Experiment Study on the Ending Criteria of Charge and Discharge of Nickel-Hydride Battery

Charge and discharge characteristics of Ni/MH batteries are investigated with experiments. During battery’s working, the voltage, capacity, temperature and internal resistance were recorded, corresponding curves were depicted. Variations of the aforementioned four parameters are differently obvious. Ending criteria of charge and discharge of Ni/MH batteries are discussed on the basis of the curves. Voltage, capacity and temperature of a battery can be used as ending criteria during charge. When discharge takes place, voltage, capacity and internal resistance can be chosen as ending criteria. As a whole, capacity is more suitable for being used as ending criteria of charge and discharge than the other three parameters. At last, the capacity of a battery is recommended to be ending criteria of charge and discharge. The conclusions will provide references to different capacity Ni/MH batteries for electric vehicles.

Microstructures and Properties of Honeycomb Sulfur/carbon Black/MoS_(2) Composites

Microstructure and property of sulfur/carbon black composites prepared by ball milling were studied.Sulfur/carbon black composites were obtained by melting the mixture of sulfur and carbon black in 155℃and dispersing evenly in carbon black after hydrothermal reaction.Thus,its conductive properties were improved.Moreover,microstructure and property of honeycomb sulfur/carbon black/MoS_(2) prepared by hydrothermal method as a cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries were studied.The initial discharge specific capacity of the material at 0.2 A/g current density is 838.495 mA·h/g,and the 55.14%after 100 weeks of cycling.It is indicated that MoS_(2) can not only combine with polysulfides through electrostatic action or the action of chemical bonds,but also honeycomb porous structure.MoS_(2) can fix polysulfides groups and prevent their shuttle.Therefore,the cycling performance of the battery is effectively improved.

Empowering the Future: Exploring the Construction and Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li . Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.

An iterative computation method for interpreting and extending an analytical battery model

Battery models are of great importance to develop portable computing systems,for whether the design of low power hardware architecture or the design of battery-aware scheduling policies.In this paper,we present a physically justified iterative computing method to illustrate the discharge,recovery and charge process of Li/Li-ion batteries.The discharge and recovery processes correspond well to an existing accurate analytical battery model:R-V-W's analytical model,and thus interpret this model algorithmically.Our method can also extend R-V-W's model easily to accommodate the charge process.The work will help the system designers to grasp the characteristics of R-V-W's battery model and also,enable to predict the battery behavior in the charge process in a uniform way as the discharge process and the recovery process.Experiments are performed to show the ac-curacy of the extended model by comparing the predicted charge times with those derived from the DUALFOIL simulations.Various profiles with different combinations of battery modes were tested.The experimental results show that the extended battery model preserves high accuracy in predicting the charge behavior.

Control System Design of CSI Applied in the Battery Pack Testing System

This paper designed the loop-locked SVPWM control system of current source inverter (CSI) in the battery pack charging/discharging system. The battery pack is sensitive to the charging/discharging current ripple and orders the current posess fast transform speed. Because the battery pack has tiny inner resistance, back electromotive force and it acted as a comparative load. This made the system hard to design. The control system aimed at the specialty of the battery pack load and put forward a loop-locked control method based on dq coordinate conversion in SVPWM converters. It increases the transform efficiency by SVPWM and gets high power factor and high dynamic response quality by dq coordinate conversion.

Research on the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Quick Charger

In order to design a new type of quick charger for NiMH battery, the new method of pulse charge discharge was adopted after studying the charge process and analyzing the NiMH battery charge characteristics. The charge and discharge experiments were carried out to check feasibility and superiority of the new method. The results indicated that with the discharge pulse added the charger can charge quickly, the battery voltage and temperature can be properly controlled to prevent the battery being destroyed, and the capacity of the NiMH battery is greater than that of the battery without the discharge pulse added.

