Numerical Simulation on Thermal-Electrical Characteristics and Electrode Patterns of GaN LEDs with Graphene/NiO_x Hybrid Electrode

The thermal-electrical characteristic of a GaN light-emitting diode （LED） with the hybrid transparent conductive layers （TCLs） of graphene （Gr） and NiOx is investigated by a finite element method. It is indicated that the LED with the compound TCL of 3-layer Gr and 1 nm NiOx has the best thermal-electrical performance from the view point of the maximum temperature and the current density deviation of multiple quantum wells, and the maximum temperature occurs near the n-electrode rather than p-electrode. Furthermore, to depress the current crowding on the LED, the electrode pattern parameters including p- and n-electrode length, p-electrode buried depth and the distance of n-electrode to active area are optimized. It is found that either increasing p- or n-electrode length and buried depth or decreasing the distance of n-electrode from the active area will decrease the temperature of the LED, while the increase of the n-electrode length has more prominent effect. Typically, when the n-electrode length increases to 0.8 times of the chip size, the temperature of the GaN LED with the inm NiOx/3-1ayer-Gr hybrid TCLs could drop about 7K and the current density uniformity could increase by 23.8%, compared to 0.4 times of the chip size. This new finding will be beneficial for improvement of the thermal- electrical performance of LEDs with various conductive TCLs such as NiOx/Gr or ITO/Gr as current spreading layers.

The Characteristics and Distribution Pattern of Seafloor Sinuous Pockmark Train in the Niger Delta Basin,West Africa

Objective The term ＂pockmark＂ was introduced by King and MacLean （1970） to describe small ＂circular＂ on echosounder records in Nova Scotia. described as circular, near Pockmarks are usually circular or elongated depressions, generally 10--400 m in diameter and 30-50 m in deep. Pockmarks are normally regarded to be manifestations of fluids escape through the seabed. Pockmarks are valuable features on the seafloor and are useful in constraining the hydrodynamics of sedimentary basins. Since then pockmarks have been recognized in many areas around the world. They occur predominantly in fine-grained siliciclastic depositional settings, although a few case studies have been reported in carbonate settings. In this paper we illustrate a suite of fluid escape features, discovered during the course of petroleum exploration on the West Africa continental margin （Fig. 1）. They are particularly of interest to the oil and gas industry because they could be potential indicators of deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, and fluid flow phenomena in the deep water oilfield are important for the safe and efficient exploration, development and production of hydrocarbons in the area.

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal(Bo B) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the Bo B are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the Bo B storm activity, and the "bimodal period" of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the"bimodal pattern"storm activity in the Bo B. The analysis on sea surface temperature(SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the Bo B area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones(TCs). However,the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a "two-peak"storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index(GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the Bo B storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.

Detonation Propagation Characteristics of Superposition Explosive Materials

In order to investigate detonation propagation characteristics of different charge patterns,the detonation velocities of superposition strip shaped charges made up of a detonating cord and explosives were measured by a detonation velocity measuring instrument under conditions of different ignition.The experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the maximum detonation propagation velocity depends on the explosive materials with the maximum velocity among all the explosive materials.Using detonating cord in a superposition charge can shorten detonation propagation time and improve the efficiency of explosive energy.The measurement method of detonation propagation velocity and experimental results are presented and investigated.

Assessment of traditional Chinese medicine pattern in a bleomycininduced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model: A pilot study

Objective:To initially explore traditional Chinese medicine patterns in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model.Methods:Thirty-six C57BL/6 mice were divided by the random number table method(with 12 rats per group)into three groups:a blank group,a model group,and a number 2 Feibi recipe(FBR-2)group.The pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was established by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin.The FBR-2 group was treated with FBR-2 for 4 weeks.Symptoms in the mice such as mental behavior,food/water intake,body weight,body temperature,respiratory rate,and tongue image were observed.The samples were collected on the 14th day and 28th day after modeling,and lung tissues were visually assessed and microscopically evaluated by staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson.The expression levels of hydroxyproline,interleukin(IL)-33,IL-37,tissue plasminogen activator,and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Mice in the model group were poor in spirit,less active,slow in response,showed reduced food/water intake,body temperature,and body weight,increased respiratory rate,and their tongue color had changed from light red to dark red.However,treatment with FBR-2 significantly improved these symptoms.Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen fiber deposition were observed in the lung tissues of the model group.Compared with the blank group,the levels of hydroxyproline,IL-33,and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the model group significantly increased(all P<.05),whereas that of tissue plasminogen activator significantly decreased on the 14th day and 28th day(P=.036 and P=.005,respectively).Moreover,FBR-2 improved lung inflammation and fibrinolysis imbalance and reduced collagen fiber deposition.Conclusion:To some extent,our bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model exhibited traditional Chinese medicine patterns of qi deficiency,blood stasis,and heat retention.

Analysis on Landscape Pattern in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River:Taking Zhongba County,Angren County, Rikaze City as Example

Taking Zhongba County, Angren County, Rikaze City located at the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River as landscape units , this paper studied the difference of the landscape pattern under various degrees of human disturbance in the three areas. The results showed that： the three areas all reflected the same characteristic of landscape pattern in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the natural landscapes were in the absolute dominant position. However, from Zhangba to Rikaze, with human disturbance intensity increasing, anthropogenic features of landscapes became more and more outstanding, In Zhongba, the landscape structure appeared to be simpler with coarse grains and a less rich diversity, Conversely, in Rikaze, the landscape showed a complicated shape with finer grains and a relatively richer diversity, This reflected that the impact of human activities to natural landscape behaved a gradually-growing trend from the upper reach to the middle one of Yarlung Zangbo River Basin.

Numerical simulation of nanoparticle pattern fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition

Electrospray deposition （ESD） as a patterning method of nanoparticles deposited on a substrate has attracted much attention due to several advantages over other methods. However, obtaining an optimum ESD processing condition for nanoparticle pattern relies much on trial experiments because of the lack of reliable numerical simulation. In this study, the deposition characteristics of nanoparticle generated by electrospray were investigated by using a three-dimensional Lagrangian model. Three important process parameters, including solution dielectric constant, applied voltage and surface charge density on mask were considered by fixing the geometrical parameters of the ESD device. Simulation result showed that under the condition of without a mask, the spray diameter increases with increasing solvent dielectric constant, and higher applied voltage makes the spray area wider. Controllability of focusing by changing surface charge density on the mask was confirmed： higher surface charge density on the mask results in more focused deposition. Validity of the numerical simulation developed in this study was verified by comnarison with exoerimental data.

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.