Fast and Balanced Charge Transport Enabled by Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Layers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long-term stable and potentially low-cost perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,due to some technical difficulties(e.g.,intricate fabrication protocols,high-temperature heating process,incompatible solvents,etc.),it is still challenging to achieve efficient and reliable all-metal-oxide-based devices.Here,we developed efficient inverted PSCs(IPSCs)based on solution-processed nickel oxide(NiO_(x))and tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanoparticles,working as hole and electron transport materials respectively,enabling a fast and balanced charge transfer for photogenerated charge carriers.Through further understanding and optimizing the perovskite/metal oxide interfaces,we have realized an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 23.5%(the bandgap of the perovskite is 1.62 eV),which is the highest efficiency among IPSCs based on all-metal-oxide charge transport materials.Thanks to these stable metal oxides and improved interface properties,ambient stability(retaining 95%of initial PCE after 1 month),thermal stability(retaining 80%of initial PCE after 2 weeks)and light stability(retaining 90%of initial PCE after 1000 hours aging)of resultant devices are enhanced significantly.In addition,owing to the low-temperature fabrication procedures of the entire device,we have obtained a PCE of over 21%for flexible IPSCs with enhanced operational stability.

A Z-scheme LaFeO_(3)-CuFe_(2)O4 composite for sulfate radical-based photocatalytic process:Synergistic effect and mechanism

The sulfate radical-based photocatalytic process is supposed to be the most promising way to degrade organic pollutants.However,the development of a suitable and efficient photocatalyst is very challenging.The 40LaFeO_(3)-CuFe_(2)O_(4)(40LFO-CFO)nanocomposite was constructed and its catalytic performance was studied using Rhodamine B(RhB)as the target pollutant.40LFO-CFO exhibited excellent RhB degradation by the persulfate(PS)-assisted photocatalytic process compared to the pristine LFO and CFO.The degradation rate constant for RhB by 40LFO-CFO in the Vis/PS system was 2.22h^(-1)which is 3.04 times and 5.05 times higher than the pristine LFO(0.73 h^(-1))and CFO(0.44h^(-1)),respectively.Furthermore,the trapping experiments and EPR spectra proved that h^(+) plays a leading role in the bleaching of RhB for the 40LFO-CFO/PS/Vis system.The enhanced photocatalytic oxidation activity of 40LFO-CFO could be attributed to the unique charge carriers flow in 40LFO-CFO due to the Z-scheme and the cooperation effect between photocatalysis and PS activation.The recycle tests confessed the stability of 40LFO-CFO.Additionally,the intermediates and products of RhB are detected by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry(LC-MS),and the photocatalytic degradation routes of RhB for the 40LFO-CFO/Vis/PS system were proposed.Moreover,the 40LFO-CFO nanocomposite has a superior catalytic performance for other organics,suggesting that it is a promising heterocatalyst because of its high catalytic activity and stability for the PS-assisted photocatalytic process.

Structural characteristics of spherical Ni(OH)_2 and its charge/discharge process mechanism

Spherical Ni（OH）2 particles were prepared by an aqueous solution precipitation route. The structure of spherical Ni（OH）2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and compared with that of traditional Ni（OH）2. The results show that the spherical nickel hydroxide consists of （Ni（OH）2） spheres with a reticulate structure of platelet-like, which is almost arranged radially and the crystalline grains intervene and connect with each other to form a three-dimensional net. The spherical Ni（OH）2 particle is full of pores, crannies between cleave planes. It is supposed that this structure is beneficial to the structural stability for the spherical particles during the charge/discharge processes and can improve the cycle life of the electrode; the pores and the crannies in spherical particles can shorten the proton diffusion distance and speed its velocity, which may result in that the local polarization is lowered. The electrochemical performances of the spherical Ni（OH）2 are improved by enhancing the conducting properties of the crystalline lattice due to its quick proton diffusion.

Theoretical Study on Electronic Gain-and-loss Properties of TEMPO and Its Derivates in Charge/Discharge Processes

Theoretical study on the electronic structures and related properties of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- l-piperidinyloxy （TEMPO） and its cationic lipid derivates in the charge/discharge processes has been carried out using the density functional theory （DFT） at the （U）B3LYP/6-31G（d,p） or 6-31＋G（d,p） level. The changes and regularities of geometric and electronic properties of these compounds in the charge/discharge processes were revealed in detail. The compu- tational results show that the substitute group plays a very important role in the electronic structures and related properties of TEMPOs during the charge/discharge processes. It is very interesting to find that after getting an electron, TEMPO is more stable in singlet state but the lipid is more stable in triplet state. For TEMPO, both the charge and the discharge processes greatly influence the electronic properties of N and O atoms of the radical part. For the cationic lipid, the discharge process mainly influences the pyridinium head and the charge process mainly influences the free radical head. Moreover, the solvent effect plays an important role in some bond lengths and the charge population of the free radical head. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption spectra simulated using TDDFT at the 6-31G（d,p） with the experimental ones. of TEMPO and the lipid were calculated and or 6-31＋G（d,p） level, in satisfying agreement

