Train-induced aerodynamic characteristics of vertical sound barriers influenced by several factors

Investigations into the aerodynamic properties of vertical sound barriers exposed to high-speed operations employ computational fluid dynamics.The primary focus of this research is to evaluate the influence of train speed and the distance(D)from the track centerline under various operating conditions.The findings elucidate a marked elevation in the aerodynamic effect amplitude on sound barriers as train speeds increase.In single-train passages,the aerodynamic effect amplitude manifests a direct relationship with the square of the train speed.When two trains pass each other,the aerodynamic amplitude intensifies due to an additional aerodynamic increment on the sound barrier.This increment exhibits an approximate quadratic correlation with the retrograde train speed.Notably,the impact of high-speed trains on sound barrier aerodynamics surpasses that of low-speed trains,and this discrepancy amplifies with larger speed differentials between trains.Moreover,the train-induced aerodynamic effect diminishes significantly with greater distance(D),with occurrences of pressure coefficient(CP)exceeding the standard thresholds during dual-train passages.This study culminates in the formulation of universal equations for quantifying the influence of train speed and distance(D)on sound barrier aerodynamic characteristics across various operational scenarios.

Large scale characteristic distance between strong earthquake

The global seismicity shows a characteristic distance of about 23°. The middle deep and deep earthquakes in the European and Asian blocks concentrate on several zones which separate about 23° away from earch other. The shallow strong earthquakes ( M S≥7) form belts of over 20°, the ends of these belts are near the concentration points of middle deep and deep earthuakes. The Circular Pacific island arcs, volcanoes, shallow earthquakes, middle deep and deep earthquakes also show the characteristic distance of about 23°.

Analysis on the fault characteristics of three-phase short-circuit for half-wavelength AC transmission lines

Half-wavelength AC transmission(HWACT) is an ultra-long distance AC transmission technology, whose electrical distance is close to half-wavelength at the system power frequency. It is very important for the construction and operation of HWACT to analyze its fault features and corresponding protection technology. In this paper, the steady-state voltage and current characteristics of the bus bar and fault point and the steady-state overvoltage distribution along the line will be analyzed when a three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault occurs on an HWACT line. On this basis, the threephase fault characteristics for longer transmission lines are also studied.

Estimation of characteristic parameters in region-time-length algorithm and its application

On the basis of gap＇s temporal-spatial characteristics in and around source area before an earthquake, we propose a method to estimate characteristic parameters （characteristic distance and time） in the region-time-length （RTL） algorithm and introduce the method of correlation coefficient developed by some authors in 2006 to determine the characteristic parameters. The anomalous seismic activities before four moderately strong earthquakes occurred in the northwestern and southwestern China in recent years are studied by the two methods. The results show that the method to estimate characteristic parameters advanced in this paper is a simple one, which possesses a physical meaning and is well applicable to the four moderately strong earthquakes studied.

Micro-simulation model of two-lane freeway vehicles for obtaining traffic flow characteristics including safety condition

Unidirectional two-lane freeway is a typical and the simplest form of freeway. The traffic flow char- acteristics including safety condition on two-lane freeway is of great significance in planning, design, and manage- ment of a freeway. Many previous traffic flow models are able to figure out flow characteristics such as speed, den- sity, delay, and so forth. These models, however, have great difficulty in reflecting safety condition of vehicles. Besides, for the cellular automation, one of the most widely used microscopic traffic simulation models, its discreteness in both time and space can possibly cause inaccuracy or big errors in simulation results. In this paper, a micro-simula- tion model of two-lane freeway vehicles is proposed to evaluate characteristics of traffic flow, including safety condition. The model is also discrete in time but continu- ous in space, and it divides drivers into several groups on the basis of their preferences for overtaking, which makes the simulation more aligned with real situations. Partial test is conducted in this study and results of delay, speed, volume, and density indicate the preliminary validity of our model, based on which the proposed safety coefficient evaluates safety condition under different flow levels. It is found that the results of this evaluation coincide with daily experience of drivers, providing ground for effectiveness of the safety coefficient.

