The Experiments Detecting of Real Magnetic Charges in Structures of Atoms and Substance

Magnetic neutron scattering in Y-type hexagonal ferrite crystals, studied by the author in 1968-1971 and presented in the article showed that the entire density of the so-called magnetic moments of Fe3+ ions can significantly shift from the position of their nuclei. As result of these shift the structure in form of the chain magnetic spiral is realized in ferrite lattice. The noted shifts of the “magnetic moments” served as the basis for the author’s assumption that these “moments” are “fig sheets” behind which the magnetic poles (magnetic charges) real existing in the shells of atoms are hidden. In this case, the scattering of neutrons is carried out by magnetic charges, and not theoretical surrogates in the form of magnetic moments. In addition to participating in atomic structures, magnetic charges populate potential conduction zones in conductors, where they are exist in compositions of magnetic dipoles. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, a polarization of magnetic dipoles is realized in the conductor, the field strengths of which are directed against the external magnetic field. It is these dipole magnetic fields that are responsible for such a well-known physical phenomenon as diamagnetism. Under the conditions of noted polarization of magnetic dipoles the author managed to perform mechanical separation of magnetic charges in pairs ±g and to charge experienced bodies (metal plates) by the magnetic charges of one sign. The fact of such a charging was detected through magnetostatic interaction between magnetic charges on the plates using highly sensitive torsion balances. This experiment is presented in detail in this article. The results of these experiments, as well as subsequent experimental and theoretical studies of the author, which, in general composition, were carried out from 1968 to the present, showed that magnetic charges are real structural components of the atoms and substance. So, for example, the atomic shells are not electronic but electromagnetic. The main reason that real magnetic charges were “buried alive” in the existing physical theories is the physics of their confinement in substance forces of which, in its rigidity, is many times greater than the electron confinement forces.

Towards a Methodology for Formal Design and Analysis of Agent Interaction Protocols ——An Investigation in Electronic Commerce

Various extensions of UML have been developed to meet the challenges of designing modern software systems, such as agent based electronic commerce applications. Recent advances in model checking technology have led it to be introduced into the development of approaches and tools to check the correctness of electronic commerce protocols. This paper focuses on the research of a method that connects an extension of AUML to model checker SPIN/Promela for the specification and verification of agent interaction protocols (AIP) in electronic commerce. The method presented here allows us to combine the benefits of visual specification with the power of some static analysis and model checking. Some algorithms and rules are developed to permit all visual modeling constructs translated mechanically into some Promela models of AIP, as supported by the model checker SPIN. Moreover, a process is illustrated to guide the specification and verification of AIP. The method is demonstrated thoroughly using the e commerce protocol NetBill as an example.

Effect of net carriers at the interconnection layer in tandem organic solar cells

Tandem cell with structure of indium tin oxide(ITO)/molybdenum oxide(MoO_(3))/fullerene(C60)/copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)/C60/tris-8-hydroxy-quinolinato aluminum(Alq_(3))/Al was fabricated to study the effect of net carriers at the interconnection layer. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current were found to be 1.15 V and 0.56 mA/cm^(2),respectively. Almost the same performance(1.05 V, 0.58 mA/cm^(2)) of tandem cell with additional recombination layer(ITO/MoO_(3)/C60/Alq_(3)/Al/Ag/MoO_(3)/CuPc/C60/Alq_(3)/Al) demonstrates that the carrier balance is more crucial than carrier recombination. The net holes at the interconnection layer caused by more carrier generation from the back cell on one hand would enhance the recombination with electrons from the front cell and on the other hand would quench the excitons produced in CuPc of the back cell.

Influence of the position relationship between gas–liquid interface and laser focus on plasma evolution characteristics in jet LIBS technology

In order to understand the characteristics of breakdown process,plasma evolution and spectral emission in liquid jets laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy methods under the influence of the position variation between laser focus and gas–liquid interface,this work takes the plasma generated by laser-induced liquid jets as the object of study and discusses the changes in the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and spectral radiation of the plasma when the position parameters between the laser focal point and the gas–liquid interface are different.The initial breakdown position is always between the front interface and the focus when the laser focus moves along the vertical direction of the interface,forming a phenomenon like’interface effect’.The relationship between laser pulse energy and breakdown probability exhibits a law similar to a‘hysteresis curve’in the study of breakdown threshold.In this work,plasma with smaller size,rounder shape,stronger radiation,higher temperature,and higher density can be produced when the focus position is in the liquid column 0.2 mm away from the front interface.Simultaneously,the spectral signal intensity and signal-to-back ratio of the characteristic peaks of target elements in water reach maximum values,and the spectral signal becomes more stable(relative standard deviation value reaches 2%).The Ca element’s ion radiation at 393.366 nm and atomic radiation at 422.673 nm are studied using narrow-band filtering imaging and time-space resolution spectroscopy.The findings demonstrate that the laws of ion and atomic radiation are not perfectly consistent in space and time.

