Effects of Craddition on Charpy impact energy in austenitic 0.45C-24Mn-(0,3,6)Cr steels

Effects of Cr addition(0,3,and 6 wt%) on Charpy impact properties of Fe-C-Mn-Cr-based steels were studied by conducting dynamic compression tests at room and cryogenic temperatures.At room temperature,deformation mechanisms of Charpy impacted specimens were observed as twinning induced plasticity(TWIP) without any transfo rmation induced plasticity(TRIP) in all the steels.At cryogenic temperature,many twins were populated in the Cr-added steels,but,interestingly,fine ε-martensite was found in the OCr steel,satisfying the Shoji-Nishiyama(S-N) orientation relationship,{111}γ//{0002}ε and <101>γ//<1120>ε.Even though the cryogenic-temperature staking fault energies(SFEs) of the three steel were situated in the TWIP regime,the martensitic transformation was induced by Mn-and Cr-segregated bands.In the OCr steel,SFEs of low-(Mn,Cr) bands lay between the TWIP and TRIP regimes which were sensitively affected by a small change of SFE.The dynamic compressive test results well showed the relation between segregation bands and the SFEs.Effects of Cr were known as not only increasing the SFE but also promoting the carbide precipitation.In order to identify the possibility of carbide formation,a precipitation kinetics simulation was conducted,and the predicted fractions of precipitated M23C6 were negligible,0.4-1.1×10-5,even at the low cooling rate of 10℃/s.

A New Analytical Expression for the Relationship Between the Charpy Impact Energy and Notch Tip Position for Functionally Graded Steels

The effect of the distance between the notch tip and the position of the middle phase in the FGSs on the Charpy impact energy is investigated in the present paper. The results show that when the notch apex is close to the middle layer, the Charpy impact energy reaches its maximum value. This is due to the increment of the absorbed energy by plastic deformation ahead of the notch tip. On the other hand, when the notch tip is far from the middle layer, the Charpy impact energy strongly decreases. Another fundamental motivation of the present work is that for crack arrester configuration, no accurate mathematical or analytical modelling is available up to now. By considering the relationship between the Charpy impact energy and the plastic volume size, a new theoretical model has been developed to link the Charpy impact energy with the distance from the notch apex to the middle phase. This model is a simplified one and the effect of different shapes of the layers and the effect of microstructureon the mechanical properties and plastic region size will be considered in further investigation. The results of the new developed closed form expression show a sound agreement with some recent experimental results taken from the literature.

Application of Charpy Impact Absorbed Energy to the Safety Assessment Based on SINTAP

The European Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure（SINTAP） was applied to the assessment of welded joints of the API 5L X65 pipeline steel with an assumed embedded flaw and surface flaw at the weld toe. At default level（ level 0）, the assessment point was established by esti- mating fracture toughness value K1c conservatively from Charpy energy test data. At the same time, the analysis level 1 （basic level）was applied based on the fracture toughness CTOD. Then the two assessment levels were compared. The assessment results show that all assessment points are located within the failure lines of analysis levels 0 and 1. So the welded joint of the pipeline is safe. It can be concluded that the assessment based on Charpy absorbed energy is practicable when other fracture toughness data are not available, or cannot be easily obtained. The results are conservative.

Microstructure Evolution during Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy AA2219

The characterization of microstructure evolution in friction stir welded aluminum alloy was carried out by optical microscopy （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD）. The weld nugget consisted of very fine equiaxed grains and experienced dissolution of nearly half of metastable precipitates into the matrix during welding. Thermomechanically affected zone （TMAZ） also experienced dissolution of precipitates but to a lesser extent whereas coarsening of precipitates was observed in heat affected zone （HAZ）. Grain boundary misorientation measurements using EBSD indicated continuous dynamic recrystallization as the underlying mechanism for the fine equiaxed nugget grains. The yield and tensile strength of the weld decreased with comparison to base material. But due to the decrease of grain size and the dissolution of second phase precipitates, an increased Charpy energy value was observed in the weld n u gget.