Identification and analysis of serum samples by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with characteristic ratio method and PCA for gastric cancer detection

This study aimed to explore the application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)in the rapid diagnosis of gastric cancer.The SERS spectra of 68 serum samples from gastric cancer patients and healthy volunteers were acquired.The characteristic ratio method(CRM)and principal component analysis(PCA)were used to differentiate gastric cancer serum from normal serum.Compared with healthy volunteers,the serum SERS intensity of gastric cancer patients was relatively high at 722 cm^(-1),while it was relatively low at 588,644,861,1008,1235,1397,1445 and 1586 cm^(-1).These results indicated that the relative content of nucleic acids in the serum of gastric cancer patients rises while the relative content of amino acids and carbohydrates decreases.In PCA,the sensitivity and specificity of discriminating gastric cancer were 94.1%and 94.1%,respectively,with the accuracy of 94.1%.Based on the intensity ratios of four characteristic peaks at 722,861,1008 and 1397 cm^(-1),CRM presented the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100%and 97.4%,respectively,and the accuracy of 98.5%.Therefore,the three peak intensity ratios of I_(722)/I_(861),I_(722)/I_(1008)and I_(722)/I_(1397)can be considered as biologicalfingerprint information for gastric cancer diagnosis and can rapidly and directly reflect the physiological and pathological changes associated with gastric cancer development.This study provides an important basis and standards for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.

Analytical assessment of some characteristic ratios for s-wave superconductors

We evaluate some thermodynamic quantities and characteristic ratios that describe low- and high- temperature s-wave superconducting systems. Based on a set of fundamental equations derived within the conformal transformation method, a simple model is proposed and studied analytically. After including a one-parameter class of fluctuations in the density of states, the mathematical structure of the s-wave superconducting gap, the free energy difference, and the specific heat difference is found and discussed in an analytic manner. Both the zero-temperature limit T = 0 and the subcritical temperature range T ≤ Tc are discussed using the method of successive approximations. The equation for the ratio R1, relating the zero-temperature energy gap and the critical temperature, is formulated and solved numerically for various values of the model parameter. Other thermodynamic quantities are analyzed, including a characteristic ratio R2, quantifying the dynamics of the specific heat jump at the critical temperature. It is shown that the obtained model results coincide with experimental data for low-To superconductors. The prospect of application of the presented model in studies of high-To superconductors and other superconducting systems of the new generation is also discussed.

A Testing Method for Ratio Restraint Characteristics of Differential Relay Protection of Transformers

In this paper, a method to calculate the slope of the ratio restraint characteristic of a transformer differential relay protection is proposed. The method allows using some concise but effective means to get the slope. Modulating the argument of current output from ONLLY testing equipment can make the relay protection device operate, thus, the data used for calculation would be obtained naturally after several trails. In order to make sure how effective that method could be, some experiment data is given as well.

Effects of Film Thickness and Ar/O2 Ratio on Resistive Switching Characteristics of HfOx-Based Resistive-Switching Random Access Memories

Cu/HfOx/n^＋Si devices are fabricated to investigate the influence of technological parameters including film thickness and Ar/02 ratio on the resistive switching （RS） characteristics of HfOx films, in terms of switch ratio, endurance properties, retention time and multilevel storage. It is revealed that the RS characteristics show strong dependence on technological parameters mainly by altering the defects （oxygen vacancies） in the film. The sample with thickness of 2Onto and Ar/O2 ratio of 12：3 exhibits the best RS behavior with the potential of multilevel storage. The conduction mechanism of all the films is interpreted based on the filamentary model.

Rotational Isomeric State Model of Poly(vinylidene chloride) Based Upon ab Initio Electronic Structure Calculations

The rotational isomeric state（RIS） model was constructed for poly（vinylidene chloride）（PVDC） based on quantum chemistry calculations. The statistical weighted parameters were obtained from RIS representations and ab initio energies of conformers for model molecules 2,2,4,4-tetrachloropentane（TCP） and 2,2,4,4,6, 6-hexachloroheptane（HCH）. By employing the RIS method, the characteristic ratio C∞ was calculated for PVDC. The calculated characteristic ratio for PVDC is in good agreement with experiment result. Additionally, we studied the influence of the statistical weighted parameters on C∞ by calculating δC∞/δlnw. According to the values of δC∞/δlnw, the effects of second-order Cl-CH2 pentane type interaction and C1--C1 long range interaction on C∞ were found to be important. In contrast, first-order interaction is unimportant.

Do vehicular emissions dominate the source of C6–C8 aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnel with more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the other with more than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6–C8aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08（benzene）, 0.70 ± 0.12（toluene）,0.41 ± 0.09（m,p-xylenes）, 0.16 ± 0.04（o-xylene）, 0.023 ± 0.011（styrene）, and 0.15 ± 0.02（ethylbenzene）, respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6–C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals（k OH） was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller k OH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.

On Singularity of Spline Space Over Morgan-Scott's Type Partition

Multivariate spline function is an important research object and tool in Computational Geometry. The singularity of multivariate spline spaces is a difficult problem that is ineritable in the research of the structure of multivariate spline spaces. The aim of this paper is to reveal the geometric significance of the singularity of bivariate spline space over Morgan-Scott type triangulation by using some new concepts proposed by the first author such as characteristic ratio, characteristic mapping of lines （or ponits）, and characteristic number of algebraic curve. With these concepts and the relevant results, a polished necessary and sufficient conditions for the singularity of spline space S u＋1^u （△MS^u） are geometrically given for any smoothness u by recursion. Moreover, the famous Pascal＇s theorem is generalized to algebraic plane curves of degree n≥3.