Numerical Analysis of Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise Generation in a Variable Cross-Section Channel

Flow channels with a variable cross-section are important components of piping system and are widely used in variousfields of engineering.Using afinite element method and modal analysis theory,flow-induced noise,mode shapes,and structure-borne noise in such systems are investigated in this study.The results demonstrate that the maximum displacement and equivalent stress are located in the part with variable cross-sectional area.The aver-age excitation force on theflow channel wall increases with theflow velocity.The maximum excitation force occurs in the range of 0–20 Hz,and then it decreases gradually in the range of 20–1000 Hz.Additionally,as theflow velocity rises from 1 to 3 m/s,the overall sound pressure level associated with theflow-induced noise grows from 49.37 to 66.37 dB.Similarly,the overall sound pressure level associated with the structure-borne noise rises from 40.27 to 72.20 dB.When theflow velocity is increased,the increment of the structure-borne noise is higher than that of theflow-induced noise.

Influences of the Helical Strake Cross-Section Shape on Vortex-Induced Vibrations Suppression for A Long Flexible Cylinder

An experimental study on a bare flexible cylinder as well as cylinders fitted with two types of cross-sectioned helical strakes was carried out in a towing tank. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of strakes’ cross-section on the vortex-induced vibrations （VIV） suppression of a flexible cylinder. The square-sectioned and round-sectioned helical strakes were selected in the experimental tests. The uniform current was generated by towing the cylinder models along the tank using a towing carriage. The Reynolds number was in the range of 800–16000. The strain responses were measured by the strain gages in cross-flow （CF） and in-line （IL） directions. A modal analysis method was adopted to obtain the displacement responses using the strain signals in different measurement positions. The comparison of the experimental results among the bare cylinder, square-sectioned straked cylinder and round-sectioned straked cylinder was performed. The helical strakes can effectively reduce the strain amplitude, displacement amplitude, response frequencies and dominant modes of a flexible cylinder excited by VIV. And the mean drag coefficients of straked cylinders were approximately consistent with each other. In addition, the square-sectioned and round-sectioned strakes nearly share the similar VIV reduction behaviors. Sometimes, the strakes with round-section represent more excellent effects on the VIV suppression of response frequency than those with square-section.

Fabrication of High-Density Out-of-Plane Microneedle Arrays with Various Heights and Diverse Cross-Sectional Shapes

Out-of-plane microneedle structures are widely used in various applications such as transcutaneous drug delivery and neural signal recording for brain machine interface.This work presents a novel but simple method to fabricate high-density silicon(Si)microneedle arrays with various heights and diverse cross-sectional shapes depending on photomask pattern designs.The proposed fabrication method is composed of a single photolithography and two subsequent deep reactive ion etching(DRIE)steps.First,a photoresist layer was patterned on a Si substrate to define areas to be etched,which will eventually determine the final location and shape of each individual microneedle.Then,the 1st DRIE step created deep trenches with a highly anisotropic etching of the Si substrate.Subsequently,the photoresist was removed for more isotropic etching;the 2nd DRIE isolated and sharpened microneedles from the predefined trench structures.Depending on diverse photomask designs,the 2nd DRIE formed arrays of microneedles that have various height distributions,as well as diverse cross-sectional shapes across the substrate.With these simple steps,high-aspect ratio microneedles were created in the high density of up to 625 microneedles mm^(-2)on a Si wafer.Insertion tests showed a small force as low as~172μN/microneedle is required for microneedle arrays to penetrate the dura mater of a mouse brain.To demonstrate a feasibility of drug delivery application,we also implemented silk microneedle arrays using molding processes.The fabrication method of the present study is expected to be broadly applicable to create microneedle structures for drug delivery,neuroprosthetic devices,and so on.

