To study the seismogeny process or the precursory behavior of the 1976 MS=7.0 Lijiang earthquake, we analyze the repeat gravity data with high precision from the Western Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Experiment Area (W...To study the seismogeny process or the precursory behavior of the 1976 MS=7.0 Lijiang earthquake, we analyze the repeat gravity data with high precision from the Western Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Experiment Area (WYEPEA) and the related results of geology and geophysics survey in this paper. Considering the gross errors caused by observation data and model difference, we have firstly inverted the slip distribution of the main active faults with time based on the robust Bayesian least squares estimation and multi-fault dislocation model. The re-sults show that the slip changes of the faults with time from 1990 to 1997 obviously reflect the preparation process of the Lijiang earthquake. The images of main precursor mode have the characteristic of main shock-after shock type, which is agreement to the model of coupling movement between crust density and crust deformation (DD mode of coupling movement).展开更多
The present work uses the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model(TIEGCM),under geomagnetically disturbed conditions that are closely related to the southward interplanetary magnetic field(IM...The present work uses the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model(TIEGCM),under geomagnetically disturbed conditions that are closely related to the southward interplanetary magnetic field(IMF),to investigate how the nighttime poleward wind(30°–50°magnetic latitude and 19–22 magnetic local time)responds to subauroral polarization streams(SAPS)that commence at different universal times(UTs).The SAPS effects on the poleward winds show a remarkable UT variation,with weaker magnitudes at 00 and 12 UT than at 06 and 18 UT.The strongest poleward wind emerges when SAPS commence at 06 UT,and the weakest poleward wind develops when SAPS occur at 00 UT.A diagnostic analysis of model results shows that the pressure gradient is more prominent for the developing of the poleward wind at 00 and 12 UT.Meanwhile,the effect of ion drag is important in the modulation of the poleward wind velocity at 06 and 18 UT.This is caused by the misalignment of the geomagnetic and geographic coordinate systems,resulting in a large component of ion drag in the geographically northward(southward)direction due to channel orientation of the SAPS at 06 and 18 UT(00 and 12 UT).The Coriolis force effect induced by westward winds maximizes(minimizes)when SAPS commence at 12 UT(00 UT).The centrifugal force due to the accelerated westward winds shows similar UT variations as the Coriolis force,but with an opposite effect.展开更多
Using a set of numerical experiments from 39 CMIP5 climate models, we project the emergence time for 4?C global warming with respect to pre-industrial levels and associated climate changes under the RCP8.5 greenhouse...Using a set of numerical experiments from 39 CMIP5 climate models, we project the emergence time for 4?C global warming with respect to pre-industrial levels and associated climate changes under the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas concentration scenario. Results show that, according to the 39 models, the median year in which 4?C global warming will occur is 2084.Based on the median results of models that project a 4?C global warming by 2100, land areas will generally exhibit stronger warming than the oceans annually and seasonally, and the strongest enhancement occurs in the Arctic, with the exception of the summer season. Change signals for temperature go outside its natural internal variabilities globally, and the signal-tonoise ratio averages 9.6 for the annual mean and ranges from 6.3 to 7.2 for the seasonal mean over the globe, with the greatest values appearing at low latitudes because of low noise. Decreased precipitation generally occurs in the subtropics, whilst increased precipitation mainly appears at high latitudes. The precipitation changes in most of the high latitudes are greater than the background variability, and the global mean signal-to-noise ratio is 0.5 and ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 for the annual and seasonal means, respectively. Attention should be paid to limiting global warming to 1.5?C, in which case temperature and precipitation will experience a far more moderate change than the natural internal variability. Large inter-model disagreement appears at high latitudes for temperature changes and at mid and low latitudes for precipitation changes. Overall, the intermodel consistency is better for temperature than for precipitation.展开更多
The main aim of soil monitoring system is to obtain the knowledge of the most current state and development of soil properties according to concrete threats to soil. To determine the significant changes of soil proper...The main aim of soil monitoring system is to obtain the knowledge of the most current state and development of soil properties according to concrete threats to soil. To determine the significant changes of soil properties in time, it is important to know spatial variability of concrete soil parameter for concrete site. Only those time changes of the soil parameter are significant, which exceed its spatial variability at the site. The main aim of the study has been focused on the evaluation of small-scale site heterogeneity of equilibrium soil bulk density and the integration of impact of this heterogeneity in evaluation of degradation process of soil