Perceptions of Bark Beetle Landscape Disturbance Effects on Natural Resources and Drinking Water: Assessing Communication and Knowledge Exchange in the Rocky Mountain Region, USA

Widespread changes to forested watersheds affected by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic across western North America raised concerns about the effects of this climate-induced disturbance on drinking water and natural resources. Effective communication and knowledge exchange across scientists and stakeholders (i.e., drinking water managers) is essential for constructively responding to such landscape scale disturbances, providing improved adaptive capacity through knowledge sharing. An assessment of stakeholder knowledge levels, information needs, primary concerns, and suggested communication strategies were conducted via an online elicitation survey and World Science Café workshops. Knowledge levels, assessed via a survey of local water managers and experts, were relatively low with approximately half of the respondents reporting little to no knowledge of the effects of mountain pine beetle on drinking water quality and quantity, thereby indicating limited knowledge exchange between scientists and drinking water stakeholders. Increased accessibility and dissemination of research findings pertinent to the mountain pine beetle epidemic’s effects on drinking water quality and quantity is necessary for natural resource management. Recommendations for improved communication among scientists and drinking water stakeholders in particular and forest health in general include dispersal of non-academic research summaries, information exchange through existing media and community resources, demonstration projects, and information clearinghouses. This information provides a better understanding of the challenges, concerns, and first-hand experience of stakeholders of a landscape disturbance issue to apply this knowledge to enhance land management practice and how researchers on this overall project enhanced science communication efforts.

Impacts of climate change on water quantity, water salinity, food security, and socioeconomy in Egypt

Climate change might have direct impacts on water quantity in Egypt and lead to indirect effects on Mediterranean saltwater intrusion to groundwater,which exposes agriculture to vulnerability.This study investigated impacts of climate change on agriculture,with particular regard to food security and socioeconomy,and quantified the effectiveness of cropping pattern adaptation measures by integrating three mathematical models.The BlueM model was used for hydrological simulations of Nasser Lake under flooding scenarios to predict the water supply from the High Aswan Dam.The water and salinity balance(WB-SAL)model was adopted to estimate the water salinity in the Nile Delta.The simulated results from the BlueM and WB-SAL models were integrated with the agricultural simulation model for Egypt(ASME)to project cropping patterns,food security,and socioeconomy throughout the country.The results showed that future climate change will directly affect the total crop area;crop areas for 13 crop types;the self-sufficiency of wheat,rice,cereal,and maize supplies;and socioeconomic indicators.The proposed cropping pattern adaptation measures focus on fixing the crop areas of rice and orchards and providing half of the population with lentils,maize,onion,vegetables,milk,and meat.The adaptation measures have the potential to promote food security without causing deterioration of the socioeconomic situation.However,water availability has much more significant effects on food security and socioeconomy than cropping pattern adaptation measures do.Accordingly,the country should rationalize water use efficiency and increase water supply.©2021 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10^(8) m^(3) from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10^(8) m^(3)/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10^(8) m^(3) from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10^(8) m^(3)/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.

Assessment of water depth change patterns in 120° sharp bend using numerical model

In this study,FLUENT software was employed to simulate the flow pattern and water depth changes in a 120° sharp bend at four discharge rates.To verify the numerical model,a 90° sharp bend was first modeled with a three-dimensional numerical model,and the results were compared with available experimental results.Based on the numerical model validation,a 120° bend was simulated.The results show that the rate of increase of the water depth at the cross-section located 40 cm before the bend,compared with the cross-sections located 40 cm and 80 cm after the bend,decreases with the increase of the normal water depth in the 120° curved channel.Moreover,with increasing normal water depth,the dimensionless water depth change decreases at all cross-sections.At the interior cross-sections of the bend,the transverse water depth slope of the inner half-width is always greater than that of the outer half-width of the channel.Hence,the water depth slope is nonlinear at each crosssection in sharp bends.Two equations reflecting the relationships between the maximum and minimum dimensionless water depths and the normal water depth throughout the channel were obtained.

An Attempt to Study on the Growth and Damping Rates with Approximate Solutions by Using Mathematical Models

As is already known, most of the plasma literature is occupied with the plasma instabilities and the inevitable plasma waves, which remain major obstacles to the thermonuclear fusion process. Many experimental data on the plasma waves （growth or damping） and their accompanied theoretical interpretations have been published during the last five decades; lots of them have been identified and justified as well, some not yet. One of these is our previous research on plasma waves, which originated in the early 80＇s at the Plasma Physics Laboratory of the NCSR ＂Demokritos＂. As the wave rising is defined by the growth rate （or the damping on the extinguishment）, these important wavy quantities will be studied in detail in the present paper. Three examples are taken from our previous theoretical results, and the first observation reveals that the involved quantities are complicated enough to be studied by themselves. So, the use of suitable approach models, which may interpret the experimental wavy quantities, is the central idea of the present attempt, Furthermore, calculations with a little change of the initial conditions have been repeated in order to determine whether the plasma behaves as a chaotic medium.

