To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation we...To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars,laser disdrometer,ground-based automatic weather station,wind profiler radar,and Lin'an C-band dualpolarization radar,were adopted in this study.Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar,we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro-and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement,the polarization echo characteristics before,during and after enhancement,and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure.The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration,and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased.The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased,and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement.The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to-20℃due to vertical updrafts.Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement,the concentration of small raindrops(lgN_(w))showed a significant increase,and the mass-weighted diameter D_(m)value decreased,indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect.After the precipitation enhancement,the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process,while the Dm increased,corresponding to an increase in rain intensity.The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.展开更多
Using the numerical model of mixed convective-stratiform clouds(MCS)in the paper(Hong 1997)and the averaged stratification of torrential rain processes,the evolution processes, interaction of the two kinds of clouds,s...Using the numerical model of mixed convective-stratiform clouds(MCS)in the paper(Hong 1997)and the averaged stratification of torrential rain processes,the evolution processes, interaction of the two kinds of clouds,structure and the precipitation features in the MCS to produce heavy rain are simulated and studied,and the physical reasons of producing torrential rain are analysed.The results indicate that the stratiform cloud surrounding the convective cloud becomes weakened and dissipates in the developing and enhancing of the convective cloud,and the rainfall rate and water content in the stratiform cloud increase as the distance from the convective cloud becomes larger.The numerical experiments find out that the stratiform cloud provides a benificial developing environment for the convective cloud,i.e.,the saturated environment and the convergence field in the stratiform cloud help to lengthen the life cycle of the convective cloud, produce sustained rainfall with high intensity and intermittent precipitation with ultra-high intensity.These and the ice phase microphysical processes are the main factors for the torrential rain formation and the MCS is a very effective precipitation system.展开更多
In order to improve our understanding of microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six cloud and precipitation processes with different intensities during the Third Tibetan Pl...In order to improve our understanding of microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six cloud and precipitation processes with different intensities during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ) from 3 July to 25 July 2014 in Naqu region of the TP are investigated by using the high-resolution mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show unique properties of summertime clouds and precipitation processes over the TP. The initiation process of clouds is closely associated with strong solar radiative heating in the daytime, and summertime clouds and precipitation show an obvious diurnal variation. Generally, convective clouds would transform into stratiform clouds with an obvious bright band and often produce strong rainfall in midnight. The maximum cloud top can reach more than 15 km above sea level and the velocity of updraft ranges from 10 to 40 m s-1. The simulations show high amount of supercooled water content primarily located between 0 and -20℃ layer in all the six cases. Ice crystals mainly form above the level of -20℃ and even appear above the level of -40℃ within strong convective clouds. Rainwater mostly appears below the melting layer, indicating that its formation mainly depends on the melting process of precipitable ice particles. Snow and graupel particles have the characteristics of high content and deep vertical distribution, showing that the ice phase process is very active in the development of clouds and precipitation. The conversion and formation of hydrometeors and precipitation over the plateau exhibit obvious characteristics. Surface precipitation is mainly formed by the melting of graupel particles. Although the warm cloud microphysical process has less direct contribution to the formation of surface precipitation, it is important for the formation of supercooled raindrops, which are essential for the formation of graupel embryos through heterogeneous freezing process. The growth of graupel particles mainly relies on the riming process with supercooled cloud water and aggregation of snow particles.展开更多
通过对比中日合作JICA项目2010~2014年大理地基GPS反演的大气可降水量资料与同期降水数据,选取积状云、层状云和层积混合云产生的降水三类样本,分析了大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)在三类典型降水过程中的变化特征。结果...通过对比中日合作JICA项目2010~2014年大理地基GPS反演的大气可降水量资料与同期降水数据,选取积状云、层状云和层积混合云产生的降水三类样本,分析了大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)在三类典型降水过程中的变化特征。结果表明:PWV在层状云降水前有持续大幅度增长,降水趋于结束阶段,出现持续下降。PWV在积状云降雨时有快速大幅跃升,强降水时段与PWV峰值出现时间基本一致。PWV在层积混合降水中,兼具层状云和积状云时的特征,且持续处于高位运行。PWV在上述三类性质降水中表现出的异常特征可为降水的短时临近预报预警提供参考。展开更多
Acoustic interference of atmosphere has been an attractive research area because of its potential effect on environment,water resources,ecology,agriculture,and other areas.However,it is also a controversial topic beca...Acoustic interference of atmosphere has been an attractive research area because of its potential effect on environment,water resources,ecology,agriculture,and other areas.However,it is also a controversial topic because of the difficulty of quantitative assessment and high operating costs.In this study,a novel acoustic interference technology is proposed that uses strong lowfrequency sound waves.There is no chemical pollution or dependence on airborne vehicles,and it can be remotely controlled at low cost.A complete equipment system for acoustic atmospheric interference technology is established,based on which a series of experimental studies on cloud and precipitation response under acoustic action are performed,mainly including the radar echo intensity,cloud microphysical characteristics and the spatial distribution of ground rainfall intensity.The trigger and periodic effect of the acoustic waves on the cloud are proposed to be the key responses of acoustic atmospheric interference.This study is important to further research on atmosphere interference technology based on low frequency strong sound waves.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41675029)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX18_0998)+1 种基金Science and Technology Program of Huzhou(2021GZ14,2020GZ31)Science and Technology(Key)Program of Zhejiang Meteorological Service(2021ZD27)。
文摘To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars,laser disdrometer,ground-based automatic weather station,wind profiler radar,and Lin'an C-band dualpolarization radar,were adopted in this study.Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar,we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro-and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement,the polarization echo characteristics before,during and after enhancement,and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure.The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration,and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased.The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased,and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement.The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to-20℃due to vertical updrafts.Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement,the concentration of small raindrops(lgN_(w))showed a significant increase,and the mass-weighted diameter D_(m)value decreased,indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect.After the precipitation enhancement,the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process,while the Dm increased,corresponding to an increase in rain intensity.The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.