compaction in time. As site variation coefficients have considerably varied at standard sampling with five repetitions during monitoring period, one-time detail spatial variability mapping of soil bulk density was realized at 17 repetitions on five selected monitoring sites with different soil type, texture and use. This increase in the number of sampling points helped us to specify and stabilize the values of variation coefficients (between minimum and maximum by standard sampling) as well as the extent of confidence intervals. Standard deviations at the chosen monitoring sites moved from 0.039 to 0.118 g·cm<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in topsoil and from 0.031 to 0.067 g·cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in subsoil and expressed as variation coefficient 2.9% - 9.2% and 2.0% - 4.9%, respectively. The intervals of significant time changes of soil bulk density for the sites and depths were determined on the base of its site confidence interval (95%) and uncertainty rate of its measure methodology. The time changes of bulk density values between single year-to-year sampling were overlapped by this interval of significant changes to obtain significant bulk density changes in time. This method allowed us to distinguish significant time changes in soil bulk density from insignificant ones. The bulk density value changes on the monitoring sites were significant in the range of six to nine years within observed period 2002-2014 in both depths.</span>展开更多
BACKGROUND:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common of all the motor neuron diseases and the absence of a biologic marker has made both diagnosis and tracking evolution of the disease difficult, Elect...BACKGROUND:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common of all the motor neuron diseases and the absence of a biologic marker has made both diagnosis and tracking evolution of the disease difficult, Electrodiagnostic tests play a fundamental role in quantifying pathological changes in the motor unit pool.OBJECTIVE:We assessed distal-proximal Motor Unit (MU) loss and changes using the method of motor unit number estimation (MUNE).DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING:A case-control study was performed at the Department of Neuroscience, Pisa University Medical School, Italy from December 1999 to November 2009. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 50 ALS patients were recruited, 30 males:mean age (59.6 ± 13.3) years; 20 females:mean age (63.9 ± 11.7) years; range (30-82) years; all patients had probable or definite ALS. Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited from department staffs, including 20 males and 10 females; mean age (57.7 ± 13.8) years served as controls.METHODS:MUNE was performed for both the biceps brachii and abductor digiti minimi muscles of the same side. The technique used relayed substantially on manual incremental stimulation of the motor nerve, known as the McComas technique (50 ms sweep duration, a gain of 2 mV/Div for M wave, 0.5 mV/Div for each step; filters 10-20 kHz).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:MUNE results were measured.RESULTS:Functioning MU numbers, measured by MUNE, decreased in the biceps brachii and abductor digiti minimi muscles over the entire one-year follow-up period (one assessment every three months) compared with baseline determination, the rate of MU decrease was similar in both muscles, but steeper distally.CONCLUSION:MUNE is a feasible method for ALS patients both proximally and distally to track changes over time in muscle MUs during the disease's evolution.展开更多
Based on the three-order Lagrangian equations, Hamilton's function of acceleration H^* and generalized acceleration momentum P^*α are defined, and pseudo-Hamilton canonical equations corresponding to three-order L...Based on the three-order Lagrangian equations, Hamilton's function of acceleration H^* and generalized acceleration momentum P^*α are defined, and pseudo-Hamilton canonical equations corresponding to three-order Lagrangian equations are obtained. The equations are similar to Hamilton's canonical equations of analytical mechanics in form.展开更多
A resurgent China contributes to the world. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the issues of the times and analyzes the development direction of humankind from the perspective and method of Marx...A resurgent China contributes to the world. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the issues of the times and analyzes the development direction of humankind from the perspective and method of Marxism. Further, he indicates that we must base ourselves on the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the significant changes occurring in the world that have not been seen in a century and makes a major judgment that the timing and international situation are favorable to China. Inevitably, Chinese now view themselves as equals of any other in the world, reflecting a historic change in the relations between China and the remaining world. In other words, no country can dictate terms to China. Building a powerful modern socialist country is a great goal set by the Communist Party of China(CPC). To build a great country and achieve a great cause, we must go through enormous struggle. Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy reflects on the issues of our times. Answering the questions and guiding the changes of our times, Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy is of great significance. Moreover, the CPC has remained true to socialism, and socialism has proved its worth to China.展开更多
