A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)study of the impact characteristics and stagnation formation on a solid target surface by an abrasive waterjet at supersonic velocities is presented to understand the impact process....A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)study of the impact characteristics and stagnation formation on a solid target surface by an abrasive waterjet at supersonic velocities is presented to understand the impact process.A CFD model is developed and verified by experimental water and particle velocities and then used to simulate the jet impact process.The trends of the stagnation formation and its effect on the jet flow with respect to the jetting and impacting parameters are amply discussed.It is found that stagnation formation at the impact site increases with an increase in the impact time,nozzle standoff distance and nozzle diameter,while the initial peak velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on the size of the stagnation zone.It is shown that stagnation markedly changes the water and particle flow direction,so that the particle impact angle is varied and the jet impact area is enlarged.The jet structure may be classified to have a free jet flow region,a jet deflection region with a stagnation zone and a wall jet region.Furthermore,the stagnation affects significantly the waterjet and particle energy transferred to the target surface.The average particle velocity across the jet is reduced by approximately one third due to the damping effect of the stagnation under the conditions considered in this study.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas.A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a‘water shielding’phenomenon after the inje...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas.A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a‘water shielding’phenomenon after the injection of CO_(2).This would prevent contact between the injected gas and the residual oil,restricting the development of the miscible zone.A micro-visual experiment of dead-end models,used to observe the effect of a film of water on the miscibility process,indicates that CO_(2)can penetrate the water film and come into contact with the residual oil,although the mixing is significantly delayed.However,the dissolution loss of CO_(2)at high water-cut conditions is not negligible.The oil-water partition coefficient,defined as the ratio of CO_(2)solubility in an oil-brine/two-phase system,keeps constant for specific reservoir conditions and changes little with an injection gas.The NMR device shows that when CO_(2)flooding follows water flooding,the residual oil decreasesdnot only in medium and large pores but also in small and micro pores.At levels of higher water saturation,CO_(2)displacement is characterized initially by a low oil production rate and high water-cut.After the CO_(2)breakthrough,the water-cut decreases sharply and the oil production rate increases gradually.The response time of CO_(2)flooding at high watercut reservoirs is typically delayed and prolonged.These results were confirmed in a pilot test for CO_(2)flooding at the P1-1 well group of the Pucheng Oilfield.Observations from this pilot study also suggest that a larger injection gas pore volume available for CO_(2)injection is required to offset the dissolution loss in high water saturation conditions.展开更多
通过理论分析和试验验证研究了液压缸运动的非线性动态特征。提出弹簧刚度随活塞位移变化和工作状态不同而呈现出软硬弹簧特性的非线性弹簧力特征,其作用效果可以用有阻尼的Duffing方程来近似描述;摩擦力随速度的变化遵循Streibeck曲线...通过理论分析和试验验证研究了液压缸运动的非线性动态特征。提出弹簧刚度随活塞位移变化和工作状态不同而呈现出软硬弹簧特性的非线性弹簧力特征,其作用效果可以用有阻尼的Duffing方程来近似描述;摩擦力随速度的变化遵循Streibeck曲线,其作用效果随工作点在曲线上所处区段而异,可以用van der Pol方程来近似描述。指出液压缸低速爬行是在特定工况下的“跳跃现象”、自激振动等多重作用的结果。展开更多
基金The project was financially supported by the Australian Research Council(ARC)under the Discovery-Projects scheme.K T would like to thank the Royal Thai Government for providing a PhD scholarship for this study.
文摘A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)study of the impact characteristics and stagnation formation on a solid target surface by an abrasive waterjet at supersonic velocities is presented to understand the impact process.A CFD model is developed and verified by experimental water and particle velocities and then used to simulate the jet impact process.The trends of the stagnation formation and its effect on the jet flow with respect to the jetting and impacting parameters are amply discussed.It is found that stagnation formation at the impact site increases with an increase in the impact time,nozzle standoff distance and nozzle diameter,while the initial peak velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on the size of the stagnation zone.It is shown that stagnation markedly changes the water and particle flow direction,so that the particle impact angle is varied and the jet impact area is enlarged.The jet structure may be classified to have a free jet flow region,a jet deflection region with a stagnation zone and a wall jet region.Furthermore,the stagnation affects significantly the waterjet and particle energy transferred to the target surface.The average particle velocity across the jet is reduced by approximately one third due to the damping effect of the stagnation under the conditions considered in this study.
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas.A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a‘water shielding’phenomenon after the injection of CO_(2).This would prevent contact between the injected gas and the residual oil,restricting the development of the miscible zone.A micro-visual experiment of dead-end models,used to observe the effect of a film of water on the miscibility process,indicates that CO_(2)can penetrate the water film and come into contact with the residual oil,although the mixing is significantly delayed.However,the dissolution loss of CO_(2)at high water-cut conditions is not negligible.The oil-water partition coefficient,defined as the ratio of CO_(2)solubility in an oil-brine/two-phase system,keeps constant for specific reservoir conditions and changes little with an injection gas.The NMR device shows that when CO_(2)flooding follows water flooding,the residual oil decreasesdnot only in medium and large pores but also in small and micro pores.At levels of higher water saturation,CO_(2)displacement is characterized initially by a low oil production rate and high water-cut.After the CO_(2)breakthrough,the water-cut decreases sharply and the oil production rate increases gradually.The response time of CO_(2)flooding at high watercut reservoirs is typically delayed and prolonged.These results were confirmed in a pilot test for CO_(2)flooding at the P1-1 well group of the Pucheng Oilfield.Observations from this pilot study also suggest that a larger injection gas pore volume available for CO_(2)injection is required to offset the dissolution loss in high water saturation conditions.
文摘通过理论分析和试验验证研究了液压缸运动的非线性动态特征。提出弹簧刚度随活塞位移变化和工作状态不同而呈现出软硬弹簧特性的非线性弹簧力特征,其作用效果可以用有阻尼的Duffing方程来近似描述;摩擦力随速度的变化遵循Streibeck曲线,其作用效果随工作点在曲线上所处区段而异,可以用van der Pol方程来近似描述。指出液压缸低速爬行是在特定工况下的“跳跃现象”、自激振动等多重作用的结果。
