Traceability Technology of DC Electric Energy Metering for On-Site Inspection of Chargers

The on-site inspection of high-power DC chargers results in new DC high-current measurement and DC energy traceability system requirements.This paper studies the traceability technology of electric energy value for automotive high-power DC chargers,including:(1)the traceability method of the built-in DC energy meter and shunt of the charger;(2)precision DC high current and small precision DC voltage output and measurement technology.This paper designs a 0.1 mA∼600 A DC high current measurement system and proposes a 0.005 level DC powermeasurement traceability system.The uncertainty evaluation experiment of theDC powermeasurement calibration system and the high-power DC charger’s on-site calibration experiment results verify the method’s effectiveness and feasibility in this paper.The experimental results show that the combined standard uncertainty of the DC power metering verification system can be 0.0451%.

Performance Evaluation of a Permanent Magnet Electric-Drive- Reconfigured Onboard Charger with Active Power Factor Correction

This paper presents a comprehensive charging operation for an electric-drive-reconfigured onboard charger(EDROC)with active power factor correction(APFC).The charging topology exclusively utilizes the three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)propulsion system as a three-channel boost-type converter in which only a contactor and a small diode bridge are added.First,the operation scenario of the EDROC is introduced.Second,the relationship between electromagnetic torque and rotor position is investigated.Third,the current ripple cancellation of the EDROC is discussed in detail.Moreover,to implement the single-phase APFC along with charging voltage/current regulation of propulsion battery,control strategies including current balancing and synchronous/interleaving PWM strategies are incorporated.Finally,200W proof-of-concept prototype-based tests are conducted under different operation scenarios.

Comparison among Chargers of Electric Vehicle Based on Different Control Strategies

The charger of electric vehicle is a power electronic device which consists of rectifying devices and DC-DC converters. This nonlinear diode rectifier circuit has low power factor and high harmonic content. In order to improve power factor and reduce the harmonic distortion rate of the AC side current, single-phase non-controlled rectifier charger needs to install the active power factor correction device. A piece of power system analysis software which is called PSCAD is used in modeling of an EV charger which contains Boost-APFC. By means of simulation and analysis, differences of APFC characteristics between the hysteresis current control mode and average current control mode which has an influence on the power grid are compared. The consequence of simulation shows that the two control strategies achieve power factor correction and harmonic reduction requirements;Boost type power conversion circuit employs the average current control mode is better, which has following features: relatively faster settling time of the output voltage, relatively smaller overshoot, lower current harmonic distortion rate on AC side, lower switching frequency and better control effect.

Impact Analysis of Off-board Charger to Power Quality

In this paper, we tested the entire charging process of a single off-board charger in one charging station in Beijing. Among the testing data, we chose the typical power quality parameters and compared them with national standard. Then we drew conclusions as follows: 1) Electric vehicle battery is the capacitive load. It can export reactive power when charging. 2) In the charging process of the off-board charger, indicators of voltage deviation, frequency deviation, power factor, and voltage distortion rate are qualified. 3) Off-board charger produces odd harmonics in the charging process, and with increasing harmonic order, harmonic content reduces. There is a certain amount of high-order harmonic in off-board charger, mainly distributing around 6650 kHz. 4) Generated harmonics of the actual device, the harmonic is mainly reflected in the current, voltage, only a small distortion.

Analysis of the Impact of Different PEV Battery Chargers during Faults

With a high penetration of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the electric grid, utilities will have to face the challenges related to them. Considerable research is being done to study and mitigate the impact of PEVs on the electric grid and devise methodologies to utilize them for energy storage and distributed generation. In this paper, the impact of PEVs in a smart car park, placed in an unbalanced distribution system, during a Single Line to Ground fault with auto-recloser operation is studied. Level-2, bidirectional battery chargers with Current Controlled and Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Converters are modeled for the battery charging systems of the PEVs. A smart car park, with 16 vehicles connected to each of the three phases is simulated at one of the buses in the IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder. The impacts observed during the fault are analyzed and a method to mitigate them is suggested.

Power Efficient Battery Charger by Using Constant Current/Constant Voltage Controller

The Battery Charger Specification presents solution for rechargeable batteries used in portable electronic equipment such as laptop computer systems, cellular telephones and video cameras and the demands for low cost battery chargers are rising these days without give attention for the performance. The goal of the paper was combining high efficiency and versatility with low-cost design and this paper includes the design of the snubber cell, and the components of the current/voltage control charge method. This charger applies a relatively constant current and constant voltage to the battery indefinitely regardless of the AC input rang voltage all the equations described in this paper. The design of prototype converter is verified through an experimental result.