A facile preparation of 3D flower-shaped Ni/Al-LDHs covered by β-Ni(OH)2 nanoplates as superior material for high power application

In the present study,we propose a novel electrode material ofβ-nickel hydroxide covering nickel/aluminum layered double hydroxides via a facile complexation–precipitation method.The as-obtained materials with 3-dimensional nanostructures are further utilized as highly capable electrode material in nickel–metal hydride batteries.The electrochemical test results demonstrated theβ-nickel hydroxide covering nickel/aluminum-layered double hydroxides with 28%ofβ-nickel hydroxide provided a superior specific capacity value of 452 m A·h·g-1 in a current density of 5 A·g-1 using 6 M KOH as electrolyte as compared with other materials.In addition,the optimized sample displays an outstanding cyclic stability along with a huge specific capacity value of320 m Ah·g-1,and very small decay rate of 3.3%at 50 A·g-1 after 3000 cycles of charge/discharge test.These indicate that the newly designed material with nanostructures not only provides an efficient contact interface between electrolyte and active species and facilitates the transport of electrons and ions,but also protects the 3-dimensional nickel/aluminum layered double hydroxides,achieving a high specific capacity,fast redox reaction and excellent long-term cyclic stability.Therefore,theβ-nickel hydroxide covering nickel/aluminum layered double hydroxides with superior electrochemical performance is predictable to be a gifted electrode material in nickel–metal hydride batteries.

高导电性炭材料OFB1对铅酸蓄电池负极性能的影响研究

负极活性物质的导电性对铅蓄电池的充电接受性能和深放电循环寿命有着决定性影响。本文采用一种特殊生产工艺的高导电性炭材料OFB1作为负极导电添加剂,制备出2 V/4 Ah阀控式铅酸蓄电池,并测试了不同OFB1添加量及90%-60%不同荷电状态下动态充电接受性能、50%荷电状态下17.5%DOD深放电循环寿命等相关性能,最后深入探讨了OFB1作为负极导电添加剂对电池综合性能的影响,并得出了当最佳添加量为ω（OFB1）=0.6%时,电池的综合性能最优。

LiPF6 and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate/ethylene carbonate+dimethyl carbonate+ethyl(methyl)carbonate electrolyte for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode

LiODFB electrolyte’s compatibility with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4high-voltage cathode material was studied by cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge test and AC impedance. The results show that at 25 and 60 °C, the LiODFB-based electrolyte has better electrochemical stability than LiPF6. AC impedance plots show that the LiODFB battery has a lower charge-transfer resistance than LiPF6battery at 60 °C, which indicates that LiODFB battery has excellent cycling performance at high temperature. At 25 and 60 °C, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li half cells with LiODFB or LiPF6as electrolyte all have simple redox peak, showing that each of them has an excellent reversibility. LiODFB battery has better cycle performance than LiPF6battery at 25 °C and 60 °C. At 25 °C, their 0.5C initial discharge specific capacities are 126.3 and 131.6 mA·h/g, and their capacity retention ratios of the 100th cycle are 97.1% and 94.7%, respectively. At 60 °C, their 0.5C initial discharge specific capacities are 132.6 and 129.1 mA·h/g, and their capacity retention ratios of the 100th cycle are 94.1% and 81.7%, respectively. © 2017, Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.

Analysis of 3.4 Ah lithium-sulfur pouch cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Despite great progress in lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries, the electrochemical reactions in the cell are not yet fully understood. Electrode processes, complex interfaces and internal resistance may be characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). EIS is a non-destructive technique and easy to apply, though there are challenges in ensuring the reproducibility of measurements and the interpretation of impedance data. Here, we present the impedance behavior of a 3.4 Ah Li-S pouch cell characterized by EIS. The impedance changes were analyzed over the entire depth-of-discharge, depth-of-charge,and at various temperatures. Based on the formation of intermediates during(dis)charging, the changes of resistances are observed. Overall, the increase in temperature causes a decrease in electrolyte viscosity,lowering the surface energy which can improve the penetration of the electrolyte into the electrode pores. Moreover, the effect of superimposed AC current during EIS measurement was analyzed, and the results show the dependence of the charge transfer resistance on superimposed AC current which was lower compared to steady-state conditions and consents with theory.