Saudi Arabian subtropical high pressure is a major system affecting general circulation of the atmosphere of west Asia. Its annual relocation affects the relocation of other systems in the area, such as Mediterranean ...Saudi Arabian subtropical high pressure is a major system affecting general circulation of the atmosphere of west Asia. Its annual relocation affects the relocation of other systems in the area, such as Mediterranean cyclones, Sudanese low pressure areas, and west wind waves. This system is known to relocate to the south and north in response to outward solar relocation, but the reasons behind its eastern and western relocation have not been studied thoroughly. The present study examined 1000 and 850 HPa levels over the course of 66 years (1948-2015) to determine a pattern of latitudinal and longitudinal relocation of the system using synoptic maps. The research showed that, after 2008, high pressure latitudinal and longitudinal swings were larger than in previous years and the annual high pressure relocation was not in concord with the apparent motion of the sun. At the onset of autumnal moderation, the high pressure core was positioned to the north of Saudi Arabia (22° - 30° north latitude and 42° - 50° south longitude). Southern movement continued until the end of March, when the core again relocated to the north. These relocations first occurred slowly, but the northern relocation occurred very quickly from May to June, such that the core moved northward 22° to 30°. After June, the core did not relocate much until the end of September. After September, it relocated strongly south in all time periods. It was noted that high pressure over Saudi Arabia had two cores from June to September in some years;in others the high pressure core was in southwestern Iran and Iraq. In still others, a southwest to northeast high pressure tab entered Iran from the southwest (Khuzestan) and continued northward with a core forming in the northern Caspian Sea.展开更多
From November 28 to December 9,the 17th Conference of the Parties(COP17) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change takes place in Durban,South Africa.Discussions will center on what the internationa...From November 28 to December 9,the 17th Conference of the Parties(COP17) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change takes place in Durban,South Africa.Discussions will center on what the international community can do to cope with the increasingly serious climate change.In an article for China Today,Xie Zhenhua, Vice Chairman of National Development and Reform Commission,explained China’s efforts in carbon emission reduction and its stance at the upcoming conference.His edited views follow:展开更多
IN the mid- and late-1980s a debate was held in China concerning the issue of women’s employment. It was a time when economic reform involved both the management and labor force of the country’s state-rum enterprise...IN the mid- and late-1980s a debate was held in China concerning the issue of women’s employment. It was a time when economic reform involved both the management and labor force of the country’s state-rum enterprises. What the Chinese women in the workforce had experienced from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in many ways differed from our predictions about the debate. Perhaps we can make a closer analysis of the trend in Chinese women’s employment by learning the differences. Both the employment rate and the population of Chinese women in urban and rural areas have steadily grown as the economy has developed. In 1982 the Chinese workforce展开更多
In present work studied the new boundary value problem for semi linear(Power-type nonlinearities)system equations of mixed hyperbolic-elliptic Keldysh type in the multivariate dimension with the changing time directio...In present work studied the new boundary value problem for semi linear(Power-type nonlinearities)system equations of mixed hyperbolic-elliptic Keldysh type in the multivariate dimension with the changing time direction.Considered problem and equation belongs to the modern level partial differential equations.Applying methods of functional analysis,topological methods,“ε”-regularizing.and continuation by the parameter at the same time with aid of a prior estimates,under assumptions conditions on coefficients of equations of system,the existence and uniqueness of generalized and regular solutions of a boundary problem are established in a weighted Sobolev's space.In this work one of main idea consists of show that the new boundary value problem which investigated in case of linear system equations can be well-posed when added nonlinear terms to this linear system equations,moreover in this case constructed new weithged spaces,the identity between of strong and weak solutions is established.展开更多
In this series,Beijing Review will profile several "sister city" relationships between the United States and China.Washington,D.C.-based Sister Cities International facilitates the city pairings,as part of a...In this series,Beijing Review will profile several "sister city" relationships between the United States and China.Washington,D.C.-based Sister Cities International facilitates the city pairings,as part of a 50-year-old mission to promote"citizen diplomacy."Our first sister city profile is on Pasadena,California and its counterpart Xicheng District in Beijing.展开更多
We survey some recent progress in the study of stability of elliptic Harnack inequalities under form-bounded perturbations for strongly local Dirichlet forms on complete locally compact separable metric spaces.