A brief discussion on the relationship between apparent stress and slip-weakening law based on the energy partition criteria

According to the representation theorem of seismic energy radiation, we know that, at any point on the fault, the instantaneous seismic radiation energy, Es, the seismic moment M0, and the apparent stress σa=μEs /M0 （μ is the shear modulus on the fault plane） should be positive values at any time during an earthquake faulting. However, we have noticed that, in recent source parameter inversion scheme for deriving the critical slip-weakening distance, the apparent stress used as a constraint condition on the fault plane could be less than zero or negative value, and the negative part was considered as dissipation energy and incorporated to the fracture energy. Although the mathematical formula in such case has no influence to the final resolution, however, the earthquake dynamic source process violates obviously the basic physical law, which could results in the overestimating of radiated seismic energy. In this study, we have proposed an alternative way to take account of the apparent stress expression based on the earthquake energy partition principle, and at the same time, we have also suggested that an additional constraint regarding to the radiation energy conservation on the fault could be added into the source parameter inversion in order to estimate the critical slip-weakening distance Dc.

Effect of pressure on the feeding characteristics of ZCuZn16Si4 alloy

The experimental and numerical simulation methods were employed to study the effect of pressure on the feeding characteristics of ZCuZn16Si4 alloy castings. The results proved that different pressures would lead to different feeding distance of riser over a suitable pressure range, and the pressure can be used to greatly improve the feeding characteristics compared with gravity casting. It should be pointed out that current porosity criteria in the numerical simulation codes cannot yet be applied well enough to predict the porosity defects of low-pressure copper alloy castings.

Characteristic Analysis of the Village and Town Structure——A Case of Jinhu County in Jiangsu Province,China

This thesis gives overview of the connotation of rural spatial structure,indicating 4 kinds of elements,namely nodus,passage,region and flow.Their spatial arrangement and interaction lead to the corresponding rural spatial structure.This thesis also offers panorama of the related theoretical progress of intra-county and rural areas,indicating that the research theories of regional spatial structure at present,mainly focus on macroscopic region or urban space,but there is shortage of researches on county spatial structure,especially microscopic rural spatial structure.On such basis,4 kinds of theoretical models and characteristics of regional spatial structure have been introduced.We build analysis index system of rural structural elements on the basis of 4 elements,and conduct rural spatial structural analysis,taking Jinhu County as an example.The result shows that rural spatial structure in Jinhu County is still at stage of nucleus-cluster development and rural system is not so sound.In addition,the passage network system of infrastructure has not taken shape,and county economy presents diseconomy of scale.The spatial interaction and association among towns in Jinhu County are weak.The characteristic analysis model of spatial structure in this research can objectively reflect regional characteristic of spatial structure.

柔性低频输电系统的故障分量特征及保护适用性分析

柔性低频输电系统由于运行频率的改变以及柔性低频换流站的控制机理,其故障特征以及对保护原理的影响较为复杂。为了分析故障分量保护原理在柔性低频输电系统中的适用性问题,基于柔性低频换流站的控制架构,建立了以故障限流为故障控制策略的双端型低频输电模型。计及该系统线路发生三相故障的控制特性,分析了不同情况下的低频故障分量阻抗特性,并推导出低频等值阻抗的量化计算式,进而从理论上分析其对传统故障分量保护元件的影响机理。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建了双端低频输电测试模型对理论分析进行仿真验证。研究结果表明:柔性低频输电系统在一定故障条件下可造成故障分量保护范围缩小,甚至使得保护元件完全失效,研究结果对于低频系统继电保护研究的开展具有一定的参考作用。