文摘Using the numerical model of mixed convective-stratiform clouds(MCS)in the paper(Hong 1997)and the averaged stratification of torrential rain processes,the evolution processes, interaction of the two kinds of clouds,structure and the precipitation features in the MCS to produce heavy rain are simulated and studied,and the physical reasons of producing torrential rain are analysed.The results indicate that the stratiform cloud surrounding the convective cloud becomes weakened and dissipates in the developing and enhancing of the convective cloud,and the rainfall rate and water content in the stratiform cloud increase as the distance from the convective cloud becomes larger.The numerical experiments find out that the stratiform cloud provides a benificial developing environment for the convective cloud,i.e.,the saturated environment and the convergence field in the stratiform cloud help to lengthen the life cycle of the convective cloud, produce sustained rainfall with high intensity and intermittent precipitation with ultra-high intensity.These and the ice phase microphysical processes are the main factors for the torrential rain formation and the MCS is a very effective precipitation system.
基金Supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund for the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment(GYHY201406001)Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019QZKK0104)
文摘In order to improve our understanding of microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six cloud and precipitation processes with different intensities during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ) from 3 July to 25 July 2014 in Naqu region of the TP are investigated by using the high-resolution mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show unique properties of summertime clouds and precipitation processes over the TP. The initiation process of clouds is closely associated with strong solar radiative heating in the daytime, and summertime clouds and precipitation show an obvious diurnal variation. Generally, convective clouds would transform into stratiform clouds with an obvious bright band and often produce strong rainfall in midnight. The maximum cloud top can reach more than 15 km above sea level and the velocity of updraft ranges from 10 to 40 m s-1. The simulations show high amount of supercooled water content primarily located between 0 and -20℃ layer in all the six cases. Ice crystals mainly form above the level of -20℃ and even appear above the level of -40℃ within strong convective clouds. Rainwater mostly appears below the melting layer, indicating that its formation mainly depends on the melting process of precipitable ice particles. Snow and graupel particles have the characteristics of high content and deep vertical distribution, showing that the ice phase process is very active in the development of clouds and precipitation. The conversion and formation of hydrometeors and precipitation over the plateau exhibit obvious characteristics. Surface precipitation is mainly formed by the melting of graupel particles. Although the warm cloud microphysical process has less direct contribution to the formation of surface precipitation, it is important for the formation of supercooled raindrops, which are essential for the formation of graupel embryos through heterogeneous freezing process. The growth of graupel particles mainly relies on the riming process with supercooled cloud water and aggregation of snow particles.
文摘通过对比中日合作JICA项目2010~2014年大理地基GPS反演的大气可降水量资料与同期降水数据,选取积状云、层状云和层积混合云产生的降水三类样本,分析了大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)在三类典型降水过程中的变化特征。结果表明:PWV在层状云降水前有持续大幅度增长,降水趋于结束阶段,出现持续下降。PWV在积状云降雨时有快速大幅跃升,强降水时段与PWV峰值出现时间基本一致。PWV在层积混合降水中,兼具层状云和积状云时的特征,且持续处于高位运行。PWV在上述三类性质降水中表现出的异常特征可为降水的短时临近预报预警提供参考。
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0403600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91847302 and 51879137)+1 种基金the Special Finance of Qinghai Provincethe State Key Laboratory of Hydro-science and Engineering(Grant No.2017-KY-04)。
文摘Acoustic interference of atmosphere has been an attractive research area because of its potential effect on environment,water resources,ecology,agriculture,and other areas.However,it is also a controversial topic because of the difficulty of quantitative assessment and high operating costs.In this study,a novel acoustic interference technology is proposed that uses strong lowfrequency sound waves.There is no chemical pollution or dependence on airborne vehicles,and it can be remotely controlled at low cost.A complete equipment system for acoustic atmospheric interference technology is established,based on which a series of experimental studies on cloud and precipitation response under acoustic action are performed,mainly including the radar echo intensity,cloud microphysical characteristics and the spatial distribution of ground rainfall intensity.The trigger and periodic effect of the acoustic waves on the cloud are proposed to be the key responses of acoustic atmospheric interference.This study is important to further research on atmosphere interference technology based on low frequency strong sound waves.