Effect of Properties of Carbon Materials on Performance of VRLA Batteries

In the present study, the relationship between properties of different carbon materials and their impact on performance of VRLA （valve regulated lead acid） battery was studied. The material properties undertaken for the study are： surface area, conductivity and water absorption of the carbon. The electrode morphology revealed the uniform distribution of active material when high surface area carbon was added to NAM （negative active material）. The porosity of the plate also exhibited changes with respect to type of carbon materials added. The study further revealed that, the addition of high surface area carbon （-1,400 m^2/g） improves the charge acceptance of the battery with higher loading. Further improvement in charge acceptance was observed with addition of graphite to higher surface area carbon. Nevertheless, the float current of the battery got affected due to graphite loading and found there was no impact on shelf life of the battery in all the cases. The study demonstrates the need for customized ＂carbon formulation＂ to obtain the maximum performance out of the battery.

Highly efficient charging and discharging of three-level quantum batteries through shortcuts to adiabaticity

Quantum batteries are energy storage devices that satisfy quantum mechanical principles.How to improve the battery’s performance such as stored energy and power is a crucial element in the quantum battery.Here,we investigate the charging and discharging dynamics of a three-level counterdiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage quantum battery via shortcuts to adiabaticity,which can compensate for undesired transitions to realize a fast adiabatic evolution through the application of an additional control field to an initial Hamiltonian.The scheme can significantly speed up the charging and discharging processes of a three-level quantum battery and obtain more stored energy and higher power compared with the original stimulated Raman adiabatic passage.We explore the effect of both the amplitude and the delay time of driving fields on the performances of the quantum battery.Possible experimental implementation in superconducting circuit and nitrogen–vacancy center is also discussed.

Revisiting the electrode manufacturing: A look into electrode rheology and active material microenvironment

The microstructures on electrode level are crucial for battery performance, but the ambiguous understanding of both electrode microstructures and their structuring process causes critical challenges in controlling and evaluating the electrode quality during fabrication. In this review, analogous to the cell microenvironment well-known in biology, we introduce the concept of ‘‘active material microenvironment”(ME@AM)that is built by the ion/electron transport structures surrounding the AMs, for better understanding the significance of the electrode microstructures. Further, the scientific significance of electrode processing for electrode quality control is highlighted by its strong links to the structuring and quality control of ME@AM. Meanwhile, the roles of electrode rheology in both electrode structuring and structural characterizations involved in the entire electrode manufacturing process(i.e., slurry preparation, coating/printing/extrusion, drying and calendering) are specifically detailed. The advantages of electrode rheology testing on in-situ characterizations of the electrode qualities/structures are emphasized. This review provides a glimpse of the electrode rheology engaged in electrode manufacturing process and new insights into the understanding and effective regulation of electrode microstructures for future high-performance batteries.

A novel Zn-PANI dry rechargeable battery

Conducting polyaniline (PANI) powder was well mixed with graphite and acetylene black to obtain the optimum conductivity and porosity. The mixed powder was compressed into a pellet for cathode. Zinc powder was mixed with some metal powder, and compressed into a pellet used as the anode. The electrolyte comprised ZnCl2, NH4Cl, Triton-X100 and PVA at pH 3. The battery has an open-circuit voltage of 1.44 V. The battery underwent charge-discharge cycle with a constant current density of 3 mA·cm-2, within the voltage range of 0.40-1.68 V. It is found that the capacity of the battery is related to the charge-discharge cycles, the maximum capacity is 67.9 mAh·g-1, and Coulombic efficiency is between 95% and 100%. The battery stability was also investigated after 78 d of standing without use. It is found that the battery experiences a self-discharge of less than 0.29% per day.

Theories on the Propulsion System for Lithium-ion Battery Electric Vehicles with Infinite Cruising Range

On-board electric power generation in the absence of external energy may be sufficient to realize tough electric vehicles.The method to charge the Li-ion battery modules in the present investigation differs from the conventional single voltage source scheme in that the power requirement is only 12%of the power required for typical direct voltage applications.This method utilizes the ESI-PSC(electrostatic-induction potential-superposed electrolytic charge).The on-board electric power generation system is an identical twin of battery modules that function in ESI-PSC mode,in which the performance can be explained through consecutive cycles of field-induced charge and discharge between two batteries.When the charge of one battery is terminated,it becomes responsible for both the power to recharge the other battery and the power to drive the motor.This power generation system works with zero energy input,zero matter input and zero emission,without violating the laws of thermodynamics.The commercially available Li-ion battery modules and power control systems enable the realization of this type of EVs(electric vehicles).A simulation based on the official standard cruising mode(JCO08)showed that an electric vehicle with an on-board twin of 13.2 kWh energy capacity modules can travel 132 km before switching from charge to discharge.