台风“苏迪罗”行进过程中沿海近地实测风场特性研究

基于厦门大嶝岛台风观测点阵列布置风速仪的现场实测,选取了1513号台风“苏迪罗”在四个不同时间段的风速风向数据,对台风行进过程中的沿海近地风场特性进行了详细分析,得到了台风中心距离观测点400 km、250 km、150 km和120 km时的沿海近地平均风速风向、风剖面、阵风因子、湍流度、湍流积分尺度和功率谱密度函数等参数,研究了各种参数同台风中心距和观测高度之间的关系,结果表明:在台风行进过程中,观测点所测风速的平均风速剖面满足对数律规律,粗糙长度z_0约为4.0 m。阵风因子和湍流度变化较为平缓,二者呈线性变化关系。三个方向上的湍流度比值约为1∶0.8∶0.45,湍流积分尺度离散性大,顺、横风向的功率谱密度函数符合von Karman谱的形式,但竖直方向不符合。该结果对深入了解台风在行进中对固定观测点的影响以及提高沿海工程结构的抗风安全性具有实际意义。

800 km客运班线事故特征及情景研究

为降低800 km以上客运班线事故潜在发生性,提高企业安全防控能力,研究分析了800 km以上客运班线事故典型特征,构建事故发生重要情景。基于2014—2020年800 km以上客运班线道路交通事故数据展开致因分析及事故易发情景研究。以人、路、环境为依据,选取关键特征构建了事故特征指标体系。利用决策树模型构建了安全风险模型,探索了运行时段、人因、天气状况、季度、事故发生地区、道路线形、路面状况、节假日情况、春运情况、公路技术等级和公路行政等系统关键因子与翻车、刮擦、碰撞、撞击固定物、追尾、坠车等事故形态间的潜在关系。剖析了事故发生时交通系统内人、路及环境等因素特征及形态,以此构建了800 km以上客运班线的事故易发情景。结果表明:运行时段、人因、天气状况是影响800 km以上客运班线事故发生的关键因子,且与季度、事故发生地区、道路线形、路面状况等因子存在多重耦合关系;节假日情况、春运情况、公路技术等级和公路行政等级不是影响800 km以上客运班线事故发生的关键因子。研究为降低800 km以上客运班线的事故潜在发生性及企业安全防控提供理论依据。未来,道路运输管理部门与道路运输企业应强化安全管理,规范驾驶员安全驾驶行为,普及事故易发情景下的防御性驾驶知识。

改进巴氏距离算法下混合级联直流输电纵联阻抗保护优化

为提高纵联保护在LCC-MMC混合级联高压直流输电系统中的鲁棒性,提出一种基于纵联阻抗和改进巴氏距离算法的高压直流输电纵联保护方案。该方案将巴氏距离算法与纵联阻抗保护相结合,对被保护线路首末两端电气量的差异进行量化,并通过量化后的数据,进行区内外故障的判定,然后基于能量函数构建了故障选极判据,保证了保护的可靠性;在此基础上,通过分形维数构建了改进的自适应滑窗,提高了保护的速动性。最后,基于Matlab与PSCAD/EMTDC平台建立了“白江工程”±800 kV LCC-MMC混合级联高压直流输电系统模型,并对所提改进后的保护方案进行验证。仿真结果表明所提保护方案能够快速可靠地判别区内外故障并正确完成故障选极,且有着较好的耐受过渡电阻能力。

基于注视特征的多因素飞行冲突探测策略研究

为研究不同空域复杂性条件下的飞行冲突探测策略,设计最小间距(MD)×汇聚角度(CA)×速度特性(SC)的被试内三因素重复测量实验方案,基于马尔科夫链的注视平稳分布概率和兴趣区注视时长分布特征,判断被试所采用的冲突探测策略并分析不同策略下的任务绩效指标。研究结果表明:在汇聚角度较大、最小间距更接近告警间隔的实验场景中,被试多采用距离-速度比(DV)策略;在汇聚角度较小、最小间距较小、航空器速度相同的实验场景中,被试多采用认知运动外推(CME)策略。多数情况下,采用CME策略判断飞行冲突的反应时更短、正确率更高。研究结果可为提高冲突探测的感知和预判能力提供参考。