Meniscus behaviors and capillary pressures in capillary channels having various cross-sectional geometries

A numerical study has been conducted to simulate the liquid/gas interface(meniscus) behaviors and capillary pressures in various capillary channels using the volume of fluid(VOF) method. Calculations are performed for four channels whose cross-sectional shapes are circle, regular hexagon, square and equilateral triangle and for four solid/liquid contact angles of 30°, 60°, 120° and 150°. No calculation is needed for the contact angle of 90° because the liquid/gas interface in this case can be thought to be a plane surface. In the calculations, the liquid/gas interface in each channel is assumed to have a flat surface at the initial time, it changes towards its due shape thereafter, which is induced by the combined action of the surface tension and contact angle. After experiencing a period of damped oscillation, it stabilizes at a certain geometry. The interface dynamics and capillary pressures are compared among different channels under three categories including the equal inscribed circle radius, equal area, and equal circumscribed circle radius. The capillary pressure in the circular channel obtained from the simulation agrees well with that given by the Young–Laplace equation, supporting the reliability of the numerical model. The channels with equal inscribed circle radius yield the closest capillary pressures, while those with equal circumscribed circle radius give the most scattered capillary pressures,with those with equal area living in between. A correlation is developed to calculate the equivalent radius of a polygonal channel, which can be used to compute the capillary pressure in such a channel by combination with the Young–Laplace equation.

Optimization of Cross-sectional Shapes of the Bi-2223/Ag Wires before Flat Rolling

Rolling process plays an important role in the manufacture of Bi-based high temperature superconductor tapes, and the plastic flow regularities of the superconducting wires during deformation will directly affect the ultimate quality of the tapes. In order to investigate the effect of cross-sectional shapes before fiat rolling on the performance and homogeneity of the tapes, some numerical models of Bi-2223/Ag wires with different cross-sectional shapes including circular, square, elliptical and racetrack cross-sections are constructed during the rolling process. By comparing the relative density, logarithmic strain ratio and length-width ratio on the filaments, it is revealed that Bi-2223/Ag wire with special-shaped cross-section can achieve better conductivity than the round wire, in particular, the racetrack cross-sectional wire has the second best performance among four wires. Based on material processability and experimental condition, tri-pass racetrack drawing technique is employed to optimize the process and obtain racetrack cross-sectional wire. The rolling process of Bi-2223/Ag wire with racetrack cross-section causes more intensive deformation of filaments in the center of the tape and achieves the filaments with larger length-width ratio. Also, the deformation distribution of filaments verifies the numerical results. Consequently, the racetrack drawing technique can be utilized for a reference during the mechanical processing and to increase the current transmission capacities of Bi-2223/Ag tapes.

Optimal Cross-Sectional Shape of Gas/Air Ducts

In industrial plants, ships, and buildings, a large amount of gas and air ducts are applied for equipment connection, HVAC, medium transport, and exhaust, etc. These ducts can be designed in varied cross-sectional shapes, such as round or rectangle. The author reveals through geometric calculation of the duct cross-sectional shapes and engineering experiences that the round cross-section is an optimal shape in the duct system. The round duct has the shorter perimeter than the other cross-sectional shape ducts and the stronger structure in the same working condition. The material saving of the round duct due to the shorter perimeter is quantitatively determined. In the pater, it is shown that the round duct is economically attractive. The economic analysis for the material cost saving is illustrated by an example. For a long duct system, the material and material cost savings are significant. It is suggested that the round duct in the gas and air duct system should have priority as long as the field conditions are allowed. In the paper, the material cost saving is also converted to PW, AW, and FW used for LCC economic analysis.