Charge-discharge process of MnO_2 supercapacitor

Mechanochemical synthesis of α-MnO2 was carried out with KMnO4 and Mn(CH3COO)2 in 1:1 mole ratio. The electrochemical performance of MnO2 electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammograms and alternating current impedance. The charge-discharge process of MnO2 supercapacitor in 6 mol/L KOH was studied within 1.2 V at 200 mA/g, suggesting that it displays double-layer capacibility in low potential scope and pseudo-capacitance properties in high potential scope. It is found that Mn3O4, an electrochemical inert, mainly forms in the initial 40 charge-discharge cycles. During cycling, the pseudo-capacitance properties disappear and the discharge curves are close to ideal ones, indicating double-layer capability. The maximum capacitance of MnO2 electrode is as high as 416 F/g, and retains 240 F/g after 200 cycles. The equivalent series resistance increases from 17 to 41 Ω.

Quantum information procession with fermions based on charge detection

This paper proposes a fermionic linear optical scheme for the teleportation and entanglement concentration via entanglement swapping based on charge detection. It also proves that this method is useful in generating entangled states such as GHZ states, W states, and cluster states by using fermionic polarizing beam splitters and single spin rotations assisted by a parity check on the fermionic qubits. This scheme is nearly deterministic （i.e., with 100% successful probability） and does not need the joint Bell state measurement required in the previous schemes.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

Experimental and numerical study on the influence of shaped charge liner cavity filing on jet penetration characteristics in steel targets

Penetration characteristic(size and shape of penetration craters made in high hardness ARMSTAL 30PM steel) of shaped charge jets formed after detonations of modified PG-7VM warheads was analyzed in the article. Modifications consisted in removing the frontal part of the grenade(fuse, ballistic cap and conductive cone) and introducing of the liner cavity filling made of polyacetal copolymer POM-C. The filings in the form of solid cones with three different heights(33%, 66% and 100% of H-the height of original PG-7VM liner) were placed inside of the hollow cone shaped charge liner. As opposed to the vast majority of previously published works(in which warhead optimization studies were focused on increasing of the depth of penetration in rolled homogeneous armor steel) the main aim of the presented modifications was to maximize the damage ratio(diameters of craters, inlet and outlet holes) of target perforated by shaped charge jet at the cost of the loss of part of the jet penetration capability. According to the best knowledge of the authors such approach to the use of the old PG-7VM warheads has not been analyzed so far. Taking into consideration high stock levels of PG-7VM warheads, and the fact that they are continuously being replaced by more efficient and more sophisticated high-explosive anti-tank warheads, it seems reasonable to look for alternate applications of the warheads withdrawn from the service. Thanks to the introduction of proposed modifications the warheads could be used by special forces or other assault units as directional mines or statically detonated cutting shaped charges as well as by combat engineers as universal charges used in various types of engineering or sapper works. The research included experimental penetration tests and their numerical reproduction in the LS-Dyna software with the simulation methodology defined and validated in previous works of the authors.Small differences(average error = 10-20%) were identified between the experimental and numerical results(dimensions of craters made in steel targets were compared) what confirmed the reliability of the modelling methodology and enabled its use for further optimization of the shapes of fillings. Within the analyzed variants of warheads modifications maximum diameters of penetration craters were obtained for the filling of the height of h = 2/3H. The diameters of holes in individual steel plates were increased by 164%, 70%, 65%(for the first, second and third plate, respectively) in relation to the variant without filling. The results of the study indicated that with the use of different materials of fillings and their various heights it is possible to control the shape of penetration craters pierced in the steel targets.

充电桩充电模块功率器件故障诊断研究综述

大功率直流充电桩是未来电动汽车充电设施的发展方向,充电模块是直流充电桩最重要以及故障率最高的部件,其中功率器件开路故障较为常见。为保证充电模块安全可靠运行,需要对充电模块功率器件开路故障进行准确识别和定位。文中首先对充电模块拓扑结构和故障类型进行分析,然后分别对基于解析模型、基于信号处理和基于知识的功率器件开路故障诊断方法进行总结,分别介绍了各类方法的基本思想、研究进展和优缺点,最后总结并展望充电模块功率器件开路故障诊断方法未来的研究和发展方向。