创新要素集聚与城市间均衡发展:“一城独大”还是“携城发展”

随着区域协调发展战略的深入推进,以创新要素推动城市间均衡发展逐渐成为社会共识。首先从理论层面分析了创新要素集聚对城市间均衡发展的直接影响、作用路径及空间效应,随后基于2011—2021年中国273个城市的面板数据,运用双向固定效应模型、调节路径分析模型等实证评估了创新要素集聚与城市间均衡发展的作用关系。研究发现:(1)创新要素集聚与城市间均衡发展之间存在先“一城独大”后“携城发展”的U型关系;(2)创新创业活跃度能够作为创新要素集聚影响城市间均衡发展的作用桥梁;(3)相较于不与省会、直辖市相邻城市和经济发展落后城市,省会、直辖市或与省会、直辖市相邻城市以及经济发展领先城市的创新要素集聚与城市间均衡发展的U型关系表现得更为明显;(4)创新要素集聚对城市间均衡发展的影响具有显著的空间溢出效应,且该效应存在典型的地理距离衰减特征,600km以内创新要素集聚的溢出效应较强。研究有助于识别创新要素集聚对城市间均衡发展的具体影响,能够为缩小区域发展差距、促进经济高质量发展提供有益借鉴。

施氮与种间距离下大豆/玉米带状套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响

为明确施氮和种间距离下套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响。本文以大豆/玉米带状套作系统为研究主体,探究不同氮水平(施氮与不施氮)与种间距离(玉豆间距30、45、60和75 cm、单作100 cm)下作物生长率、干物质积累与分配及产量差异,并对作物干物质积累过程进行拟合,综合分析作物生长规律和产量效益。结果表明:玉米生长率在抽雄期至乳熟期达最大,不施氮下以间距30 cm(MS30)最高,较玉米单作(MM100)高出34.99%。套作大豆生长率在初花期前显著低于单作(SS100),而初花期后高于SS100,以间距60cm(MS60)最高,盛花期—盛荚期在不施氮下较SS100高出78.91%。Logistic方程可较好的拟合玉米、大豆的干物质积累过程,且R2均在0.95以上。与不施氮相比,施氮推迟了玉米干物质积累高峰,提高了干物质积累量;套作大豆生育前期干物质积累慢于单作,而生育后期间距45cm(MS45)、MS60干物质积累逐渐与单作持平甚至超过单作。施氮提高了玉米籽粒干物质分配率而显著提高产量,2年间玉米产量分别提高10.05%、40.90%。随种间距离增加套作大豆产量呈先增后减趋势,以MS60最高,MS30最低,MS60两年间在不施氮与施氮下较MS30分别平均高出23.88%、31.77%。套作下土地当量比均在1.35以上,其中以施氮下MS60最大(1.89)。适宜的种间距离(间距60 cm)可实现套作下玉米和大豆协同生长,提高作物生长率、促进干物质积累与分配、提高系统产量和土地当量比。

白皮松固体燃料成型参数优化及燃烧特性研究

以白皮松园林修剪废弃物为原料制成固体燃料,采用响应面法对其物理特性进行多因素试验研究,分析原料含水率、温度及成型压力三因素交互作用对固体燃料密度、耐久性、抗跌碎性的影响规律;应用马氏距离法对燃料的密度、耐久性和抗跌碎性进行响应优化,并采用同步热分析仪分析白皮松燃烧特性。结果表明:在含水率6.5%~10%、温度70~100℃、压力100~130 MPa范围内燃料密度、耐久性、抗跌碎性达到1.01 g/cm^(3)、95%、98%以上,在含水率6.9%、温度84.5℃、压力130 MPa时为最佳成型参数组合;试验验证在此条件下成型的燃料密度、耐久性、抗跌碎性分别达到1.15 g/cm^(3)、98.5%和99.7%。样品在10、20、30K/min升温速率条件下综合燃烧特性指数分别为0.45、2.18、13.26×10^(-8)K^(3)/min^(2),即随升温速率的增大而增大。