The recirculation flow after different cross-section shaped high-rise buildings with applications to ventilation assessment and drag parameterization

The building cross-section shape significantly affects the flow characteristics around buildings,especially the recirculation region behind the high-rise building.Eight generic building shapes including square,triangle,octagon,T-shaped,cross-shaped,#-shaped,H-shaped and L-shaped are examined to elucidate their effects on the flow patterns,recirculation length L and areas A using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)approach.The sizes and positions of the vortexes behind the buildings are found to be substantially affected by the building shapes and subsequently changing the recirculation flows.The recirculation length L is in the range of 1.6b-2.6b with an average of 2b.The maximum L is found for L-shaped building(2.6b)while the shortest behind octagon building(1.6b).The vertical recirculation area Av is in the range of 1.5b^(2)-3.2b^(2)and horizontal area Ah in 0.9b^(2)-2.2b^(2).The L,Av and Ah generally increase with increasing approaching frontal area when the wind direction changes but subject to the dent structures of the#-shaped and cross-shaped buildings.The area-averaged wind velocity ratio(AVR),which is proposed to assess the ventilation performance,is in the range of 0.05 and 0.14,which is around a three-fold difference among the different building shapes.The drag coefficient parameterized by Ah varies significantly,suggesting that previous models without accounting for building shape effect could result in large uncertainty in the drag predictions.These findings provide important reference for improving pedestrian wind environment and shed some light on refining the urban canopy parameterization by considering the building shape effect.

Analysis of the mass of behind-armor debris generated by RHA subjected to normal penetration of variable cross-section EFP

Analyzing the mass of behind-armor debris (BAD) generated by Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) subjected to normal penetration of variable cross-section Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP) is the purpose of this paper. So theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental data are combined to analyze the influence of variable cross-section characteristic on the time history of crater radius. Moreover the relationships between time history of crater radius (as well as mass of BAD) and the thickness of RHA (from 30mm to 70 mm) and the impact velocity of EFP (1650 m/s to 1860 m/s) are also investigated. The results indicate that: 1) being compared to the variable cross-section characteristic is ignored, the theoretical time history of crater radius is in better agreement with the simulation results when the variable cross-section characteristic is considered;2) being compared to the other three conditions of plug, the theoretical mass of BAD is in the best agreement with the simulation results when the shape of plug is frustum of a cone and the angle between generatrix and bottom is 45- and the axial length of mushroom is considered.

Transfer characteristics of dynamic biochemical signals in non-reversing pulsatile flows in a shallow Y-shaped microfluidic channel: signal filtering and nonlinear amplitude-frequency modulation

The transports of the dynamic biochemical signals in the non-reversing pulsatile flows in the mixing microchannel of a Y-shaped microfluidic device are ana- lyzed. The results show that the mixing micro-channel acts as a low-pass filter, and the biochemical signals are nonlinearly modulated by the pulsatile flows, which depend on the biochemical signal frequency, the flow signal frequency, and the biochemical signal transporting distance. It is concluded that, the transfer characteristics of the dynamic biochemical signals, which are transported in the time-varying flows, should be carefully considered for better loading biochemical signals on the cells cultured on the bottom of the microfluidic channel.

等速节沟道磨削用椭球砂轮设计及优化

为提高等速万向节中星形套椭圆形弧沟道的加工精度,在分析了万向节沟道结构的基础上,提出了一种椭球砂轮磨削星形套沟道的方案,针对此方案,对砂轮尺寸进行了设计计算,初步得到了椭球砂轮的基本尺寸;根据砂轮的实际磨削状态,对砂轮形状进行了结构优化,为验证优化后砂轮形状的正确性,利用UG和VERICUT软件分别对球笼沟道磨床磨削沟道的加工过程和用新型椭球砂轮磨削沟道过程进行了模拟仿真,对比仿真结果,后者误差有所减小,从理论上验证了方案的可行性。

