This study addresses a new charging station network planning problem for smart connected electric vehicles.We embed a charging station choice model into a charging network planning model that explicitly considers the ...This study addresses a new charging station network planning problem for smart connected electric vehicles.We embed a charging station choice model into a charging network planning model that explicitly considers the heterogeneity of the charging behavior in a data-driven manner.To cope with the deficiencies from a small size and sparse behavioral data,we propose a robust charging demand prediction method that can significantly reduce the impact of sample errors and missing data.On the basis of these two building blocks,we form and solve a new optimal charging station location and capacity problem by minimizing the construction and charging costs while considering the charging service level,construction budget,and limit to the number of chargers.We use a case study of planning charging stations in Shanghai to validate our contributions and provide managerial insight in this area.展开更多
Asymmetry has been demonstrated an effective approach in recent years to tune the structural and energetic orders of nonfullerene electron acceptors(NFAs)to prepare efficient organic solar cells(OSCs).In this article,...Asymmetry has been demonstrated an effective approach in recent years to tune the structural and energetic orders of nonfullerene electron acceptors(NFAs)to prepare efficient organic solar cells(OSCs).In this article,five asymmetric NFAs,namely C9BTP-BO-Th Cl-2F,C9BTP-BO-Cl-2F,C9BTP-BO-2Cl-2F,C7BTP-BO-2Cl-2F and C5BTP-BO-2Cl-2F possessing varied asymmetric end-groups and alkyl chains are synthesized to tune the charge transport networks formed within these NFAs.We found that the enhanced planarity in the asymmetric NFA can facilitate closerπ-πstacking distance in either the A-to-A or A-toD type NFA dimers,whilst the larger dipole moment can promote the formation of three-dimensional(3D)charge transport networks among NFAs.Taking those advantages,C7BTP-BO-2Cl-2F exhibit a compact 3D honeycomb network with a high packing coefficient of 72.1%and molecular packing density of 0.48 g/cm^(3),contributing to a superior power conversion efficiency of 18.0%when employing PM6 as the donor,with an open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V,short-circuit current of26.7 m A cm^(-2)and fill factor of 79.3%.Our work provides guidelines in engineering the end group and side chains of asymmetric NFAs to achieve compact charge transport networks for high efficiency OSCs.展开更多
Peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading is an emerging energy supply paradigm where customers with distributed energy resources(DERs)are allowed to directly trade and share electricity with each other.P2P energy trading can f...Peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading is an emerging energy supply paradigm where customers with distributed energy resources(DERs)are allowed to directly trade and share electricity with each other.P2P energy trading can facilitate local power and energy balance,thus being a potential way to manage the rapidly increasing number of DERs in net zero transition.It is of great importance to explore P2P energy trading via public power networks,to which most DERs are connected.Despite the extensive research on P2P energy trading,there has been little large-scale commercial deployment in practice across the world.In this paper,the practical challenges of conducting P2P energy trading via public power networks are identified and presented,based on the analysis of a practical Local Virtual Private Networks(LVPNs)case in North Wales,UK.The ongoing efforts and emerging solutions to tackling the challenges are then summarized and critically reviewed.Finally,the way forward for facilitating P2P energy trading via public power networks is proposed.展开更多
The emergence of prosumers in distribution systems has enabled competitive electricity markets to transition from traditional hierarchical structures to more decentralized models such as peer-to-peer(P2P)and community...The emergence of prosumers in distribution systems has enabled competitive electricity markets to transition from traditional hierarchical structures to more decentralized models such as peer-to-peer(P2P)and community-based(CB)energy transaction markets.However,the network usage charge(NUC)that prosumers pay to the electric power utility for network services is not adjusted to suit these energy transactions,which causes a reduction in revenue streams of the utility.In this study,we propose an NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions to address holistically economic and technical issues in transactive energy markets and distribution system operations,respectively.Based on the Nash bargaining(NB)theory,we formulate an NB problem for P2P and CB transactions to solve the conflicts of interest among prosumers,where the problem is further decomposed into two convex subproblems of social welfare maximization and payment bargaining.We then build the NUC calculation model by coupling the NB model and AC optimal power flow model.We also employ the Shapley value to allocate the NUC to consumers fairly for the NUC model of CB transactions.Finally,numerical studies on IEEE 15-bus and 123-bus distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Nos.72171175,and 72021102)。