电容屏破损缺陷局部放电过程规律特征及仿真分析

油纸电容式变压器套管因性能好、成本低而被广泛采用。当电容屏存在边缘破损工艺缺陷时易发生局部放电,进而会改变油纸绝缘性能,缩短套管使用寿命,严重时危及电网设备安全运行。为研究电容屏破损局部放电过程变化规律,明确放电发展阶段,该文搭建了缺陷套管放电实验模型分析局放过程中相位谱图、放电量等参数发展规律,并基于实验规律及流体漂移扩散理论、固体双极电荷传输理论,建立了末屏缺陷针板沿面放电过程仿真模型,结合仿真中电荷形态变化、放电时间及油纸界面电荷密度分布对电容屏破损放电过程进行阶段划分:放电初始阶段,铝箔尖端电荷聚集发生电晕放电;放电发展阶段,尖端处带电粒子在电场作用下向油纸发展,小部分达到油纸界面产生沿面放电;放电破坏阶段,经过长时间沿面放电进入油纸发生预击穿,电场强度更大使带电粒子能量更高,冲击油纸表面造成油纸表面纤维素断裂炭化形成通道。仿真结果与实验结论相对应,证明了仿真的有效性。该文的研究成果进一步阐明了油纸套管电容屏工艺缺陷局部放电的过程及机理。

多脉冲飞秒激光切割加工炸药装药过程的热响应

为分析多脉冲飞秒激光切割加工炸药过程的安全性,建立多脉冲飞秒激光切割加工炸药装药的二维数值计算模型,对飞秒激光切割加工HMX、TATB、RDX和TNT 4种炸药装药的情况进行数值计算,获得不同加工状况下炸药装药的热响应规律。实验结果表明:飞秒激光切割加工炸药装药过程中,当激光光斑的移动速度为80~300 mm/min时,4种炸药均未发生点火,反应光斑移动速度越慢,热累积效应越明显,且HMX相比其他3种炸药,动态分析区内HMX的热累积效应最明显;当激光重复频率和能量分别为0.1~200 kHz和50~200μJ/pulse时,提高飞秒激光的重复频率和能量对切割速率提升效果呈先上升后降低趋势;飞秒激光对炸药装药的切割加工速率和安全性,会受到炸药的性能参数的影响,切割速率与炸药的激光吸收系数呈正相关,切割安全性与炸药的热感度呈负相关。

一种改进多尺度融合的电动汽车充电口识别方法

针对无人自动充电桩工作过程中背景复杂导致电动汽车充电口识别精度低等问题,提出基于改进YOLOv5算法的一种电动汽车充电口识别方法。采用融入加权双向特征金字塔结构增强不同层级间的信息融合能力;引入GhostNet网络结构中的深度可分离卷积GhostConv,替代原模型中的特征提取网络中的普通卷积层,减小了模型的计算开销;主干网络中使用SENet结构增加感受野信息,提高模型对充电口特征的提取能力;同时改进模型损失函数,引入EIoU损失函数代替原始CIoU损失函数,提高边界框回归精度。实验结果表明:改进后的模型在自制的多样化电动汽车充电口数据集上相较于原始YOLOv5算法在模型体积上减小了6.94 MB,检测精度提升到94.75%。同时与目前主流的检测算法对比,检测精度与检测速度也具有一定的优越性,适用于复杂背景环境下的电动汽车充电口的目标检测。

电荷测量技术的研究与应用进展

对电荷测量技术的研究与应用进展进行了综述.首先,介绍了电荷测量技术的发展历程和基本原理.重点探讨了近年来在材料科学、电子工程、生物医学等领域中电荷测量技术的应用情况.并针对不同领域的特点,总结了相应的测量方法.最后,展望了电荷测量技术的发展趋势和未来可能的研究方向,旨在为相关研究人员提供帮助.

NMOS晶体管电荷共享导致的SRAM单元单粒子翻转恢复效应研究

基于Synopsys公司的三维器件模拟软件TCAD,本文研究了NMOS晶体管电荷共享导致SRAM单元的单粒子翻转恢复(SEUR)效应。分析了NMOS晶体管电荷共享导致SEUR效应的物理机制,系统研究了NMOS晶体管偏置(如电源电压、P阱偏置电压)和工艺参数(如P+深阱掺杂浓度、P阱接触距离)对线性能量传输翻转恢复阈值(LETrec)以及单粒子翻转脉冲宽度(PWrec)的影响。研究发现:PWrec随着电源电压的增大而增大;PWrec和LETrec随着P阱偏置电压的增大而减小;LETrec随着P+深阱掺杂浓度的增大而增大;PWrec随着P阱接触与NMOS晶体管之间距离的增大而增大,而LETrec随着P阱接触与NMOS晶体管之间距离增大而减小。本文研究结论有助于优化SRAM单元抗单粒子效应设计,尤其是基于SEUR效应的SRAM单元的抗辐照加固设计提供了理论指导。