兼顾连锁跳闸免疫和端部故障响应能力的距离保护Ⅲ段自适应椭圆动作特性研究

针对潮流转移引发距离保护Ⅲ段误动作的问题,提出了一种基于椭圆动作特性的保护自适应调节优化策略。分析了现有透镜形判据自适应调节所存在的问题,针对性地设计了椭圆形判据,并探讨了其整定原则。理论分析及基于PSCAD的仿真结果表明,所提策略可有效规避以距离保护Ⅲ段为代表的后备保护应对潮流转移工况时可能存在的误动作风险,且在区内短路故障时允许保护正确动作。相较于现有的自适应调节距离保护Ⅲ段保护判据,采用所提判据的保护抗过渡电阻能力得到了有效恢复。

穿河输流管道自埋特性试验研究

针对穿河输流管道易受水流冲刷破坏,导致输运介质泄露的问题,通过试验研究穿河输流管道自埋特性,观测了管道自埋过程和地形剖面特征,分析了管道自埋程度的影响因素。结果表明,在一定水力条件下,当穿河管道具有一定的初始嵌入度时,管道底部河床泥沙不会冲穿,管道反被泥沙掩埋,具有明显的自埋特性,穿河输流管道前后掩埋斜坡坡度均趋于稳定值;管后相对掩埋距离L/D随弗劳德数Fr增大而增大,随初始嵌入度e/D增大而减小。

货运停车场出口与信号交叉口合理间距计算及拥堵改善措施

货运停车场出口与相邻信号交叉口距离过短容易造成主路的交通堵塞与货车的出行困难,该问题在物流园区出入口等货车占比较大的接入口也十分常见。为探究并减小货运停车场出口出行车辆对主路交通的影响,运用排队理论,参考无信号T型交叉口交通特征,建立货运停车场出入口与相邻信号交叉口合理距离计算模型,模型考虑货车车身长度、转弯半径等货车特征,对货车占比较大的接入口有更好的适用性。在实际场景中评价出入口与相邻信号交叉口距离的合理性,并对模型有效性进行验证,结果表明:构建模型的评价结果与场景实际情况均较为吻合,且能够较好地计算出货运停车场出口与相邻信号交叉口合理距离,实际场景中不能满足合理距离要求的货运停车场出口常出现货车出行困难,主路交通拥堵等不良交通状况。研究针对实际场景中出现的不良交通状况提出了相应改善措施。研究成果可为货运停车场出口接入管理提供理论指导。

大风区接触网线路参数对附加导线舞动的影响

针对大风环境下兰新高速铁路接触网附加导线发生剧烈舞动以及线间放电的现象,依据接触网附加导线结构特点,建立了附加导线有限元计算模型,并对附加导线进行找形计算。采用谐波叠加法模拟接触网附加导线处的随机风场,并对导线模型施加风荷载,利用无条件稳定Newmark法以及荷载增量法,分析接触网线路参数对附加导线舞动及线间距离的影响规律,并给出相应的舞动防治措施。结果表明:40 m及更小档距对导线在低风速及高风速下的舞动均有明显的抑制效果;将附加导线运行张力提高至6.5 kN,导线阻尼比提高至1.5%及以上能有效降低两条导线的舞动剧烈程度;接触网附加导线的档距过大,运行张力及阻尼比过小,将导致导线舞动时悬挂点张力过大,易引起导线掉线、断线等事故;随附加导线档距减小、运行张力及阻尼比增大,线间最小距离呈递增趋势;不同线路参数下(档距、运行张力及阻尼比)附加导线舞动时线间最小距离均随风速增大出现减小趋势。本研究可为兰新高铁大风区段接触网附加导线舞动及线间放电的防治提供有效的理论依据。