The Empirical Investigation and Improvement Path of Judicial Protection of Civil Litigation Rights in China

The close coupling of civil litigation rights and human rights mean how well litigation rights are realized can directly or indirectly affect the judicial protection of human rights.Therefore,human rights protection in the field of civil litigation should take the right of civil litigation as the starting point and core.Based on a sample questionnaire survey of judges and lawyers,this paper conducts an empirical analysis and proposes that the exercise of this right should be taken as the main line to build a comprehensive protection mechanism for this right to realize its role in providing an institutional guarantee for human rights protection.It specifies three aspects:first,the process of filing a case should uphold the freedom and equality of the right to initiate litigation,remove substantial obstacles that affect the filing of the case,and ensure access to justice for disadvantaged groups;second,the trial procedure should have strengthened checks and balances on judicial power to ensure the right of litigation is compromised,and respects the procedural subject status of the two parties to realize equal protection of both parties;the third is to promote the implementation and improvement of relief for this right in the supervisory procedure,clarify the boundary of its relief by procuratorial supervision,and enhance the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the relief.

The Bacteria in a Giant's Body--Analysis of Problems in USA Politics

The United States is the first bourgeois republic nation.The history of its political system dates back to 400 years ago.In the history of the American Continent,'The May Flower Treaty' for the first time wrote the democratic thoughts on the paper.And the Virginia Congress was the earliest found congress,which made the Congress a basic political system in the colonies.The Independent Declaration passed on July 4th,1776 established the basic system in the colonies.In 1787 when 'The Constitution of United States' was made and passed,the political system centered on 'checks and balances' was finally confirmed.Since that time,the American politicians have been boasting their most 'advanced' and 'perfect' political system all over the world and trying to promote it all over the world.In fact,more than half of the countries in the world really applied the American political system in their bourgeois revolution.However,the financial crisis originated in USA in 2008 strongly questioned the effectiveness of American political system.The USA government's performance in the crisis was widely criticized by other countries.This dissertation will analyze the problems exposed in the execution of the American political system centered on 'checks and balances'.The writer will exam the problems shown in this time's financial crisis and pay attention to the problems of the two-party system,the electoral system,etc.The writer hopes that the dissertation can give some lights and create a new view.

On the Variation of Divergent Flow： An Eddy-flux Form Equation Based on the Quasi-geostrophic Balance and Its Application

Based on basic equations in isobaric coordinates and the quasi-geostrophic balance,an eddy-flux form budget equation of the divergent wind has been derived. This newly derived budget equation has evident physical significance. It can show the intensity of a weather system,the variation of its flow pattern,and the feedback effects from smaller-scale systems(eddy flows). The usefulness of this new budget equation is examined by calculating budgets for the strong divergent-wind centers associated with the South Asian high,and the strong divergence centers over the Tibetan Plateau,during summer(June–August) 2010. The results indicate that the South Asian high significantly interacts with eddy flows. Compared with effects from the mean flow(background circulation),the eddy flows’ feedback influences are of greater importance in determining the flow pattern of the South Asian high. Although the positive divergence centers over the Tibetan Plateau intensify through different mechanisms,certain similarities are also obvious. First,the effects from mean flow are dominant in the rapid intensification process of the positive divergence center. Second,an intense offsetting mechanism exists between the effects associated with the eddy flows’ horizontal component and the effects related to the eddy flows’ convection activities,which weakens the total effects of the eddy flows significantly. Finally,compared with the effects associated with the convection activities of the mean flow,the accumulated effects of the eddy flows’ convection activities may be more favorable for the enhancement of the positive-divergence centers.

Nonlinear vibration analysis of pipeline considering the effects of soft nonlinear clamp

Soft nonlinear support is a major engineering project,but there are few relevant studies.In this paper,a dynamic pipeline model with soft nonlinear supports at both ends is established.By considering the influence of the Coriolis force and centrifugal force,the dynamical coupling equation of fluid-structure interaction is derived with extended Hamilton’s principle.Then,the approximate analytical solutions are sought via the harmonic balance method.The amplitude-frequency response curves show that different effects can be determined by approximate analysis.It is demonstrated that the increase in the fluid velocity can increase the amplitude of the pipeline system.The frequency range of unstable response increases when the fluid pressure raises.The combination of the soft nonlinear clamp and the large geometrical deformation of the pipeline affects the nonlinear vibration characteristic of the system,and the external excitation force and damping have significant effects on the stability.