In this paper,we propose a novel model for pricing double barrier options,where the asset price is modeled as a threshold geometric Brownian motion time changed by an integrated activity rate process,which is driven b...In this paper,we propose a novel model for pricing double barrier options,where the asset price is modeled as a threshold geometric Brownian motion time changed by an integrated activity rate process,which is driven by the convolution of a fractional kernel with the CIR process.The new model both captures the leverage effect and produces rough paths for the volatility process.The model also nests the threshold diffusion,Heston and rough Heston models.We can derive analytical formulas for the double barrier option prices based on the eigenfunction expansion method.We also implement the model and numerically investigate the sensitivities of option prices with respect to the parameters of the model.展开更多
Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining.Many of them have been already closed.Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development.It is possible to divid...Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining.Many of them have been already closed.Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development.It is possible to divide used reclamations into the forest,hydrologic,agricultural and other onesroads,etc.Their age varies from 45 years to as yet unfinished.Reclaimed areas are documented in reclamation projects.Information about age and land use determined groups of these areas to be evaluated by vegetation indices.100 areas with forest type were evaluated.Eight vegetation indices(NDVI,DVI,RVI,PVI,SAVI,MSAVI,TSAVI and EVI)were calculated and their average value in each area in 1988,1992 and 1998 Thematic Mapper data were compared.Changes over years showed close relation to precipitations of previous periods.This relation was confirmed by evaluation of forest areas situated near reclamation areas.Positive/negative changes of vegetation indices were different for different groups and different vegetation indices.An overview of results of vegetation indices is presented for individual areas whose land use comprised at least partly forest stand.Results in a 4-year period(19881992)were in many areas by many indices negative,changes in 10 years were in most areas by most vegetation indices positive.Changes,minimum values and maximum values in groups were compared.Evaluation of vegetation indices brought again various results.One vegetation index is not sufficient to prove improvement/deterioration of vegetation changes.Precipitation state before measurement should be controlled.Temporary shortage of precipitation can cause vegetation cover deterioration,which is also only temporary.The best development derived from vegetation indices evaluation was found at forest reclamation with mixed tree stand that was 1020 years old.The method was derived as a tool for post-finishing control of vegetation development of reclamations performed in several year periods.展开更多
The perceptions of fishers towards the Arrábida Marine Park,a marine protected area(MPA)in the west coast of Portugal,were studied through face-to-face interviews in two different moments of the MPA life cycle.Fi...The perceptions of fishers towards the Arrábida Marine Park,a marine protected area(MPA)in the west coast of Portugal,were studied through face-to-face interviews in two different moments of the MPA life cycle.Fishers'perceptions about the MPA and the impact it had on the fishing activity over time were identified just before the full implementation of the zoning and regulations of the management plan and 10 years later.This study aimed to investigate fishers'knowledge,acceptance and perceptions about the MPA changed with time,if support for the MPA was linked to the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity,and if fishers'perceptions about the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity match with local landings trends.Results show that although knowledge about the marine park significantly improved over time,fishers'acceptance did not.A decrease on fishers'support was not substantial but occurred.Issues such as the disagreement with regulations reinforced concerns raised during the implementation of the marine park,particularly in relation to the top-down decision-making,which commonly confers minor participation,recognition and legitimacy to fishers.Apparently,fisheries benefits were still not perceived by local fishers,though they are central for fishers'support.Further,the perceived negative impacts of the park seemed to be more related to social aspects and individual interests than to impacts on catches.Addressing adequate management,enforcement and participation of local fishers is still possible and are advocated here as to contribute to the expected socioecological outcomes and respective support,leading to the future successful performance of the Arrábida Marine Park.Assessing fishers’perceptions towards an MPA over time is central and should be included on periodical socioecological monitoring and inform an effective adaptive management.展开更多
We establish sharp functional inequalities for time-changed symmetric α-stable processes on Rd with d≥1 and α∈(0,2), which yield explicit criteria for the compactness of the associated semigroups. Furthermore, whe...We establish sharp functional inequalities for time-changed symmetric α-stable processes on Rd with d≥1 and α∈(0,2), which yield explicit criteria for the compactness of the associated semigroups. Furthermore, when the time change is defined via the special function W(x)=(1+|x|)β with β>α we obtain optimal Nash-type inequalities, which in turn give us optimal upper bounds for the density function of the associated semigroups.展开更多
About the CongressThe 18th International Systemic Congress was convened in Tokyo,Japanfrom 29th July to 2nd August 1991.It took place on the ever-green garden-like campus of the International Christian University,with...About the CongressThe 18th International Systemic Congress was convened in Tokyo,Japanfrom 29th July to 2nd August 1991.It took place on the ever-green garden-like campus of the International Christian University,with more than onehundred participants from about twenty countries and regions.Among展开更多
爱美之心,人皆有之,但研究人员发现:Individual and social attitudes to-ward what’s acceptable,and what’s beautiful,change over time,因此尽管有Survival of the Prettiest(靓者生存)的说法,在目前轰轰烈烈的“人造”美女与帅...爱美之心,人皆有之,但研究人员发现:Individual and social attitudes to-ward what’s acceptable,and what’s beautiful,change over time,因此尽管有Survival of the Prettiest(靓者生存)的说法,在目前轰轰烈烈的“人造”美女与帅哥的潮流中,是否选择plastic-surgery(整形手术)最好还是三思而行。展开更多
基金Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (101005) and the State Key Basic Research Project (G1998040703).
文摘To study the seismogeny process or the precursory behavior of the 1976 MS=7.0 Lijiang earthquake, we analyze the repeat gravity data with high precision from the Western Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Experiment Area (WYEPEA) and the related results of geology and geophysics survey in this paper. Considering the gross errors caused by observation data and model difference, we have firstly inverted the slip distribution of the main active faults with time based on the robust Bayesian least squares estimation and multi-fault dislocation model. The re-sults show that the slip changes of the faults with time from 1990 to 1997 obviously reflect the preparation process of the Lijiang earthquake. The images of main precursor mode have the characteristic of main shock-after shock type, which is agreement to the model of coupling movement between crust density and crust deformation (DD mode of coupling movement).
基金the National Science Foundation.The work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.s 41974182,41674153,41521063,41431073,41521062 and 42004135)the US NSF award AGS-1762141 and the US AFOSR MURI award FA9559-16-1-0364+1 种基金the NSF grant AGS-1452309The Spark Project at Wuhan University(2042020gf0024)also sponsors this work.
文摘The present work uses the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model(TIEGCM),under geomagnetically disturbed conditions that are closely related to the southward interplanetary magnetic field(IMF),to investigate how the nighttime poleward wind(30°–50°magnetic latitude and 19–22 magnetic local time)responds to subauroral polarization streams(SAPS)that commence at different universal times(UTs).The SAPS effects on the poleward winds show a remarkable UT variation,with weaker magnitudes at 00 and 12 UT than at 06 and 18 UT.The strongest poleward wind emerges when SAPS commence at 06 UT,and the weakest poleward wind develops when SAPS occur at 00 UT.A diagnostic analysis of model results shows that the pressure gradient is more prominent for the developing of the poleward wind at 00 and 12 UT.Meanwhile,the effect of ion drag is important in the modulation of the poleward wind velocity at 06 and 18 UT.This is caused by the misalignment of the geomagnetic and geographic coordinate systems,resulting in a large component of ion drag in the geographically northward(southward)direction due to channel orientation of the SAPS at 06 and 18 UT(00 and 12 UT).The Coriolis force effect induced by westward winds maximizes(minimizes)when SAPS commence at 12 UT(00 UT).The centrifugal force due to the accelerated westward winds shows similar UT variations as the Coriolis force,but with an opposite effect.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0602401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41421004)
文摘Using a set of numerical experiments from 39 CMIP5 climate models, we project the emergence time for 4?C global warming with respect to pre-industrial levels and associated climate changes under the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas concentration scenario. Results show that, according to the 39 models, the median year in which 4?C global warming will occur is 2084.Based on the median results of models that project a 4?C global warming by 2100, land areas will generally exhibit stronger warming than the oceans annually and seasonally, and the strongest enhancement occurs in the Arctic, with the exception of the summer season. Change signals for temperature go outside its natural internal variabilities globally, and the signal-tonoise ratio averages 9.6 for the annual mean and ranges from 6.3 to 7.2 for the seasonal mean over the globe, with the greatest values appearing at low latitudes because of low noise. Decreased precipitation generally occurs in the subtropics, whilst increased precipitation mainly appears at high latitudes. The precipitation changes in most of the high latitudes are greater than the background variability, and the global mean signal-to-noise ratio is 0.5 and ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 for the annual and seasonal means, respectively. Attention should be paid to limiting global warming to 1.5?C, in which case temperature and precipitation will experience a far more moderate change than the natural internal variability. Large inter-model disagreement appears at high latitudes for temperature changes and at mid and low latitudes for precipitation changes. Overall, the intermodel consistency is better for temperature than for precipitation.