体型参数对梯形旋流排沙渠道水力特性的影响

为明确起旋室和排沙洞体型参数对梯形旋流排沙渠道水力特性的影响,采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了各参数下旋流排沙渠道的分流比、空腔形态、压强、流速,对比分析了不同断面型式的水力特性。结果表明,增大起旋室进口宽度,或减小起旋室出口宽度、起旋室高度、排沙洞直径,均能减小梯形旋流排沙渠道的分流比;起旋室出口宽度是影响分流比的主要因素,排沙洞直径偏小会限制排沙洞内空腔的发展;增加渠道水面与排沙洞出口间的落差后可在排沙洞内形成更有利于泥沙运动的旋转水流;梯形旋流排沙渠道的水资源利用效率更高,当渠道来流量为89.6 m^(3)/h时,梯形旋流排沙渠道的分流比较矩形渠道的降低了6.6个百分点,且同一位置处的旋转水流流速更大。研究成果可为旋流排沙渠道在引水工程中的设计与应用提供参考。

体型参数对旋流排沙渠道水沙特性的影响

为明确关键体型参数对渠道和排沙洞内水沙特性的影响,在模型试验研究的基础上开展了旋流排沙渠道的水沙两相流数值模拟。结果表明:起旋室高度对截沙率影响较为显著,最大相差5.41%;排沙洞直径、倾角和起旋室出口宽度对分流比影响显著,最大相差8.13%,增大倾角后改善了原排沙洞封闭端因壁面条件影响而产生的泥沙淤积;起旋室出口宽度对渠道内水沙特性基本无影响;不同体型下旋流排沙渠道均可高效、持续排沙,截沙率均大于90%,经过起旋室后,高含沙水流从排沙洞流出,下游渠道含沙量急剧减小。

U型渠道中直角三角形量水槽体型设计

量水槽体型设计是量水槽应用于灌区的重要环节,目前尚无完善的体型设计标准可依。为解决直角三角形量水槽实际应用中的体型设计问题,提出以淹没度、壅水高度和上游弗劳德数的限制条件为标准的量水槽体型设计准则。在2种型号、3种坡度的U型渠道上,利用钢模板修建5座直角三角形量水槽进行灌区试验;建立了包含渠道坡度的流量公式,拟合了淹没阈值、壅水高度和上游弗劳德数的经验公式。研究表明:含有坡度的流量公式精度较高,平均相对误差仅为1.88%,相对误差的最大值为5.56%,相对误差在±5%范围以内的数据比例为98%;拟合得到的3个经验公式描述了淹没阈值、壅水高度和上游弗劳德数与量水槽喉口宽度之间的定量关系,可用于量水槽体型设计。基于体型设计准则和经验公式,建立了最大流量和最小流量下淹没度小于相应淹没阈值、最大流量下壅水高度小于渠道岸顶超高、最小流量下上游弗劳德数小于0.5的直角三角形量水槽体型设计方法。研究成果可为类似量水槽体型设计提供参考。

U形渠道机翼柱型量水槽水力性能分析

为了详细探究机翼柱型量水槽应用于U形渠道的量水性能,设置了4个不同的量水槽收缩比开展水力性能试验。通过对流量、收缩比和上游水位等数据进行分析,拟合出机翼柱型量水槽的流量公式。研究还对测流精度、上游佛汝德数、临界淹没度等参数进行了详细分析。试验结果表明,机翼柱型量水槽水位~流量相关性极高,相关系数R^(2)达0.998,利用试验数据拟合出的流量公式简单易用,平均流量误差约为2.47%,上游佛汝德数小于0.3,临界淹没度最高为0.887。与传统的U形渠道量水槽相比,机翼柱型量水槽的流动公式简单易用,U形渠道机翼柱型量水槽的结构为进一步研究提供了新的思路和参考。

热连轧支撑辊智能制造控制策略及应用验证

热连轧是智能制造中板材成形控制的主要工艺之一。为了提高2500 mm薄板热连轧控制精度,设计了一种面向辊间接触压力的薄板热连轧窜辊控制优化方法。在进行辊间接触压力锻压的设备上,通过设置产线分析实际工作辊磨损状态,并进行应用验证。研究结果表明:新辊形与旧辊形相比,具备更大的横向刚度,新辊形能够增强轧机抗干扰效果。应用优化控制方法能够促进磨损峰值下降,实现磨损状态均匀性提升,有助于提高热连轧设备控制精度,提高板材成形效率。

形双通道脊柱内镜技术(VBE)用于LDH伴腰椎不稳患者的临床研究

目的以常规经椎间孔椎间融合术(TLIF)为对照,分析V形双通道脊柱内镜技术(VBE)治疗腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)伴腰椎不稳的效果。方法选取2021年1月至2023年3月昆明市官渡区人民医院和上海市第十人民医院收治的102例LDH伴腰椎不稳患者,以随机分组软件分为TLIF组(予以TLIF术,n=51)、VBE组(予以VBE手术,n=51)。比较2组手术一般情况、围手术期疼痛程度(VAS评分)、手术前后腰痛与下肢痛程度(VAS评分)、腰椎稳定性(椎间隙高度、腰椎前凸角)、减压效果(硬膜囊横断面积、椎间孔面积)、功能预后及并发症情况。结果VBE组术中出血量少于TLIF组,切口长度、卧床时间、住院时间短于TLIF组(P<0.05);VBE组术后6 h、术后12 h、术后24 h、术后48 h、术后72 h的VAS评分低于TLIF组(P<0.05);术后3、6个月腰痛、下肢痛VAS评分及术后6个月椎间隙高度、腰椎前凸角、硬膜囊横断面积、椎间孔面积高于术前,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组功能预后优良率(98.04%、94.12%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);VBE组无并发症发生,TLIF组1例出现切口渗出。结论VBE与TLIF治疗LDH伴腰椎不稳患者,可增强腰椎稳定性,改善患者腰椎功能,确保安全性,而VBE切口小,可减少术中出血,降低术后早期疼痛,加快早期病情恢复。

两种河床式水电站调度曲线的分析与研究

为了分析低水头、日调节或径流式水电站的出力情况,研究适用于水电站的发电调度运行方式曲线,笔者研究分析折线形和山峰形两种出力限制曲线,对两种曲线合理性进行分析和验证,并提出应用建议。结果表明,两种曲线均可以大幅提高水电站及电网调度对短期(日内)预想出力的预测精度。两种曲线均可适用于低水头、径流式水电站在不同水头条件的调度需求,有一定借鉴意义。

引排结合多工况泵站总体布置型式探讨

泵站工程从功能上来说可分为引水和排涝两大类。某些平原圩区泵站枢纽工程要求同时具备机排、机引、自排、自引多种工况调度功能,相对于传统泵站,其具有节省投资、减少占地、管理集中等优点。引排结合泵站的设计要点和难点在于总体布置型式的选择及运行调度方案的确定。文章结合阜阳市某水系连通项目,对引排结合多工况泵站的几种总体布置方案进行了介绍及分析,设计方案均合理可行,可为其他相关的引排结合泵站设计提供思路和借鉴。

泵闸流道混凝土结构温度场三维仿真分析及温控措施优化

为解决泵闸流道异形混凝土结构容易产生温度裂缝的问题,基于航塘港南延伸整治工程的实践,依据热传导理论,建立泵闸流道混凝土结构温度场计算模型并进行三维仿真分析.针对计算成果,制定了调整冷却通水管路、调整通水参数、改进混凝土特性和施工条件以及设置后浇带的温控优化措施.对比温度场模型的计算反馈值与实测值,并检查现场混凝土实体质量,结果表明,温度场模型仿真算法可靠、温控优化措施有效,因此认为该模型可成熟地运用于后续工程施工过程.

钢龙骨木模施工技术在贯流式泵站异形流道中的应用

以钢龙骨木模施工技术在具体工程中的应用为实例,阐述该施工技术在贯流式泵站异形流道施工中的技术设计和特点,提出施工工艺流程、施工操作要点、质量控制、安全与环保措施,并通过实践运用分析,阐明该技术在贯流式泵站异形流道施工中的可行性和优越性。以期今后对该技术成果更广泛的应用和提高有所借鉴。