Charging Properties and Particle Dynamics of Chang’e-5 Lunar Sample in an External Electric Field

Facing the challenges of in-situ utilization of lunar regolith resources,applying an external electric field to manipulate lunar particles has become a promising method for space particle control,which mainly depends on the particle charging properties in the applied electric field.Using the surficial lunar regolith samples brought back from the Moon by the Chang’e-5 mission(CE5 LS),this work successively studied their charging properties,particle dynamics,and their collision damages to aerospace materials under the action of an external electric field in high-vacuum conditions.The results indicated that the charging pro-cess and electrostatic projection of lunar regolith particles under high-vacuum conditions were different from those under atmosphere conditions.The particle diameter range of CE5 LS used in the experiment is 27.7-139.0 lm.For electric field strength of 3-12 kV·cm^(-1),the charge obtained by CE5 LS is 4.8×10^(-15)-4.7×10^(-13) C and the charge-to-mass ratio is 1.2×10^(-5)-6.8×10^(-4) C·kg^(-1).The CE5 LS is easier to be negatively charged in an external electric field.Furthermore,significant damages were observed on the target impact surfaces,indicating severe influences of lunar regolith particles on aerospace materials.Our work contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of physical mechanisms controlling the lunar regolith shielding and utilization,and will inspire broad efforts to develop the lunar in-situ engi-neering solutions.

Time-Temperature Charge Function of a High Dynamic Thermal Heat Storage with Phase Change Material

A thermal heat storage system with an energy content of 40 kWh and a temperature of 58°C will be presented. This storage system is suitable for supporting the use of renewable energies in buildings and for absorbing solar heat, heat from co-generation and heat pumps or electric heat from excess wind and solar power. The storage system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger that is so powerful that even with small temperature differences between the flow temperature and the storage temperature a high load dynamic is achieved. The storage system has a performance of 2.8 kW at 4 K and 10.6 kW at a temperature difference of 10 K. Thus, large performance variations in solar thermal systems or CHP plants can be buffered very well. Further a storage charge function Q(T, t) will be presented to characterize the performance of the storage.

Practice and Exploration of Economic Benefit Evaluation of Medical Equipment in Our Hospital

Objective The evaluation index of medical equipment's economic benefit is based on the usage of medical equipment,the traditional data collection method is time-consuming,laborious and not entirely accurate.The usage of medical equipment is obtained by designing data query statements from the HIS system.Methods First the charging items are in correspondence with the device's name included,second fees and other relevant data are extracted from charging module in HIS.Through a rough estimate of the recovery period and an increase or decrease ratio,the economic benefit of the medical equipment can be analyzed.Results Through the method of the benefit analysis of the medical equipment,we can clearly find out the different economic benefit of the equipment,and finally analyze the reasons.Conclusion Practice has proved that,this methad,it can greatly reduce human,material resources required in data collection and improve the accuracy of the data.It can help hospital managers timely to grasp the operating costs of medical equipment and other information,and also provide scientific data for hospital managers when they purchase reasonable medical equipment.

Mesoporous molecular sieve confined phase change materials with high absorption,enhanced thermal conductivity,and cooling energy charging/discharging capacity

The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is crucial for expanding their applications in the more demanding cold storage field.In this study,novel formstable low-temperature composite PCMs are prepared with mesoporous materials,namely SBA-15 and CMK-3(which are prepared using the template method),as supporting matrices and dodecane as the PCM.Owing to the combined effects of capillary forces within mesoporous materials and interactions among dodecane molecules,both dodecane/SBA-15 and dodecane/CMK-3 exhibit outstanding shape stability and thermal cycling stability even after 200 heating/cooling cycles.In comparison to those of dodecane/SBA-15,dodecane/CMK-3 exhibits superior cold storage performance and higher thermal conductivity.Specifically,the phase transition temperature of dodecane/CMK-3 is-8.81℃ with a latent heat of 122.4 J·g^(-1).Additionally,it has a thermal conductivity of 1.21 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 9.45 times that of dodecane alone.All these highlight its significant potential for applications in the area of cold energy storage.