现代火炮内弹道面临的问题与对策

从现代火炮及弹药技术的发展趋势,分析了火炮内弹道面临的问题,阐述了火炮内弹道理论与技术的发展方向,集中体现在三个方面,一是提高常规固体发射药火炮的作战效能;二是发展与制导弹药等特种弹药发射方式相适应的内弹道理论与控制技术;三是研究新能源火炮的内弹道理论与控制技术。在此基础上,结合国内外研究状况,对若干重点问题进行了述评,并提出了研究对策。

高质量科技期刊开放获取及论文处理费(APC)的调查与分析——以食品科学与工程领域为例

文章调查了《食品科学与工程领域高质量科技期刊分级目录(2022年版)》收入的155种期刊的开放获取出版情况、论文处理费、出版商、CC协议、JCR指标数据等,分析食品工程与技术领域高质量期刊的发展现状,从规范OA期刊出版、搭载群集出版传播平台、优化期刊生态方面为国内高质量期刊的建设、评价与可持续发展提供参考。

基于物理信息神经网络的牵引变流器直流支撑电容参数辨识方法

为了解决车载牵引变流系统直流支撑电容器故障预测问题,该文提出一种基于物理信息神经网络的直流支撑电容器参数辨识方法。该方法只需要利用直流环节预充电过程的直流支撑电容器两端电压及采样频率,无需拟合曲线,无需严格对齐时间轴就可以获得较为准确的电容参数辨识结果。与此同时,为了克服在采集数据时因条件所限造成的数据量稀疏与分布不均问题,该文利用循环一致性生成对抗网络算法增强数据,使该方法可以适用于同一拓扑下宽范围电容区间的电容容值预测,降低了模型训练要求。实验结果表明:在正常条件下,该方法的辨识相对误差约在1%以下,并且降低采样频率能够缓解信噪比对该方法的影响。该方法为解决直流支撑电容参数辨识问题提供了新思路。

基于改进LSTM神经网络的电动汽车充电负荷预测

当前对电动汽车(EV)充电负荷预测的研究缺少真实的数据支撑,并且模型考虑场景过于简单,影响因素考虑不到位,预测结果缺乏说服力。基于此,提出一种考虑多种电动汽车充电负荷影响因素的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法。首先,考虑天气、季节、温度、工作日、节假日等因素对电动汽车充电负荷的影响,采用三标度层次分析法分析各影响因素权重;其次,建立LSTM神经网络预测模型,通过真实数据训练得到用于预测的LSTM神经网络模型,结合影响因素权重分析结果对预测模型进行修正,得到最终的改进LSTM神经网络负荷预测模型;最后,采用常州某小区的真实数据对所提预测方法进行试验验证。结果表明,所提方法可以实现电动汽车充电负荷的精确预测,且负荷预测结果可为有序充电策略研究提供参考。

基于等效电路模型和数据驱动模型融合的SOC和SOH联合估计方法

针对电池SOC与SOH估计结果相互影响,单独估计准确度不高的问题,该文提出了一种基于等效电路模型和数据驱动模型融合的SOC和SOH联合估计方法。通过构建考虑老化和SOC的电池二阶RC等效电路模型,采用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法,在不同SOC和SOH的情况下,对电池的参数进行在线辨识,实现电池参数在线辨识与电池SOC和SOH估计的耦合。以锂离子电池自SOC=20%到恒流充电阶段结束所需时间为输入,电池SOH值为输出,训练GPR模型,实现电池SOH估计。将输出的SOH估计值与电池的额定容量相乘,得到电池的实际容量,更新二阶RC状态空间方程,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对电池进行SOC估计,实现电池SOH估计和SOC估计之间的联合。采用牛津大学电池退化数据集和NASA随机使用电池数据集进行算法验证,结果表明,所提联合估计方法能够在电池的生命周期内较准确地跟随锂离子电池SOC和SOH的真实值。

基于肠道屏障探讨“脾主为卫”在溃疡性结肠炎发病与治疗中的作用机制

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种以肠道屏障受损为特点,表现为直肠黏膜的持续性炎症反应、溃烂以及反复发作的炎症性肠病。脾与肠道屏障有密切联系,“脾主为卫”的功能失调是UC的重要病机,然而对UC中“脾主为卫”功能失调的微观机制尚不清楚。肠道屏障与“脾主为卫”的功能异曲同工,肠道屏障的破坏与UC互为因果,从肠道屏障的角度可以为中医“脾主为卫”理论做出新的科学阐释。现代医学尚缺乏对UC的有效治愈方法,药物治疗仍存在不良反应大、停药后加重、易复发等缺点。而中医基于“脾主为卫”理论的益气健脾治法可有效恢复肠道屏障功能,促进黏膜愈合,且无上述不良反应,对于促进UC的愈合以及防止其复发具有重要的临床价值。