文摘This study addresses a new charging station network planning problem for smart connected electric vehicles.We embed a charging station choice model into a charging network planning model that explicitly considers the heterogeneity of the charging behavior in a data-driven manner.To cope with the deficiencies from a small size and sparse behavioral data,we propose a robust charging demand prediction method that can significantly reduce the impact of sample errors and missing data.On the basis of these two building blocks,we form and solve a new optimal charging station location and capacity problem by minimizing the construction and charging costs while considering the charging service level,construction budget,and limit to the number of chargers.We use a case study of planning charging stations in Shanghai to validate our contributions and provide managerial insight in this area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073221,52273196)。
文摘Asymmetry has been demonstrated an effective approach in recent years to tune the structural and energetic orders of nonfullerene electron acceptors(NFAs)to prepare efficient organic solar cells(OSCs).In this article,five asymmetric NFAs,namely C9BTP-BO-Th Cl-2F,C9BTP-BO-Cl-2F,C9BTP-BO-2Cl-2F,C7BTP-BO-2Cl-2F and C5BTP-BO-2Cl-2F possessing varied asymmetric end-groups and alkyl chains are synthesized to tune the charge transport networks formed within these NFAs.We found that the enhanced planarity in the asymmetric NFA can facilitate closerπ-πstacking distance in either the A-to-A or A-toD type NFA dimers,whilst the larger dipole moment can promote the formation of three-dimensional(3D)charge transport networks among NFAs.Taking those advantages,C7BTP-BO-2Cl-2F exhibit a compact 3D honeycomb network with a high packing coefficient of 72.1%and molecular packing density of 0.48 g/cm^(3),contributing to a superior power conversion efficiency of 18.0%when employing PM6 as the donor,with an open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V,short-circuit current of26.7 m A cm^(-2)and fill factor of 79.3%.Our work provides guidelines in engineering the end group and side chains of asymmetric NFAs to achieve compact charge transport networks for high efficiency OSCs.
文摘Peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading is an emerging energy supply paradigm where customers with distributed energy resources(DERs)are allowed to directly trade and share electricity with each other.P2P energy trading can facilitate local power and energy balance,thus being a potential way to manage the rapidly increasing number of DERs in net zero transition.It is of great importance to explore P2P energy trading via public power networks,to which most DERs are connected.Despite the extensive research on P2P energy trading,there has been little large-scale commercial deployment in practice across the world.In this paper,the practical challenges of conducting P2P energy trading via public power networks are identified and presented,based on the analysis of a practical Local Virtual Private Networks(LVPNs)case in North Wales,UK.The ongoing efforts and emerging solutions to tackling the challenges are then summarized and critically reviewed.Finally,the way forward for facilitating P2P energy trading via public power networks is proposed.
基金supported in part by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources(No.LAPS22015)in part by Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(No.22YF1429500)。
文摘The emergence of prosumers in distribution systems has enabled competitive electricity markets to transition from traditional hierarchical structures to more decentralized models such as peer-to-peer(P2P)and community-based(CB)energy transaction markets.However,the network usage charge(NUC)that prosumers pay to the electric power utility for network services is not adjusted to suit these energy transactions,which causes a reduction in revenue streams of the utility.In this study,we propose an NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions to address holistically economic and technical issues in transactive energy markets and distribution system operations,respectively.Based on the Nash bargaining(NB)theory,we formulate an NB problem for P2P and CB transactions to solve the conflicts of interest among prosumers,where the problem is further decomposed into two convex subproblems of social welfare maximization and payment bargaining.We then build the NUC calculation model by coupling the NB model and AC optimal power flow model.We also employ the Shapley value to allocate the NUC to consumers fairly for the NUC model of CB transactions.Finally,numerical studies on IEEE 15-bus and 123-bus distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions.