Research on Estimator and Testing Acquisition Schemes in Direct Sequence Spectrum Spreading Systems

Serveral methods for the pararrel acquisition of a PN sequence in a baseband direct sequence spread spectrum system are investigated. Four different kinds of schemes are considered: the optimal estimation scheme, the locally optimal estimation scheme, the optimal testing searches and the locally optimal testing scheme. In the four kinds of parallel acquisition schemes, the expressions for the probability of error are given and compared with the actual error probabilities obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. We also outline a technique that can be suboptimal because of a large amount of hardware and computation when using the parallel acquisition schemes.

New Acquisition Algorithm for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals

Aiming at improving acquisition performance for direct sequence spread spectrum （DSSS） signals, a new acquisition algorithm based on fast Fourier transform （FFT） is proposed. The code phases are parallel searched throughout the Doppler frequency domain. Since the influence of Doppler frequency errors on peak-to- average ratios of correlation power shows a pattern similar to the sinc function, it is our belief that by judging on peak-to-average ratios for different Doppler frequency errors false alarm probabilities should be lowered. Analyses have supported the underlying principle of this new algorithm. Simulation results have also indicated that the new algorithm can effectively improve the acquisition performance for DSSS signals.

Several Modulation in Direct-Sequence Spectrum-Spread Systems

Performances of BPSK, balanced quaternary modulation, dual quaternary modulation and complex quaternary modulation in direct sequence spectrum spread (DS SS) system are discussed in this paper. Based on the criterion the power of original signal is the same, it is shown that complex quaternary modulation has the best performance, and dual quaternary modulation degrades 2dB. Moreover, the frequency efficient of the two modulations is 2bit/Hz. Balanced quaternary has the same performance as BPSK with frequency efficient 1bit/Hz.

Low complexity method for spreading sequence estimation of DSSS signal in non-cooperative communication systems

It is a necessary step to estimate the spreading sequence of direct sequence spread spectrum （DSSS） signal for blind despreading and demodulation in non-cooperative communications. Two innovative and effective detection statistics are proposed to implement the synchronization and spreading sequence estimation procedure. The proposed algorithm also has a low computational complexity with only linear additions and modifications. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the algorithm performs quite well in low SNR environment, and is much better than all the existing typical algorithms with a comprehensive consideration both in performance and computational complexity.

Radar-Communication Integration Based on MSK-LFM Spread Spectrum Signal

At present, with the progress and innovation of technology, the radar communication dual function wave has become a hot research at home and abroad. Excellent integrated waveform can make full use resources of combat platform, reduce the size of equipment, and realize the actual functionality of the reality of the battle-field without affecting the radar communication func-tion. The MSK-LFM dual-function wave is a typical representative;it is based on LFM, through the MSK modulation to achieve the integration function. This paper proposes a scheme of combining the spread spectrum technology with the MSK-LFM waveform based on the previous literature. The simulation results show that the waveform envelope is more stable and the energy is more concentrated. With the introduction of spread-spectrum technology, the new waveform ambiguity function graph is much closer to the thumbtack than the traditional MSK-LFM waveform.

Non-Supervised Learning for Spread Spectrum Signal Pseudo-Noise Sequence Acquisition

An idea of estimating the direct sequence spread spectrum（DSSS） signal pseudo-noise（PN） sequence is presented. Without the apriority knowledge about the DSSS signal in the non-cooperation condition, we propose a self-organizing feature map（SOFM） neural network algorithm to detect and identify the PN sequence. A non-supervised learning algorithm is proposed according the Kohonen rule in SOFM. The blind algorithm can also estimate the PN sequence in a low signal-to-noise（SNR） and computer simulation demonstrates that the algorithm is effective. Compared with the traditional correlation algorithm based on slip-correlation, the proposed algorithm＇s bit error rate（BER） and complexity are lower.

A High Efficiency Spread Spectrum Scheme Using Approximate Orthogonal Complex Sequences

This paper presents a high efficiency spread spectrum scheme using approximate orthogonal complex (AOC) sequences. In this scheme, the 64 AOC sequences picked up from 84 complex sequences space are employed for spreading spectrum. In modulation, 6 input bits is used to select one AOC sequence, and the selected sequence is then phase-rotated by another 2 input bits. In demodulator, a complex correlator detects the transmitted AOC sequence. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has better BER performance than the existing complementary code keying (CCK) modulation scheme. For AOC, additional processing gain of 1.79dB can be obtained when the sequence length is 8.

Neural network approach to blindestimation of PN spreading sequence in lower SNR DS/SS signals

An approach based on discrete Karhunen-Loeve transformation of the DS/SS signals is proposed to estimate PN sequence in lower S/N ratio DS/SS signals. Characteristics of self-organization and principle components extraction of unsupervised neural networks are exploited adequately. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are provided to show that this approach can work well on the lower S/N ratio input signals.

Fast method for spreading sequence estimation of DSSS signal based on maximum likelihood function

To estimate the spreading sequence of the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal, a fast algorithm based on maximum likelihood function is proposed, and the theoretical derivation of the algorithm is provided. By simplifying the objective function of maximum likelihood estimation, the algorithm can realize sequence synchronization and sequence estimation via adaptive iteration and sliding window. Since it avoids the correlation matrix computation, the algorithm significantly reduces the storage requirement and the computation complexity. Simulations show that it is a fast convergent algorithm, and can perform well in low signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Narrow-band interference excision in spread-spectrum systems using new N-sigma algorithm based on fuzzy threshold

The key to narrow-band interference excision in frequency domain is to determine the excision thresh- old in direct-sequence spread-spectrum （DS-SS） systems. The excision threshold is a non-linear function related to the number and the power of interference, and attempting to get the exact relation of threshold related to the number and the power of interference is almost impossible. The N-sigma algorithm determines the excision threshold using subsection function; however, the excision threshold determined by this method is not exact. A new method to determine the threshold of N-sigma algorithm is proposed. The new method modifies the scale factor N by use of the membership function. The threshold determined by this method is consecutive and smooth, and it is closer to the fact than that of the initial N-sigma algorithm. The GPS signal and single-tone （CW） interference （that is, typical narrow-band interference） are implemented in the simulation, and the results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the new algorithm.

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Security Improvement with Encrypted Spreading Codes in a Partial Band Noise Jamming Environment

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) system is often deployed to protect wireless communication from jamming or to preclude undesired reception of the signal. Such themes can only be achieved if the jammer or undesired receiver does not have the knowledge of the spreading code. For this reason, unencrypted M-sequences are a deficient choice for the spreading code when a high level of security is required. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze vulnerability of linear feedback shift register (LFSRs) codes. Then, a new method based on encryption algorithm applied over spreading codes, named hidden frequency hopping is proposed to improve the security of FHSS. The proposed encryption security algorithm is highly reliable, and can be applied to all existing data communication systems based on spread spectrum techniques. Since the multi-user detection is an inherent characteristic for FHSS, the multi-user interference must be studied carefully. Hence, a new method called optimum pair “key-input” selection is proposed which reduces interference below the desired constant threshold.

Combinatory Spread－Spectrum Multiple－Access Based on Residue Number System：System and Performance

ＣｏｍｂｉｎａｔｏｒｙＳｐｒｅａｄ－ＳｐｅｃｔｒｕｍＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ－ＡｃｃｅｓｓＢａｓｅｄｏｎＲｅｓｉｄｕｅＮｕｍｂｅｒＳｙｓｔｅｍ：ＳｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄＰｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅＹａｎｇＬｉｅｌｉａｎｇ；ＬｉＣｈｅｎｇｓｈｕ（ＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＪｉａｏｔ...

A Neural Network Approach to Blind Estimation of PN Spreading Sequence in DS/SS Signals

In this paper, a new approach is proposed to estimate pseudo noise(PN) sequence in the lower SNR DS/SS signals blindly. This method utilizes the characteristics of self-organization, principal components analysis and extraction of unsupervised neural networks adequately, in addition to its higher-speed operation ability, successfully solve the difficult problem about PN sequence blind estimation. The theoretic analysis and experimental results show that this approach can work very well on lower SNR input signals.

基于可逆元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案

针对直接序列扩频系统伪随机(Pseudo Noise,PN)码资源有限且码索引调制系统误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于可逆的初等元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案。首先,针对PN码资源有限的问题,提出使用混沌规则的初等元胞自动机对PN码进行迭代的方案,从而实现扩展PN码的目的;其次,针对码索引调制误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种可逆元胞自动机加密的码索引调制方案,在发射端,把信息比特切割成调制比特和映射比特,并分别映射为调制符号和扩频码索引,使用对应索引的扩频码对同相分量进行扩频,同时使用可逆元胞自动机对映射比特进行加密,加密后的映射比特为调制符号的正交分量选取对应索引的扩频码进行扩频。仿真与分析结果表明,在相同频谱效率条件下,在加性高斯白噪声信道中,当误码率为10-5时,扩展码索引调制方案的误码率性能优于码索引调制和广义码索引调制方案约2~4 dB,优于非正交码移键控码索引调制方案约0.5 dB。

基于混沌序列的MIMO-OFDM雷达通信一体化波形设计

为了解决多输入多输出的正交频分复用(multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,MIMO-OFDM)雷达通信一体化信号波形由于通信信息的不确定性导致模糊函数旁瓣水平较高以及系统雷达探测能力较差的问题,提出利用混沌序列对通信信息进行直接扩频。但普通单级混沌序列具有保密性低,可用数量少,容易被破解的缺点。因此采用一种基于加权算法优化的混合型级联混沌序列对通信信息进行扩频调制,然后再通过MIMO-OFDM一体化系统进行传输。由仿真结果可知,加权后的级联混沌序列相关性和误码率性能较m序列和Gold序列更好,经此序列扩频后的一体化信号模糊函数旁瓣水平会更低,故该一体化波形雷达探测性能更佳。且混沌序列越长,信号波形雷达探测能力越好。

An underwater acoustic direct sequence spread spectrum communication system using dual spread spectrum code

