Characteristics and utility of combined duplex color-coded ultrasonography in the cervical rotational position with head MRI and MRA in the differential diagnosis of apogeotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus

Objective:To determine whether cervical ultrasonography,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)are useful in the differential diagnosis of etiology and understanding the pathophysiology in cases of apogeotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus(DCPN).Methods:Thirty patients with apogeotropic DCPN were classified into 11 cases of central disease,seven cases of mixed central and peripheral disease,and 12 cases of peripheral disease by differential diagnosis based on various balance function,neuro-otological,and imaging tests.Cervical ultrasonography using the cervical rotation method and MRI and MRA of the head and neck were performed in most patients with apogeotropic DCPN.We reviewed the presence of abnormal imaging findings according to the disease etiology.Results:Of the 30 patients with apogeotropic DCPN,23 showed vascular abnormalities or central lesions on imaging.Vascular lesions were found in six of the 12 patients with peripheral disease.Cervical ultrasonography with cervical rotation detected blood flow disturbance in the vertebral artery in eight patients in whom the disturbance could not be detected by MRI or MRA of the head and neck.Discussion:We hypothesize that the causative disease of apogeotropic DCPN may be strongly associated with circulatory insufficiency of the vertebrobasilar and carotid arteries,and that impaired blood flow in these vessels may affect peripheral vestibular and central function.In patients with apogeotropic DCPN,examinations of vestibular function,central nervous system symptoms,and brain hemodynamics are valuable for differential diagnosis.

Effectiveness and time-course adaptation of resistance training vs. plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players

Purpose:This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training(RT)vs.plyometric training(PT)in prepubertal soccer players.Methods:Thirty-four male subjects were assigned to:a control group(n=11);an RT group(5 regular soccer training sessions per week,n=12);a PT group(3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week,n=11).The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength(e.g.,1 repetition maximum half-squat test),jump ability(e.g.,countermovement jump,squat jump,standing long jump,and multiple 5 bounds test),linear speed(e.g.,20m sprint test),and change of direction(e.g.,Illinois change of direction test).Results:The RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat(△=13.2%;d=1.3,p<0.001)and countermovement jump(△=9.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001)at Week 4,whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.2%;d=1.1,p<0.01);change of direction(CoD)(△=3.8%;d=2.1,p<0.01);multiple 5 bounds(△=5.1%;d=1.5,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=7.2%;d=1.2,p<0.01);squat jump(△=19.6%;d=1.5,p<0.01);were evident at Week 8.The PTG showed improvements in CoD(△=2.1%;d=1.3,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=9.3%;d=1.1,p<0.01);countermovement jump(△=16.1%;d=1.2,p<0.01);and squat jump(△=16.7%;d=1.4,p<0.01);at Week 8 whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.1%;d=1.3,p<0.01);and multiple 5 bounds(△=7.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001);were evident only after Week.The RT and PT groups showed improvements in all sprint,CoD,and jump tests(p<0.05)and in half-squat performance,for which improvement was only shown within the RTG(p<0.001).Conclusion:RT and PT conducted in combination with regular soccer training are safe and feasible interventions for prepubertal soccer players.In addition,these interventions were shown to be effective training tools to improve explosive actions with different time courses of improvements,which manifested earlier in the RTG than in the PTG.These outcomes may help coaches and fitness trainers set out clear and concise goals of training according to the specific time course of improvement difference between RT and PT on proxies of athletic performance of prepubertal soccer players.

The Existence and Uniqueness of a New Boundary Value Problem(Type of Problem“E”)for a Class of Semi Linear(Power Type Nonlinearities)Mixed Hyperbolic-Elliptic System Equations of Keldysh Type with Changing Time Direction

In present work studied the new boundary value problem for semi linear(Power-type nonlinearities)system equations of mixed hyperbolic-elliptic Keldysh type in the multivariate dimension with the changing time direction.Considered problem and equation belongs to the modern level partial differential equations.Applying methods of functional analysis,topological methods,“ε”-regularizing.and continuation by the parameter at the same time with aid of a prior estimates,under assumptions conditions on coefficients of equations of system,the existence and uniqueness of generalized and regular solutions of a boundary problem are established in a weighted Sobolev's space.In this work one of main idea consists of show that the new boundary value problem which investigated in case of linear system equations can be well-posed when added nonlinear terms to this linear system equations,moreover in this case constructed new weithged spaces,the identity between of strong and weak solutions is established.

The Characteristic in Infinite Dimension Space

In modern mathematics, geometric and algebraic properties of space can be applied by calculus in which the concept of gradually increasings of dimensions is existence (such as zero-dimension, one-dimension, two-dimension, and three-dimension, etc). However, this is not fact because some new concepts have been put forward in this paper where there is only a concept of infinitely great that is one quantitative continuum implied by the change of direction. The accurate description of this one quantitative continuum is that its parts are connected each other as a unity at the infinite distance (infinitely great) relative to any orientation (all orientations) of our existence. It is unity in which its random parts are these infinitely great quantities and thus we call this unity as infinite quantities of infinite dimensions.

Direct Digital Frequency Control Based on the Phase Step Change Characteristic between Signals

We present a new digital phase lock technology to achieve the frequency control and transformation through high precision multi-cycle group synchronization between signals without the frequency transformation circuit. In the case of digital sampling, the passing zero point of the phase of the controlled signal has the phase step characteristic, the phase step of the passing zero point is monotonic continuous with high resolution in the phase lock process, and using the border effect of digital fuzzy area, the gate can synchronize with the two signals, the quantization error is reduced. This technique is quite different from the existing methods of frequency transformation and frequency synthesis, the phase change characteristic between the periodic signals with different nominal is used. The phase change has the periodic phenomenon, and it has the high resolution step value. With the application of the physical law, the noise is reduced because of simplifying frequency transformation circuits, and the phase is locked with high precision. The regular phase change between frequency signals is only used for frequency measurement, and the change has evident randomness, but this randomness is greatly reduced in frequency control, and the certainty of the process result is clear. The experiment shows that the short term frequency stability can reach 10-12/s orders of magnitude.

A Miniaturized Crawler Design Based on an Origami-inspired and Geometrically Constrained Spherical Six-bar Linkage

This paper focuses on a newly developed transmission for a milli-scale eight-legged crawling robot called OriSCO.The transmission allows intuitive steering by directly changing the direction of the propulsion force.The transmission is based on the constrained spherical six-bar linkage.The constrained spherical six-bar linkage passes only reciprocating motion out of the motor’s rotating motion,allowing the crawling legs to kick the ground and obtain propulsion.Steering is achieved by adjusting the geometric constraints of the spherical six-bar using a servomotor,allowing the direction of propulsion to be changed.As a result,the OriSCO can move along the ground at a speed of 2.15 body lengths/s,and the robot is 60 mm long.

Study on Trends of Change in Direct Input Coefficients of China

The objective of this paper is to study the trends of change in direct input coefficients of China. We reconstructed a time series of input\|output tables of China with 18 sectors for 1981, 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1995 at constant prices and current prices, and the tables for developed region, middle developed region and underdevelopd region. On the basis of these tables we found seven important trends on change in China′s direct input coefficients.

Laser direct writing pattern structures on AgInSbTe phase change thin film

Different pattern structures are obtained on the AglnSbTe （AIST） phase change film as induced by laser beam. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） was used to observe and analyze the different pattern structures. The AFM photos clearly show the gradually changing process of pattern structures induced by different threshold effects, such as crystallization threshold, microbump threshold, melting threshold, and ablation threshold. The analysis indicates that the AIST material is very effective in the fabrication of pattern structures and can offer relevant guidance for application of the material in the future.