A universal charge-compensating strategy for high-energy-density pseudocapacitors

For pseudocapacitive electrode materials(PseEMs),despite much progress having been made in achieving both high power density and high energy density,a general strategy to guide the enhancement of intrinsic capacitive properties of PseEMs remains lacking.Here,we demonstrate a universal chargecompensating strategy to improve the charge-storage capability of PseEMs intrinsically:ⅰ) in the electrolyte with anion as charge carriers(such as OH-),reducing the multivalent cations of PseEMs into lower valences could create more reversible low-to-high valence redox cou ples to promote the intercalation of the anions;ⅱ) in the electrolytes with cation as charge carriers(such as H^(+),Li^(+),Na^(+)),oxidizing the multivalent cations of PseEMs into higher valences could introduce more reversible high-to-low valence redox couples to promote the intercalation of the cations.And we demonstrated that the improved intrinsic charge-storage capability for PseEMs originates from the increased Faradaic charge storage sites.

Evidence of potential change in nonsequential double ionization

Recently,the quantitative rescattering model(QRS)for nonsequential double ionization(NSDI)is modified by taking into account the potential change(PC)due to the presence of electric field at the time of recollision.Using the improved QRS model,we simulate the longitudinal momentum distributions of doubly charged ions He2+by projecting the correlated two-electron momentum distributions for NSDI of He onto the main diagonal.The obtained results are compared directly with the experimental data at different intensities.It is found that when the PC is considered,the width of momentum distributions reduces and the agreement between theory and experiment is improved.

Optimal Control Strategy for Buck Converter Under Successive Load Current Change

A new control algorithm is presented for digitally controlled dc-dc converters to achieve a fast response under a successive load-change.Under the steady-state condition,the tight voltage regulation is processed by the conventional digital PID compensator.If the load disturbance is significant,the controller switches to an optimal control scheme.With the integration of the capacitor current,the proposed algorithm predicts the optimal switch over time based on the charge balance control,and the minimal voltage derivation and recovery time are thus achieved when the load current has a successive load-change.The method for calculating the optimal switch over time is described,and the implementation of the proposed algorithm with a digital controller is treated in detail.Furthermore,the simulation and experiment results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the approaches.

电动汽车集中型充电站选址定容模型

针对充电和换电等单一模式的盲目建设,规划不集中带来的资源利用率低与部分充电需求得不到满足等问题,本文提出一种考虑充电和换电与移动充电的多种充电模式下集中型充电站选址与定容方法。首先,分析不同类型电动汽车的充电行为特性,模拟得到规划区域的充电需求分布;然后,基于最近距离原则采用排队论方法计算电动汽车充电损耗成本,优化移动充电设备自充电时刻,求得电动汽车自充电成本;最后,以集中型充电站建设维护成本、用户损失成本及设备自充电成本总和最小为目标建立选址定容模型,结合某城市部分实际道路网为研究区域,采用遗传算法求解模型,确定规划区域内集中型充电站建设数量、位置及不同设备的配置数量。结果表明:规划区域内建设8座集中型充电站总成本达到最低,充电需求车辆数量与充电功率变化对集中型充电站成本均有较大影响,且优化移动充电设备自充电调度管理,可降低集中型充电站高峰时期32.62%的电网负荷,提高了电网稳定性。

Silt Charge of Water in the River Sluch:Dynamics on Length and in Time

Change silt charge of water in the rivers can negatively be reflected in throughput the rivers beds,stability of coast,change of river structures,dis­appearance of boggy places,etc.In work questions of variability silt charge waters in the river Sluch in time and on length of the river are considered.It is revealed that in time average and maximal silt charge waters decrease.While on length of the river change silt charge waters is shown not precise­ly,similar on some increase silt charge waters to a mouth of the river.The researches led by the factorial analysis and graphic-analytical method on the basis of long-term materials of measurement of charges of water have shown that,on a part of posts average depth of water in the river grows,and on others-cyclically changes with the general tendency to reduction.Aver­age speed in them,accordingly,falls and grows.Stratification of interrela­tions of a silt charge with other factors on years is observed.The reasons of reduction of a silt charge are:1)agrarian and forest meliorative actions on a catchments of the river,hydraulic engineering construction;2)grassy bed of the river;3)change of a climate that promotes growth of temperature of a surface of soils and grassy bed of the river.In developed natural-climatic conditions expediently application on reservoirs of the antierosion organi­zation of territory of the land tenure including agrarian-forests-meliorative actions that will allow to adjust outflow of a moisture from reservoirs to lower warming up of a surface of the soils,to provide against a high water protection and it will favorably be reflected in manufacture of agricultural production.