硬汉再出击——2006款道奇Charger

作为美国第四大汽车品牌,道奇公司在克莱斯勒集团的地位可谓举足轻重。目前包括克莱斯勒在内的美国三大汽车公司业绩欠佳,市场份额不断被日韩车系所蚕食。今后道奇将不得不和克莱斯勒、吉普等品牌一起,挑起重振克莱斯勒集团雄风的重任。

笔记本照样充电 iPad充电工具AI Charger简介

如果大家手里有The New iPad的话,相信都会对这款产品高效的硬件表现和出色的摄像头拍摄效果感到满意,但这款产品的耗电量的确是相当惊人,以至于用户需要频繁地充电。不过iPad产品的充电电流达到了1A。

克莱斯勒展出4门轿车道奇Charger

戴姆勒·克莱斯勒的克莱斯勒公司日前在底特律车展2005(North American International Auto Show，2005年1月15～22日面向公众开放)上，展出了新款轿车“道奇Charger(Dodge Charger)”。该车以“克莱斯勒300C”为原型，配备排量5．7L的Ⅴ型8缸发动机。

首台西门子Charger机车亮相

2016年3月25日,美国联邦铁路主管Sarah Feinberg女士在访问西门子公司萨克拉门托工厂期间,为首台西门子美国Charger客运机车揭幕。Charger机车为4轴交流牵引机车,是首台装有满足美国环保局Tier4排放标准的Cummins公司3.28MW QSK 95柴油机的机车。

Super Charger原理及其应用分析

第三代移动通信(3G)WCDMA标准中给出了SuperCharger的概念和具体实现方法。SuperCharger概念的提出将改变目前网络中VLR临时存储数据的理念,强调用户数据的长时间保留以减少频繁增加和删除数据所带来的开销。本文将对其进行详细介绍,并通过实例分析来深入剖析优劣势和应用前景。

Design of a novel 50kW fast charger for electric vehicles

A novel 50 kW fast charger was proposed for electric vehicles. The proposed fast charger is divided into two main sections: an AC-DC converter performing a PFC function and a DC-DC converter performing a charging function. A transformer including leakage inductances was used in the AC-DC converter in order to obtain isolation and inductance. A series-connection topology was used in the DC-DC converter between the DC-bus and outlet. This topology enables high power conversion efficiency up to 95% for the DC-DC converter. In order to reduce the impact of the 50 kW charging on the AC grid, the proposed fast charger system includes a buffering battery unit between the two main power conversion units. This leads to reductions in the power installation costs of power companies and to improvements in the power quality on the AC grid. The performances of the proposed fast charger system were verified through simulations and experimental results.

High Power Density EV Integrated Fast Battery Chargers Based on the General Torque Cancelation Law for Three-Phase Motors

Integrated battery chargers are highly effective for saving costs and improving the power density of on-board chargers in electric vehicles (EVs), However, achieving torque elimination of the commonly used three-phase (3p) motors during the fast-charging process is challenging. In this paper, the general torque cancelation law applied in 3p permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and induction motors (IMs) is derived to design high power density integrated fast battery chargers. Two novel integrated systems with fast-charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are proposed based on this law. The main advantages of the proposed systems are: (1) Two filter inductors are constituted by the stator windings while charging, and only one external inductor and several contactors are supplemented to the motor-drive circuit. Therefore, the proposed integrated systems possess high power density;(2) The 3p open-winding (OW) motor is employed, with no need to modify the propulsion system or redesign the interior structure of the motor;(3) Employing an individual controller for each phase of the inner current loop control, the proposed systems realize unity power factors and low current harmonics in the fast-charging and V2G mode. Simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed topologies and control strategies.

Power Quality Improvement and Signal Conditioning of PV Array and Grid Interfaced Off-board Charger for Electric Vehicles with V2G and G2V Capabilities

In this work,we present a photovoltaic(PV)-based off-board charging system integrated with the grid using a voltage source converter(VSC).The control of the grid-tied off-board charger is derived from the joint logarithmic hyperbolic cosine robust sparse adaptive filter(JLHCAF)algorithm.This algorithm effectively tracks the fundamental component of the load current in a short duration,providing a good dynamic response.Due to its robustness against impulsive interference,the JLHCAF outperforms other sparsity-aware robust algorithms The cascaded proportional-integral(PI)controller is used to control the bidirectional buck-boost converter for electric vehicle(EV)charging/discharging,which acts in buck operation if the EV is being charged and in boost operation if it is discharged.The reference DC link voltage for the controller is derived by using adaptive MPPT technique.The bidirectional properties of the system enable various functions,including grid-to-vehicle(G2V),vehicle-to-grid(V2G),PV source-to-grid(PV2G),vehicle-to-home(V2H),and PV source-to-vehicle(PV2V)operations.Additionally,the system can supply power to critical nonlinear loads.The control strategy ensures compliance with the power quality requirements set by the IEEE standard,as demonstrated in the results.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed system,we conducted tests under dynamic conditions by disconnecting and reconnecting household loads.Furthermore,the off-board charging system was subjected to actual conditions,such as variations in solar PV insolation,and its steady-state performance was evaluated through simulation and laboratory experimental prototypes.The results,including total harmonic distortion(THD),support the validation of the developed charging system.