面向风电平抑的双电池单元储能系统功率分层优化控制策略

为减少风-储联合系统中,双电池单元储能系统的充放电循环次数,降低高充放电功率指令下电池单元充放电电流倍率,提出一种储能系统充放电功率分层优化控制策略。根据充放电功率指令高低,为两电池单元匹配同充同放和一充一放两种运行模式,同时优化设置两运行模式下电池荷电状态循环区间,平衡充放电电量。仿真验证表明,在风电平抑效果相同的情况下,所提策略可降低高充放电功率指令下电池单元充放电电流倍率,减少电池充放电循环次数,延长电池寿命,降低储能电池功率和容量的配置需求。

基于双层极值法的储能系统锂离子电池均衡实验设计

储能系统初始参数和运行环境的差异性,会导致电池单体荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的不一致性,降低储能系统能量利用率。为解决上述问题,设计了基于双层极值法的锂离子电池均衡实验。采用耦合电感与Flyback变换器搭建均衡系统双层架构,建立电池组端电压、均衡电流及占空比间的关联特性;以储能电池端电压作为均衡目标,提出基于双层极值法的锂离子电池快速均衡方法;搭建电池均衡实验教学平台,设计充放电及静置均衡实验,通过仿真分析和实验数据验证所提方法的有效性。该教学实验将理论知识、实验操作及数据分析相结合,有助于提升电气工程专业相关课程实验的质量和效果。

液晶电解质在锂离子电池中的研究进展

液晶电解质作为新型电解质材料,具有高离子导电性、优异的力学性能和热稳定性等优点,成为近年来锂离子电池领域研究的热点之一。液晶电解质可以通过自组装形成柱状相、近晶相或双连续立方相等结构,为锂离子的传输提供高效的离子传输通道。综述了液晶电解质在锂离子电池中的应用及研究进展,主要包括液晶电解质的基本概念和在锂离子电池中的研究进展,主要从离子电导率、电化学稳定性和充放电循环这3个方面来叙述。最后,对液晶电解质在锂离子电池领域未来的发展进行了展望。

混合动力汽车动力电池充放电能量损耗研究

混合动力汽车动力电池能量管理系统直接影响着车辆的能效和性能,文章通过动力电池内部电阻模型和电池荷电状态估计模型的建立,研究了不同荷电状态下混合动力汽车不同充放电倍率对电池损耗、负载能量和动力电池总体效率。仿真结果表明,动力电池在低放电倍率下具有更高的效率,随着充电倍率增加动力电池充电电流增加,充电损耗增大、效率降低;动力电池荷电状态的增长,动力电池充电功率和充电功率均增加;动力电池满充对电池健康和能量损耗不利,但动力电池的满充具有最高的能量转换效率。仿真结果为实现不同荷电状态下动力电池高效健康运行提供理论基础。

室温钠-硫电池电解液的研究现状与展望(Ⅰ)

由于原料丰富、能量密度高和成本低,室温钠-硫电池的应用潜力很大。多硫化钠穿梭效应、硫和硫化钠电子电导率低、钠负极腐蚀和枝晶生长给该电池的实际应用带来了很大挑战。目前,研究人员聚焦于正极材料设计和电解液优化两方面来应对这些挑战。近年来,关于室温钠-硫电池电解液改性的研究众多,但不同改性策略的优化机理和电解液的设计原则有待总结。综述近期室温钠-硫电池电解液的研究。在分析酯类和醚类电解液充放电机理的基础上,回顾并总结酯类、醚类电解液及添加剂优化改性的研究,着重探讨优化改性的具体机理。展望室温钠-硫电池电解液的研究方向。