Effects of Coal Mining Subsided Water Area on Temperature Change in Huaibei Coal Mine

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the effects of coal mining subsided water area on temperature change in Huaibei coal mine. [Method] Based on the data of monthly temperature from 1957 to 2007 recorded by Suixi （coal mining subsided water area） and Fuyang stations （control）, the effects of coal mining subsided water area on temperature change in Huaibei coal mine were discussed using linear trend estimation and comparative analysis methods. [Result] Spring, autumn, winter and annual average temperatures of coal mining subsided water area （Suixi） were increased in the last 51 years, and the increase of winter temperature was mostly significant with a tendency rate of 0.49 ℃/10 a. Meanwhile, annual temperature range of coal mining subsided water area was decreased from 1957 to 2007. Temperatures of Suixi in four seasons were lower than those of Fuyang from the 1960s to 1990s, and temperatures of coal mining subsided water area （Suixi） were higher than those of Fuyang in spring, autumn and winter but lower than those of Fuyang in summer from 2000 to 2007. [ Result] Coal mining subsided water area had certain effects on temperature change of Huaibei coal mine.

Improvement of Plant Growing Techniques in Drying up and Water Scarcity Conditions

Due to its specificity, seasonality and location of large areas, the crops are exposed to the greatest degree of risks posed by climate change. To maintain stability and increase yields, it is imperative to implement an innovative approach by which to optimize certain processes such as tillage, sowing and irrigation. The main tasks of innovative solutions are proposed to increase the soil water holding capacities in the root layer over a prolonged period of time, and improve the accuracy of the drilling process for row crops and vegetables by using biodegradable materials, and on this basis to optimize the irrigation by use of specialized software products to determine irrigation scheduling and irrigation requirements.

漓江上游水沙对降水、土地利用变化的响应

为了探究漓江流域上游水沙对气候和土地利用变化的响应特征,基于气温、降水量、径流量、输沙量,结合土地利用数据和归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,应用Mann-Kendall检验法、双累积曲线法分析漓江上游水文气象要素变化趋势,利用累积量斜率变化率比较法定量揭示气候因子对上游径流变化的贡献率,结合植被覆盖变化特征探讨土地利用类型变化对河流水沙的影响。结果表明:1965—2019年漓江流域上游气温呈显著增加趋势,降水量、径流量、输沙量未呈现显著增加或减少趋势,同时期NDVI呈上升趋势,但土地利用结构未发生明显变化,仍以林地、耕地为主。漓江上游气温未出现突变点,降水量与径流量于1991年发生突变,1992—2019年漓江上游NDVI平均值显著高于突变前的1981—1991年,耕地面积平均值与林地面积平均值显著低于突变前的1981—1991年;输沙量于2003年发生突变,2004—2019年漓江上游NDVI平均值与建设用地面积平均值显著高于1981—2003年。降水对径流改变的贡献率为56.30%,降水量-径流量关系并未在突变点前后发生改变。降水量对输沙量改变的贡献率为-12.67%,降水量-输沙量关系在突变后发生改变。

Integrated simulation and assessment of water quantity and quality for a river under changing environmental conditions

The water cycle and water resources within river basins under changing environmental conditions undergo profound changes, which have significant effects on the water environment of the river. Owing to the water resources demanded for economic and social development, water quantity and quality are becoming the core constraints of water resources development and utilization. In this paper, the dual attributes of water resources, progress into research regarding water quantity and quality joint assessment and simulation and the shortcomings associated with these techniques are summarized and described with respect to water quantity and quality. The results indicated that under the current environmental conditions, the method used for traditional water quality assessment of single water bodies cannot meet the requirements for water resources management. Moreover, a coupled hydrodynamic and water quality numerical model for river networks and lakes that applies to the river water environment system was developed for the river network flow and pollutant migration and transformation process and validated. This validation revealed that the error between the simulated values calculated by the model and the monitored values was small, meeting the application requirements and realizing the integrated and dynamic simulation of water quantity and quality of the river water environmental system. On this basis, the integrated simulation model was applied to the Luanhe River Basin.