文摘The main aim of soil monitoring system is to obtain the knowledge of the most current state and development of soil properties according to concrete threats to soil. To determine the significant changes of soil properties in time, it is important to know spatial variability of concrete soil parameter for concrete site. Only those time changes of the soil parameter are significant, which exceed its spatial variability at the site. The main aim of the study has been focused on the evaluation of small-scale site heterogeneity of equilibrium soil bulk density and the integration of impact of this heterogeneity in evaluation of degradation process of soil compaction in time. As site variation coefficients have considerably varied at standard sampling with five repetitions during monitoring period, one-time detail spatial variability mapping of soil bulk density was realized at 17 repetitions on five selected monitoring sites with different soil type, texture and use. This increase in the number of sampling points helped us to specify and stabilize the values of variation coefficients (between minimum and maximum by standard sampling) as well as the extent of confidence intervals. Standard deviations at the chosen monitoring sites moved from 0.039 to 0.118 g·cm<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in topsoil and from 0.031 to 0.067 g·cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in subsoil and expressed as variation coefficient 2.9% - 9.2% and 2.0% - 4.9%, respectively. The intervals of significant time changes of soil bulk density for the sites and depths were determined on the base of its site confidence interval (95%) and uncertainty rate of its measure methodology. The time changes of bulk density values between single year-to-year sampling were overlapped by this interval of significant changes to obtain significant bulk density changes in time. This method allowed us to distinguish significant time changes in soil bulk density from insignificant ones. The bulk density value changes on the monitoring sites were significant in the range of six to nine years within observed period 2002-2014 in both depths.</span>
基金Supported by the Italian MIUR PRIN Grant year 2006,# 2006062332_002
文摘BACKGROUND:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common of all the motor neuron diseases and the absence of a biologic marker has made both diagnosis and tracking evolution of the disease difficult, Electrodiagnostic tests play a fundamental role in quantifying pathological changes in the motor unit pool.OBJECTIVE:We assessed distal-proximal Motor Unit (MU) loss and changes using the method of motor unit number estimation (MUNE).DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING:A case-control study was performed at the Department of Neuroscience, Pisa University Medical School, Italy from December 1999 to November 2009. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 50 ALS patients were recruited, 30 males:mean age (59.6 ± 13.3) years; 20 females:mean age (63.9 ± 11.7) years; range (30-82) years; all patients had probable or definite ALS. Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited from department staffs, including 20 males and 10 females; mean age (57.7 ± 13.8) years served as controls.METHODS:MUNE was performed for both the biceps brachii and abductor digiti minimi muscles of the same side. The technique used relayed substantially on manual incremental stimulation of the motor nerve, known as the McComas technique (50 ms sweep duration, a gain of 2 mV/Div for M wave, 0.5 mV/Div for each step; filters 10-20 kHz).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:MUNE results were measured.RESULTS:Functioning MU numbers, measured by MUNE, decreased in the biceps brachii and abductor digiti minimi muscles over the entire one-year follow-up period (one assessment every three months) compared with baseline determination, the rate of MU decrease was similar in both muscles, but steeper distally.CONCLUSION:MUNE is a feasible method for ALS patients both proximally and distally to track changes over time in muscle MUs during the disease's evolution.
文摘Based on the three-order Lagrangian equations, Hamilton's function of acceleration H^* and generalized acceleration momentum P^*α are defined, and pseudo-Hamilton canonical equations corresponding to three-order Lagrangian equations are obtained. The equations are similar to Hamilton's canonical equations of analytical mechanics in form.
文摘A resurgent China contributes to the world. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the issues of the times and analyzes the development direction of humankind from the perspective and method of Marxism. Further, he indicates that we must base ourselves on the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the significant changes occurring in the world that have not been seen in a century and makes a major judgment that the timing and international situation are favorable to China. Inevitably, Chinese now view themselves as equals of any other in the world, reflecting a historic change in the relations between China and the remaining world. In other words, no country can dictate terms to China. Building a powerful modern socialist country is a great goal set by the Communist Party of China(CPC). To build a great country and achieve a great cause, we must go through enormous struggle. Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy reflects on the issues of our times. Answering the questions and guiding the changes of our times, Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy is of great significance. Moreover, the CPC has remained true to socialism, and socialism has proved its worth to China.