Evaluation of the performance of a soft X-ray charger for the bipolar charging of nanoparticles

The use of soft X-rays in a neutralizer represents an alternative technique that could replace conventional radioactive sources. In this study, we evaluated the charging characteristics of a soft X-ray aerosol neu- tralizer. In addition, the results from the evaluation of the soft X-ray charger were compared with results obtained using a neutralizer incorporating an 241 Am radioactive source. The tandem differential mobility analyzer technique was used previously to determine the size-dependent positive, negative, and neutral charge fractions of a soft X-ray neutralizer. This technique was used to show that the neutral fractions obtained using the soft X-ray charger agreed well with the predictions of bipolar diffusion charging the- ory, and that the soft X-ray charger could be used as a neutralizer for a scanning mobility particle sizer system.

Predictive control of plug-in electric vehicle chargers with photovoltaic integration

This paper presents a model predictive control(MPC) for off-board plug-in electric vehicle(PEV)chargers with photovoltaic(PV) integration using two-level four-leg inverter topology. The PEV charger is controlled by a unified controller that incorporates direct power and current MPC to dynamically control decoupled active-reactive power flow in a smart grid environment as well as to control PEV battery charging and discharging reliably. PV power generation with maximum power tracking is seamlessly integrated with the power flow control to provide additional power generation. Fast dynamic response and good steady-state performance under all power flow modes and various environmental conditions are evaluated and analyzed. From the results obtained, the charger demonstrates less than 1.5% total harmonic distortion as well as low active and reactive power ripple of less than 7% and 8% respectively on the grid for all power flow modes. The PEV battery also experiences a low charging and discharging current ripple of less than 2.5%. Therefore,the results indicate the successful implementation of the proposed charger and its control for PV integrated offboard PEV chargers.

电动公交车队规模与充电桩配置协同优化

为了保障电动公交系统的车辆能源供给和线路顺畅运营,本文在多线路与多充电站场景下考虑线路行程时间的随机性,建立面向线路层面的电动公交系统车辆与充电桩配置双层优化模型。模型以车辆和充电桩投资成本与乘客候车成本之和的最小化为目标,对各线路车队规模、各充电站充电桩数量及线路与充电站间的充电匹配关系进行优化决策。在下层模型中,为反映随机行程时间下车辆充电过程对线路运营的影响,引入顾客源有限下的多服务台排队模型来刻画固定线路与充电站匹配下的排队充电过程;在上层模型中,考虑充电站与场站容量约束,对电动公交系统的线路与充电站匹配关系进行优化。在求解方面,首先基于排队模型设计算法求解特定线路与充电站匹配下的车队规模及充电桩数量,进而利用CPLEX求解器对线路与充电站匹配关系进行优化。在实验环节,设计不同规模的算例验证本文所提双层模型与算法框架的有效性,计算结果表明,本文所提的双层模型和算法框架可在满足充电站和场站容量限制的前提下尽可能缩减车队成本、充电桩成本与乘客候车成本;相比较两种人工经验方法,本文算法可将总成本分别降低5.65%和4.54%。

集成型车载充电系统并网模式模型预测控制策略

相较于传统车载充电系统,集成型车载充电系统(integrated onboard charger system,IOCS)在成本、功率密度等方面具备显著优势。文中基于六相永磁电驱系统设计了一台IOCS,并研究了模型预测电流控制(model predictive current control,MPCC)算法在该系统并网模式下的应用。首先,分析所提IOCS的电路拓扑并建立数学模型,同时介绍传统MPCC的实施流程。然后,针对传统MPCC计算量大、稳态性能差等不足,提出一种基于占空比优化的MPCC(MPCC based on duty cycle optimization,DCO-MPCC)策略。一方面,减少备选电压矢量数量,降低电流预测环节带来的计算负担;另一方面,提出一种占空比优化技术,改善系统稳态性能。最后,通过实验验证了所提算法的有效性与优越性。实验结果表明,DCO-MPCC策略能够显著提升系统稳态性能并减少算法计算量。充电与车网互动(vehicle to grid,V2G)工况下,网侧电流总谐波畸变(total harmonic distortion,THD)分别降低6.18%与5.92%,算法运行时间减少17.54μs。

Constant frequency operation of parallel resonant converter for constant-current constant-voltage battery charger applications

This paper proposes a design and control approach to parallel resonant converter(PRC) based battery chargers.The proposed approach is particularly suitable for the constant-current constant-voltage(CC-CV)charging method, which is the most commonly utilized one.Since the PRC is operated at two different frequencies for each CC and CV charging modes, this approach eliminates the need for complicated control techniques such as the frequency-control and phase-shift-control.The proposed method not only simplifies the design and implementation processes of the converter unit but also simplifies the design of output filter configuration and decreases the number of the required components for the control of the charger.The proposed method is confirmed by two experimental setups.The results show that the designed charger circuit ensured a very stable constant current in CC charging phase, where the charging current is fixed to 1.75 A.Although a voltage increase in CV phase is observed, the charger circuit is able to decrease the charging current to 0.5 A in CV phase, as depicted in battery data-sheet.The efficiency of the charger is figured out to be in the range of 86%-93% in the first setup, while it is found to be in the range of 78%-88% in the second setup,where a high frequency transformer is employed.