing and improving,it remains incapacity in providing accurate data on disbursed climate finance.Responding to the above challenges,this paper proposes the key tasks in establishing a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance at international level.The tasks involve developing a measurement system with consistent data basis and accounting basis,a reporting system with more detailed guidance and standardized formats,as well as a verification mechanism balancing top-down and bottom-up review processes.In the last section,this paper concludes that the establishment of an improved MRV of climate finance requires concerted cooperation and negotiations between developed and developing country Parties under the UNFCCC.As one of the few developing country donors to the Global Environmental Facility(GEF),China is suggested to clarify its propositions as a developing country in aspects such as concept,coverage,and architecture of climate finance and MRV system,and gain bargaining power in improving operating and technical rules of international climate finance regime.

Change of State of a Dynamical Unit in the Transition of Coherence

The change of state of one map in the network of nonlocal coupled logistic maps at the transition of coherence is studied. With the increase of coupling strength, the network dynamics transits from the incoherent state into the coherent state. In the process, the iteration of the map first changes from chaos to period state, then from periodic to chaotic state again. For the periodic doubling bifurcations, similar to an isolated map, the largest Lyapunov exponent tends to zero from a negative value. However, the states of coupled maps exhibit complex behavior rather than converge to a few fixed values. The behavior brings a new chimera state of coupled logistic maps. The bifurcation diagram is identical to the phase order of maps iterations. For the bifurcation between 1-band and multi-band chaos, the symmetry of chaotic bands emerges and the transition of the order of iteration direction occurs.

The Analysis of NGOs' Organizational Ecosystem in Participating in Climate Change Issues in the United States

How many NGOs were there in the climate change field in the United States？ Who were they？ And what was the relationship between them？ In the United States,climate change was only a branch of environmental issues at the beginning; therefore there were no specific quantitative statistics and network analysis of NGOs in climate change. Diversity was an important feature of NGOs in American climate change fields,and it showed a complex organizational ecology through varieties of networks and interaction among organizations. In order to make a difference in climate field,Chinese NGOs firstly needed to improve and enhance their own abilities.