文摘Saudi Arabian subtropical high pressure is a major system affecting general circulation of the atmosphere of west Asia. Its annual relocation affects the relocation of other systems in the area, such as Mediterranean cyclones, Sudanese low pressure areas, and west wind waves. This system is known to relocate to the south and north in response to outward solar relocation, but the reasons behind its eastern and western relocation have not been studied thoroughly. The present study examined 1000 and 850 HPa levels over the course of 66 years (1948-2015) to determine a pattern of latitudinal and longitudinal relocation of the system using synoptic maps. The research showed that, after 2008, high pressure latitudinal and longitudinal swings were larger than in previous years and the annual high pressure relocation was not in concord with the apparent motion of the sun. At the onset of autumnal moderation, the high pressure core was positioned to the north of Saudi Arabia (22° - 30° north latitude and 42° - 50° south longitude). Southern movement continued until the end of March, when the core again relocated to the north. These relocations first occurred slowly, but the northern relocation occurred very quickly from May to June, such that the core moved northward 22° to 30°. After June, the core did not relocate much until the end of September. After September, it relocated strongly south in all time periods. It was noted that high pressure over Saudi Arabia had two cores from June to September in some years;in others the high pressure core was in southwestern Iran and Iraq. In still others, a southwest to northeast high pressure tab entered Iran from the southwest (Khuzestan) and continued northward with a core forming in the northern Caspian Sea.
文摘From November 28 to December 9,the 17th Conference of the Parties(COP17) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change takes place in Durban,South Africa.Discussions will center on what the international community can do to cope with the increasingly serious climate change.In an article for China Today,Xie Zhenhua, Vice Chairman of National Development and Reform Commission,explained China’s efforts in carbon emission reduction and its stance at the upcoming conference.His edited views follow:
文摘IN the mid- and late-1980s a debate was held in China concerning the issue of women’s employment. It was a time when economic reform involved both the management and labor force of the country’s state-rum enterprises. What the Chinese women in the workforce had experienced from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in many ways differed from our predictions about the debate. Perhaps we can make a closer analysis of the trend in Chinese women’s employment by learning the differences. Both the employment rate and the population of Chinese women in urban and rural areas have steadily grown as the economy has developed. In 1982 the Chinese workforce
文摘In present work studied the new boundary value problem for semi linear(Power-type nonlinearities)system equations of mixed hyperbolic-elliptic Keldysh type in the multivariate dimension with the changing time direction.Considered problem and equation belongs to the modern level partial differential equations.Applying methods of functional analysis,topological methods,“ε”-regularizing.and continuation by the parameter at the same time with aid of a prior estimates,under assumptions conditions on coefficients of equations of system,the existence and uniqueness of generalized and regular solutions of a boundary problem are established in a weighted Sobolev's space.In this work one of main idea consists of show that the new boundary value problem which investigated in case of linear system equations can be well-posed when added nonlinear terms to this linear system equations,moreover in this case constructed new weithged spaces,the identity between of strong and weak solutions is established.
文摘In this series,Beijing Review will profile several "sister city" relationships between the United States and China.Washington,D.C.-based Sister Cities International facilitates the city pairings,as part of a 50-year-old mission to promote"citizen diplomacy."Our first sister city profile is on Pasadena,California and its counterpart Xicheng District in Beijing.
文摘We survey some recent progress in the study of stability of elliptic Harnack inequalities under form-bounded perturbations for strongly local Dirichlet forms on complete locally compact separable metric spaces.
文摘In this paper,we propose a novel model for pricing double barrier options,where the asset price is modeled as a threshold geometric Brownian motion time changed by an integrated activity rate process,which is driven by the convolution of a fractional kernel with the CIR process.The new model both captures the leverage effect and produces rough paths for the volatility process.The model also nests the threshold diffusion,Heston and rough Heston models.We can derive analytical formulas for the double barrier option prices based on the eigenfunction expansion method.We also implement the model and numerically investigate the sensitivities of option prices with respect to the parameters of the model.
基金The project was financially supported by grant of the Czech Grant Agency GA 205/06/1037 Application of Geoinformation Technologies for Improvement of Rainfall-Runoff Relation-ships.