电动汽车与充电设备充电安全预警研究综述

随着全球新能源技术的大力发展,电动汽车及其配套充电设施日益普及化。电动汽车自燃事故与充电安全问题也备受关注。文中从充电安全因素的视角出发,深入地梳理总结了近年来电动汽车与充电设备安全预警研究方法。首先,对充电安全影响因素进行了详细的分类,并对现有的充电安全预警方法成熟度进行了总结与探讨。然后,归纳了预警模型精度与预警误差等评估指标。接着,基于真实的充电订单数据与工单数据对现有模型进行了整体评估与对比分析。最后,对电动汽车与充电设备充电安全预警的后续研究工作进行了展望。

化工企业设备设施变更管理信息化实践

信息化工具的深入应用,可显著提升化工企业内部资源利用效率,推动管理活动走向科学化、规范化和标准化。信息化不仅增强了信息的可追溯性,优化管理绩效,还能显著降低了安全事故风险。设备设施变更管理是确保化工企业安全、稳定、长期、优质运行的关键因素之一,然而,因变更而引发的安全事故屡见不鲜,应引起高度重视。通过分析传统设备设施变更管理中存在的问题,如信息更新滞后、管理流程旁通、变更后人员培训不足等,并结合其他设备信息化管理管理功能的联动需求,提出了设备设施变更管理信息化需求,优化了管理流程。经过信息化实践验证,可显著提高设备设施变更管理的准确性、效率,降低因变更而产生的风险。

基于并联拓扑的锂电池组充电电路设计及Proteus仿真

鉴于锂电池组在循环充放电过程中存在温升、过充放及单体电压不均衡等现象,会导致电池组单体间容量差异化增大,进而降低其使用寿命。为此,结合锂电池充放电需求,基于并联拓扑和均衡理论,采用“PWM整流+反激式间接直流变换+Buck降压斩波”原理设计充电电路,并通过ADuC812单片机实现电压、电流、温度的全程实时监控。最后,以6700901型磷酸铁锂电池组(LiFePO4)作为实验对象,利用Proteus软件对锂电池组充电电路、保护电路及均衡电路分别进行了仿真。结果表明单体电压间极差由充电前的0.065 V降至0.003 V,验证了充电电路的可行性与较好的均衡效果,保护电路亦达到预期效果。

基于风冷的锂离子电池充放电设备热特性影响研究

针对锂离子电池充放电设备内电池组温升过高、温度一致性不好的问题,以风冷系统充放电设备为研究对象,基于数值传热学理论,建立热力学计算模型并结合测试验证。通过抽象充放电设备散热特征,提取了两个影响电池组热特性的主要因素。针对不同托盘通风结构及不同风机布局分别设计了研究方案,并分析了不同托盘通风孔、不同托盘环形风口、不同风机位置及不同风机数量对电池组热特性及充放电设备流场的影响。结果表明:充放电设备放电温升测试数据与仿真数据接近,说明热力学模型准确;托盘通风孔对电池组热特性有一定积极影响,但作用有限;托盘环形风口通过提升电池表面湍动能强度,增强电池表面对流换热效果,从而对电池组热特性起关键作用;风机位置正对电池时,电池组具备更好的换热效果;风机数量与电池组热特性呈正相关关系,当风机数量为6时,既能满足电池组热特性,又能提高系统能耗。研究结果可为锂离子电池充放电设备的热特性管理提供一定的指导。

抽水蓄能电站主机房底板精确控界切割技术研究

抽水蓄能电站主机房底板爆破开挖时,对其平整度及保留岩体完好度要求很高,传统爆破方法会带来底板开挖边界控制精度差、装药量大、保留岩石损伤严重及环境危害大等问题。为克服上述缺点,提出沿主机房底板水平钻凿炮孔并侧向预切槽,沿切槽多点双向设置聚能装药进行岩石控界爆破的方法。首先采用数值模拟正交分析方法对工业炸药装填的聚能装药参数进行了优化,然后根据优化结果制作了聚能切割装置并在实地进行了试验。试验结果表明,当炮孔中双向聚能射流控界切割装置的平均线装药密度为150 g/m、孔距0.5 m时,爆破后就可以在炮孔间岩体产生精确的贯穿性裂纹。相较于传统爆破方法,该控界切割爆破方法在保证切割面精确的同时,大幅度地减少了装药量,降低了保留岩体的损伤程度和对周围环境的影响。

Review of Charge Accumulation on Spacers of Gas Insulated Equipment at DC Stress

Charge accumulation on the spacer surface in gas insulated equipment is very severe in the DC field,leading to easy flashover,which restricts the application of DC GIS/GIL.Therefore,knowledge about the charge accumulation characteristics of gas insulated equipment at DC stress is essential.In this paper,we reviewed the research methods and the characteristics of charge accumulation on spacers.A summary of charge measurement methods and setups are presented.And the surface charge inversion algorithms are introduced.Then the simulation model for charge accumulation in the DC field is reviewed.Subsequently,the charge accumulation mechanisms and phenomenon,the influence factor of surface charge accumulation and the influence of accumulated charge on spacer insulation characteristics are summarized.In addition,some suppression methods of surface charge accumulation are discussed.Finally,based on the understanding of charge accumulation on spacers,some suggestions on further studies are presented to aid in the design of a better spacer free from surface charges.