乌东德水电站尾水集鱼平台集鱼效果影响因素分析

为研究乌东德水电站尾水集鱼平台集鱼效果与诱鱼措施、下游水文要素等影响因素之间的关系,通过分析2021年4~10月乌东德水电站右岸尾水集鱼平台运行数据以及同期水文数据,采用数据对比分析法初步提出了水文指标变化与集鱼效果之间的趋势关系。数据分析显示:金沙江中游江段投放肉食型饵料诱鱼增益效果更好;6~7月开启灯光诱鱼,可显著提升光照敏感鱼类的收集率;短时间的下泄流量增加对刺激鱼类洄游,增加集鱼数量没有明显作用,而超过5 d以上连续的下泄流量增加可以刺激鱼类洄游,提升集鱼数量。研究成果可为优化金沙江中游水电站生态调度以及提升集鱼系统集鱼效率提供支撑。

三峡水库运行后汉口—九江河段水位变化特征及成因

大型水库的修建引起坝下游的水位调整,进而对河势、航运、防洪及生态等产生显著影响。为探究汉口—九江河段水位变化特征及成因,采用M-K分析法分析1988—2022年汉口、黄石港和九江站的水位变化趋势,并使用基于距平残差的水位变幅分析方法和一维水动力模型,分析河道冲淤、下游水位和阻力变化对不同特征流量下水位变化的影响。研究结果表明:①三峡成库前,除九江站枯水位呈显著性下降趋势,各级流量下的水位均没有显著性变化趋势。②三峡成库后,九江站的水位变化趋势与建库前相同;汉口站、黄石港站在12000 m^(3)/s和20000 m^(3)/s下的水位呈显著性下降趋势,12000 m^(3)/s时降幅分别为0.072、0.045 m/a,20000 m^(3)/s时降幅分别为0.048、0.027 m/a;水位变化的临界转换流量约为30000 m^(3)/s,在该流量附近水位未出现明显变化;当流量大于30000 m^(3)/s时,水位呈非显著性上升趋势,45000 m^(3)/s下的升幅分别为0.037、0.049 m/a。③临界转换流量以下水位下降的主导作用为河道冲刷,临界流量附近的水位未出现明显变化源于阻力增大作用接近抵消了河道冲刷的影响,临界转换流量以上的水位上升源于阻力增大作用更加明显,个别年份的洪水位上升显著源于下游水位顶托作用明显。

羊信江流域水沙变化特征及其影响因素

为深入研究水沙变化对流域生态修复和经济可持续发展的影响,利用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验法、Pettitt突变检验法、Spearman秩相关系数法、累积量斜率变化率比较法对赣江上游羊信江流域1964—2020年的降雨量、径流量和输沙量的变化特征及其贡献率进行分析,确定影响流域输沙量变化的主要因素。结果表明:①羊信江流域在1964—2020年年降雨量和年径流量无显著变化,年输沙量呈显著增加趋势;②降雨量、径流量及输沙量年内分配不均,均多集中在汛期(3—6月份);③年降雨量、年径流量均未发生显著突变,年输沙量在1995年发生显著突变(P<0.01);④降雨和人类活动对输沙量增加的贡献率分别为-0.35%、100.35%。以稀土矿开采、脐橙种植、跨河公路修建为主的人类活动是导致羊信江流域水土流失的重要原因。研究成果对流域种植结构调整及矿产资源绿色开放具有重要的指导意义。

湖泊与河流水文连通量化计算模型及其应用

湖泊与河流水文连通的量化是指导河湖保护与治理的关键之一,也是当前河湖生态复苏研究的热点问题。本文提出了一种湖泊与河流水文连通的量化计算模型,仅需少量实测或水动力模拟数据进行校验,即可量化计算单一或多个连通水道的河湖水文连通度。水位变化率与水位是决定水文连通的主控因子,水体交换强度与水位变化率呈线性正相关,且其增长速率与水位呈正相关。提出的水体交换流量计算方法可估算湖泊与长江水体交换流量。同等水位及水位变化率条件下,湖泊向长江输出水流的效率大于长江向湖泊灌入水流的效率。水文连通度峰值一般出现在整体上升或下降区间内的变异点,通过改变水位抬升或下降过程,可有效提升水文连通度均值及峰值,指导面向湖泊水生态环境改善的生态调度等。

不同灌溉量对矮化密植苹果树生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响

【目的】研究不同滴灌量对苹果生理特性和苹果产量及品质的影响。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区的矮化密植苹果树为研究对象,设置3种滴灌量处理,即:低水W 1(灌溉定额为216 m^(3)/667m^(2));中水W_(2)(灌溉定额为249 m^(3)/667m^(2));高水W_(3)(灌溉定额为282 m^(3)/667m^(2));漫灌为CK(灌溉定额为750 m^(3)/667m^(2))。利用TDP插针式茎流仪测定苹果树茎流速率、Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定叶片光合参数、HOBO小型气象站采集气象数据、ECH_(2) O水分探头测定-20、-40、-60和-80 cm土壤含水量;测定苹果产量指标(单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数)和品质指标(可溶性糖、总酸、K、Ca、Na、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量)。【结果】不同灌溉处理茎流速率表现为CK>W_(3)>W_(2)>W 1,不同月份平均茎流速率排序为7月>8月>6月>9月。净光合速率和蒸腾速率均随灌溉量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,W_(2)处理的水分利用效率较高。影响苹果树茎流速率的主要气象因子是太阳辐射和大气温度,30~50 cm土层是滴灌灌溉的重要区域。随灌溉量的提高,产量逐渐增加,但W_(2)、W_(3)和CK无显著差异性。灌溉水利用效率随灌溉量增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,W_(2)的灌溉水利用效率最大,较对照CK高出65.59%。W_(2)处理为最佳处理,但在干旱区可以适当多灌溉以提高其产量。【结论】新疆阿克苏地区矮化密植苹果树最佳灌溉处理为W_(2)处理,灌溉定额为249 m^(3)/667m^(2),全年灌溉次数为11次,7月蒸发量较大应及时灌溉。

沈阳经济技术开发区饮用水水源地综合评价研究

饮用水水源地是一个地区的重要生态屏障,沈阳经济技术开发区工业快速发展,城市规模增大,人口增长,对水资源需求日益增加。运用水文地质钻探等手段对作为饮用水水源的地下水进行了供水水文地质的全面调查和资源评估,详细研究了水源地的水文地质环境,包括含水岩组在空间上的分布特性、含水层相互之间的水力相互作用及其水文参量等。查明水源地的水文地质条件后,进行沈阳经济技术开发区饮用水水源地综合评价,并提出相关建议,为合理开采及保护地下水资源,满足不断增长的城市需求,制定可靠的供水计划和保障饮用水安全提供重要数据支持,确保环境可持续性发展。

疫情影响下长沙市某污水处理厂水量水质统计分析

为保障城市污水处理厂的安全运行和达标排放,文中选取长沙市某污水处理厂近6年进水水量和进出水水质数据进行统计和分析。结果表明:该污水处理厂的日均进水量在2018年—2023年3月近6年期间,于2020年达到最低,主要是受2020年年初新冠疫情所采取的封控措施影响;当年的进水水质受疫情和降雨量的双重影响,除2022年外,2020年BOD_(5)、COD_(Cr)和SS浓度较其他年份均大幅下降,而氨氮、TN和TP浓度降低相对较小。2022年进水BOD_(5)和SS低于其他年份可能是受2022年相对严重的疫情和干旱天气的影响,管道中污染物沉积进行厌氧水解导致。以疫情初始的2020年数据为研究对象,该年内各水质指标的进水浓度波动范围较大,总体上在冬季相对较高,在1月底—2月底和夏季偏低。实测出水水质浓度均达到设计出水水质标准,其中SS的去除率最高,而TN的去除率最低,改良式序列间歇反应器(MSBR)能够去除大部分的TN和氨氮。进水BOD_(5)/COD_(Cr)、BOD_(5)/TN和BOD_(5)/TP的平均值分别为0.58、4.95和46.34,1月底—2月底受疫情影响出现短暂的急剧变化,但总体进水可生化性较好、碳源充足,可采用生物除磷工艺。在碳源不足时,为保证出水达标,可考虑化学辅助除磷。研究结果可为疫情影响下类似污水处理厂的设计和运行提供参考。

配制水阳离子变化对聚合物溶液黏度的影响

聚合物溶液的黏度是影响其驱油效果的重要指标。由于水源更换导致整体水质改变,对某采油厂聚合物配制影响较大。为研究水质变化对配制聚合物溶液黏度的影响,通过检测分析某采油厂三座配制站现场水和三处水源地水质情况,以及对比现场清水与模拟水配制的聚合物溶液初始黏度及厌氧放置90天的黏度保留率,确定配制水金属阳离子含量及矿化度升高,是导致生产现场聚合物溶液黏度下降的主要原因。通过对比不同浓度金属阳离子溶液配制的聚合物溶液黏度,得出金属阳离子对现场聚合物溶液黏度的影响顺序为Fe^(2+)>Fe^(3+)>Mg^(2+)>Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)>K^(+),生产中应确保Fe^(2+)含量最高不超过0.5mg/L,Fe^(3+)含量最高不超过2mg/L。在仅考虑Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)含量的条件下,结合正交实验,确定三处水源地的来水配比约为5:1:4时,配制的聚合物溶液黏度可恢复至水质改变前的水平。

义昌江流域水质水量演变规律分析

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