文摘Large areas in the Czech Republic were used for open casts of brown coal mining.Many of them have been already closed.Reclamation of them and of their dumps is the next step intheir development.It is possible to divide used reclamations into the forest,hydrologic,agricultural and other onesroads,etc.Their age varies from 45 years to as yet unfinished.Reclaimed areas are documented in reclamation projects.Information about age and land use determined groups of these areas to be evaluated by vegetation indices.100 areas with forest type were evaluated.Eight vegetation indices(NDVI,DVI,RVI,PVI,SAVI,MSAVI,TSAVI and EVI)were calculated and their average value in each area in 1988,1992 and 1998 Thematic Mapper data were compared.Changes over years showed close relation to precipitations of previous periods.This relation was confirmed by evaluation of forest areas situated near reclamation areas.Positive/negative changes of vegetation indices were different for different groups and different vegetation indices.An overview of results of vegetation indices is presented for individual areas whose land use comprised at least partly forest stand.Results in a 4-year period(19881992)were in many areas by many indices negative,changes in 10 years were in most areas by most vegetation indices positive.Changes,minimum values and maximum values in groups were compared.Evaluation of vegetation indices brought again various results.One vegetation index is not sufficient to prove improvement/deterioration of vegetation changes.Precipitation state before measurement should be controlled.Temporary shortage of precipitation can cause vegetation cover deterioration,which is also only temporary.The best development derived from vegetation indices evaluation was found at forest reclamation with mixed tree stand that was 1020 years old.The method was derived as a tool for post-finishing control of vegetation development of reclamations performed in several year periods.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the BIOMARES LIFE project(LIFE06 NAT/P/000192)the ERA-Net BiodivERsA project“BUFFER-Partially protected areas as buffers to increase the linked social-ecological resilience”,with the national funders ANR(France),FCT(Portugal),FOR-MAS and SEPA(Sweden)and RCN(Norway).C.P.would also like to acknowledge FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM(UID/AMB/50017/2019)+2 种基金through national funds.B.H.C.was supported by national funds through FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology,I.P.,in the scope of Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0038.G.Fwas supported by a PhD grant from Programas de Doutoramento FCT.I.S.was financed by a PhD grant from FCT,SFRH/BD/80771/2011This study received Portuguese national funds from FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology through the strategic project UID/Multi/04326/2019 and UID/MAR/04292/2019.
文摘The perceptions of fishers towards the Arrábida Marine Park,a marine protected area(MPA)in the west coast of Portugal,were studied through face-to-face interviews in two different moments of the MPA life cycle.Fishers'perceptions about the MPA and the impact it had on the fishing activity over time were identified just before the full implementation of the zoning and regulations of the management plan and 10 years later.This study aimed to investigate fishers'knowledge,acceptance and perceptions about the MPA changed with time,if support for the MPA was linked to the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity,and if fishers'perceptions about the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity match with local landings trends.Results show that although knowledge about the marine park significantly improved over time,fishers'acceptance did not.A decrease on fishers'support was not substantial but occurred.Issues such as the disagreement with regulations reinforced concerns raised during the implementation of the marine park,particularly in relation to the top-down decision-making,which commonly confers minor participation,recognition and legitimacy to fishers.Apparently,fisheries benefits were still not perceived by local fishers,though they are central for fishers'support.Further,the perceived negative impacts of the park seemed to be more related to social aspects and individual interests than to impacts on catches.Addressing adequate management,enforcement and participation of local fishers is still possible and are advocated here as to contribute to the expected socioecological outcomes and respective support,leading to the future successful performance of the Arrábida Marine Park.Assessing fishers’perceptions towards an MPA over time is central and should be included on periodical socioecological monitoring and inform an effective adaptive management.
文摘We establish sharp functional inequalities for time-changed symmetric α-stable processes on Rd with d≥1 and α∈(0,2), which yield explicit criteria for the compactness of the associated semigroups. Furthermore, when the time change is defined via the special function W(x)=(1+|x|)β with β>α we obtain optimal Nash-type inequalities, which in turn give us optimal upper bounds for the density function of the associated semigroups.
文摘About the CongressThe 18th International Systemic Congress was convened in Tokyo,Japanfrom 29th July to 2nd August 1991.It took place on the ever-green garden-like campus of the International Christian University,with more than onehundred participants from about twenty countries and regions.Among
文摘爱美之心,人皆有之,但研究人员发现:Individual and social attitudes to-ward what’s acceptable,and what’s beautiful,change over time,因此尽管有Survival of the Prettiest(靓者生存)的说法,在目前轰轰烈烈的“人造”美女与帅哥的潮流中,是否选择plastic-surgery(整形手术)最好还是三思而行。