固体三芳基硼-相变材料可调比率荧光温度计

温度响应相变材料(PCMs)的微区黏度和自由体积等性质在熔点附近会发生可逆且快速的变化,这种变化可以放大荧光探针的响应性.本文合成了2个对高黏度具有比率响应发光的新型三芳基硼化合物4-(1-{4-[双(4-溴-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯基)硼烷基]-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯基}哌啶-4-基)吗啉(MPDB1)和4,4-({[(4-溴-2,3,5,6-四甲基苯基)硼烷二基]双(2,3,5,6-四甲基-4,1-亚苯基)}双(哌啶-1,4-二基))二吗啉(MPDB2),并将其与相变材料结合,制备了高灵敏度比率荧光温度计.由于化合物的高黏度响应性质,其在相变材料中的温度荧光响应范围低于体系熔点,因此得到在量程范围内为纯固体的相变材料荧光温度计,具有良好的加工性.作为黏度探针,一取代的MPDB1的荧光响应范围为100~3000 mPa·s,灵敏度高;而二取代的MPDB2则在100~46000 mPa·s的黏度区域有荧光响应,覆盖范围广.作为温度探针,MPDB1-聚乙二醇20000(PEG20000)体系的荧光温度响应区间为-10~50℃,最大相对灵敏度(Sr)为3.5%(10℃),绝对灵敏度(Sa)为4.6%(30℃),灵敏度较高,且其温度测量范围可以通过取代基数目和选用不同熔点的聚乙二醇介质调整,具有较强的适用性.

无线可充电传感器网络自适应充电策略

在无线可充电传感器网络中,充电调度的合理安排是保证网络节点存活率的关键。针对这个问题,基于分簇型无线传感器网络,将节点分为重要节点和普通节点,由两台移动充电设备实时按需协同进行能量补充。基于移动充电设备的当前能量提出了自适应充电策略,在充电请求数量过多时依据节点的能量需求紧迫程度调整充电方法。仿真实验结果表明,相比于其他调度方案,所提出的算法在存活节点数、总剩余能量、移动损耗比和首个死亡节点出现时间四个方面都具有较优的表现。该算法为实际应用场景中节点充电任务的不确定性和多个充电设备协同问题提供了解决方案,在一定程度上延长了网络寿命。

欧盟碳边境调节机制的贸易属性与中国的对策

欧盟碳边境调节机制要求进口商根据特定进口产品的碳含量与欧盟碳排放交易市场的配额价格购买并提交相应的排放配额,由此支付特殊的碳成本,从而对国际货物贸易造成了限制性影响。就其贸易属性而言,它不属于关税措施,也不构成在进口环节加征的国内税费,而是一项具有数量限制效果的进口措施。为应对欧盟碳边境调节机制,防范跨境单边气候措施的使用,中国应深刻揭露其贸易保护主义特质,积极开展中欧合作应对气候变化,努力构建绿色低碳贸易规则体系,加快完善国内碳市场的建设。

化学反应焓变实验中误差分析及实验设备改进

化学反应焓变的测定是大学化学实验中的一个经典实验。本文对选取的60名学生的实验报告数据进行了分析,并结合教师在预备实验中发现的问题,对实验数据的误差进行了分析,并提出了实验设备的改进方法。

基于多突变点与模板匹配的用电设备在线状态监测方法

针对现阶段用电设备状态监测技术存在的处理速度较慢、准确率较低等问题,文中基于多突变点检测和模板匹配策略提出了一种用电设备在线状态监测方法。该方法在缓冲区模型和滑动窗口模型的基础上,利用多路搜索树突变点检测(Ternary Search Tree and Kolmogorov-Smirnov,TSTKS)算法形成窗口维度和缓冲区维度的特征向量,通过两种维度的模板匹配实现用电设备的运行状态匹配和状态切换时刻定位。基于家用电冰箱的仿真实验结果表明,所提方法具有检测速度快、准确率高等优点,可为用电设备状态监测领域提供参考。