With the goal of achieving high stability and reliability to support underwater point-to-point communications and code division multiple access(CDMA) based underwater networks, a direct sequence spread spectrum based underwater acoustic communication system using dual spread spectrum code is proposed. To solve the contradictions between the information data rate and the accuracy of Doppler estimation, channel estimation, and frame synchronization, a data frame structure based on dual spread spectrum code is designed. A long spread spectrum code is used as the training sequence, which can be used for data frame detection and synchronization, Doppler estimation, and channel estimation. A short spread spectrum code is used to modulate the effective information data. A delay cross-correlation algorithm is used for Doppler estimation, and a correlation algorithm is used for channel estimation. For underwater networking, each user is assigned a different pair of spread spectrum codes. Simulation results show that the system has a good anti-multipath, anti-interference, and anti-Doppler performance, the bit error rate can be smaller than 10^(-6) when the signal-to-noise ratio is larger than-10 dB, the data rate can be as high as 355 bits/s, and the system can be used in the downlink of CDMA based networks.

DS/FH信号跟踪的频率相位修正技术

直序/跳频(direct sequence/frequency hopping,DS/FH)扩频信号的跟踪受到多普勒效应和电离层效应的严重影响,使其难以应用于卫星导航的抗干扰领域。为了解决该问题,提出将递归最小二乘滤波修正的方法应用在DS/FH信号跟踪上。将处于不同通道中心频率的多普勒频率估计转化到DS/FH信号的整体中心频率进行并滤波,在频率捷变时对载波数控振荡器进行修正。根据对频率跳变前后载波相位和码相位突变的观察,实时估计电离层的电子密度,在频率捷变时修正载波相位和码相位。仿真实验证明,所提方法能够有效地消除DS/FH信号跟踪中的频率相位不连续问题,其跟踪精度与直序扩频信号度基本是相同量级。

基于圆周相关扩频信号的快速捕获改进方法

针对大多普勒频偏、低信噪比条件下长周期伪码的扩频信号捕获问题,提出了一种基于圆周相关扩频信号的快速捕获改进方法。该算法对圆周相关后的结果利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)进行频率估计,扩大了传统圆周相关法的扫频步进,使扫频步进不再受跟踪环路带宽的限制。理论分析及仿真结果表明,在信噪比为-34 dB、多普勒频率为500 kHz条件下算法可以正确地估计出伪码相位和多普勒频偏。在达到相同的灵敏度条件下,所提算法的平均捕获时间与传统的圆周相关法相比缩短了约47%,与基于FFT的并行频率搜索法相比缩短了约88%。另外,用于频率估计的FFT点数仅占圆周相关点数的1%,故额外增加的硬件资源很少。算法逻辑控制简单,尤其适用于大多普勒频偏、低信噪比及长周期伪码的卫星通信系统。

重叠加窗下卫星直序扩频通信干扰非线性抑制方法

由于离散傅里叶变换是通过对整个窗口内的信号进行频域变换,如果信号在窗口的两端产生不连续性,会导致频谱泄漏。而重叠加窗技术能够通过窗口的重叠部分来平滑信号,在不同时间窗口之间实现平滑过渡,减小频率泄漏和旁瓣效应的影响。因此,为提高通信性能,文中研究重叠加窗下卫星直序扩频通信干扰非线性抑制方法。将卫星直序扩频通信信号分成两路,通过改进升余弦窗函数,分别进行1/2重叠加窗处理;利用调制离散傅里叶变换算法变换加窗后的两路扩频通信时域信号,得到频域信号;采用自适应门限干扰检测算法非线性干扰抑制两路频域信号;由改进自适应幅度恢复非对称算法还原抑制后的频域信号,并对其进行逆变换处理,得到时域信号;按照1/2重叠加窗思想,融合两路时域信号,完成通信干扰非线性抑制。实验结果证明:该方法可有效重叠加窗处理卫星直序扩频通信时域信号,避免了旁瓣效应的影响,准确地抑制了卫星直序扩频通信干扰。

基于处理增益方法的水声直扩系统抗干扰能力研究

针对采用周期PN序列的水声直接序列扩频(DSSS)通信系统,提出基于处理增益的水声直扩系统抗干扰能力的研究方法,研究宽带干扰、部分频带干扰以及单频干扰下系统的抗干扰性能,通过仿真对直扩系统在不同干扰下的抗干扰性能进行研究分析。结果表明,直扩系统对宽带噪声干扰的处理能力有限,与非扩频系统相比,系统抗干扰性能无明显提高;直扩系统对部分频带干扰抑制作用明显,其具体效果与干扰相对信号载频的位置以及干扰带宽有关;单频干扰对直扩系统性能的影响与干扰相对信号载频的位置有关,当干扰频偏为码元带宽的整数倍时,频偏为一倍码元带宽时系统抗干扰性能最差;干扰瞄准信号载频时,3种相同功率的干扰下,系统抗单频干扰能力最强。仿真结果与试验结果一致,表明本文所提出的基于处理增益的水声直扩系统抗干扰能力研究方法的可行性与有效性,为直扩系统的抗干扰性能分析提供了新的方法与思路。