LASG Global AGCM with a Two-moment Cloud Microphysics Scheme:Energy Balance and Cloud Radiative Forcing Characteristics

Cloud dominates influence factors of atmospheric radiation, while aerosol–cloud interactions are of vital importance in its spatiotemporal distribution. In this study, a two-moment(mass and number) cloud microphysics scheme, which significantly improved the treatment of the coupled processes of aerosols and clouds, was incorporated into version 1.1 of the IAP/LASG global Finite-volume Atmospheric Model(FAMIL1.1). For illustrative purposes, the characteristics of the energy balance and cloud radiative forcing(CRF) in an AMIP-type simulation with prescribed aerosols were compared with those in observational/reanalysis data. Even within the constraints of the prescribed aerosol mass, the model simulated global mean energy balance at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) and at the Earth’s surface, as well as their seasonal variation, are in good agreement with the observational data. The maximum deviation terms lie in the surface downwelling longwave radiation and surface latent heat flux, which are 3.5 W m-2(1%) and 3 W m-2(3.5%), individually. The spatial correlations of the annual TOA net radiation flux and the net CRF between simulation and observation were around 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. A major weakness is that FAMIL1.1 predicts more liquid water content and less ice water content over most oceans. Detailed comparisons are presented for a number of regions, with a focus on the Asian monsoon region(AMR). The results indicate that FAMIL1.1 well reproduces the summer–winter contrast for both the geographical distribution of the longwave CRF and shortwave CRF over the AMR. Finally, the model bias and possible solutions, as well as further works to develop FAMIL1.1 are discussed.

FROM LOW-ENERGY TO NET ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES

“Net Zero-Energy Building”has become a popular catchphrase to describe the synergy between energy-efficient building and renewable energy utilisation to achieve a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle.Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid overcomes the limitations of energy-autonomous buildings with the need for seasonal energy storage on-site.Although the expression,“Net Zero-Energy Building,”appears in many energy policy documents,a harmonised definition or a standardised balancing method is still lacking.This paper reports on the background and the various effects influencing the energy balance approach.After discussing the national energy code framework in Germany,a harmonised terminology and balancing procedure is proposed.The procedure takes not only the energy balance but also energy efficiency and load matching into account.

Prediction of anΩ_(bbb)Ω_(bbb)Dibaryon in the Extended One-Boson Exchange Model

Since Yukawa proposed that the pion is responsible for mediating the nucleon-nucleon interaction,meson exchanges have been widely used in understanding hadron-hadron interactions.The most studied mesons are theσ,π,ρ,andω,while other heavier mesons are often argued to be less relevant because they lead to short range interactions.However,whether the range of interactions is short or long should be judged with respect to the size of the system studied.We propose that one charmonium exchange is responsible for the formation of theΩ_(bbb)Ω_(bbb)dibaryon,recently predicted by lattice QCD simulations.The same approach can be extended to the strangeness and bottom sectors,leading to the prediction on the existence of??and?bbb dibaryons,while the former is consistent with the existing lattice QCD results,the latter remains to checked.In addition,we show that the Coulomb interaction may break up theΩ_(bbb)Ω_(bbb)pair but not theΩ_(bbb)Ω_(bbb)dibaryons.

Strong Interaction Effect on Jet Energy Loss with Detailed Balance

The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive parameter q. In the presence of strong interaction, more gluons stay at low-energy state than the free gluon case. The strong interaction effect is found to be important for jet energy loss with detailed balance at intermediate jet energy. The energy gain via absorption increases with the strong interaction. This will affect the nuclear modification factor RAA and the parameter of q at intermediate jet energy.

Conflict and Continuity in European Diplomatic Cultures： Accountability, Scrutiny and Control in EU External Affairs

Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. In the exercise of this delegated powers, the HRVP is assisted by a dedicated administrative body, the European External Action Service （EEAS）. Formal decision-making over the EU＇s common foreign and security policy lies with the Council, while the European Neighborhood and Trade policies, as well as international cooperation remain competences of the EU-Commission. Concomitantly, the EEAS is situated within several, partly overlapping and conflicting accountability relationships. The ensuing question is： To what extent, how and by whom can the HRVP and the EEAS be held politically to account？ With data from official documents, 50 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 184 EU foreign policy-makers, the article maps and assesses of the multi-level actor/forum relationships of the EU＇s foreign policy machinery.

有限深度介质上梁非线性能量汇减振的Winkler地基实现

土-结构相互作用对结构动力学特性的影响是一种具有非线性能量汇特征的效应。利用考虑土体质量的Winkler地基梁理论,将有限深度弹性介质等效为非线性能量汇系统的附加质量,建立简谐激励下弹性介质上简支梁系统的非线性动力学模型。采用Galerkin方法和增量谐波平衡法分析了弹性介质上简支梁的非线性动力响应。利用数值计算方法验证了理论结果的正确性,并分析了非线性能量汇的有效性。通过参数优化和分析,揭示了不同参数范围内Winkler地基的减振效果,讨论了其最佳参数范围。研究结果表明:在合理的参数范围内,弹性介质对其支承梁的动力响应有良好的抑制作用,能够快速有效地吸收共振条件下的振动能量,并具有良好的鲁棒性。优化后的非线性能量汇可使梁的共振幅值降低超95%,且具有较宽的减振频带。研究成果从非线性能量汇的角度展现了土-结构相互作用效应的减振机理,为基于弹性地基设计的结构振动抑制提供了理论依据。

基于Kinect体感识别的自衡车交互系统

基于Kinect的自衡车交互系统通过Kinect摄像头采集人体骨骼追踪数据,将其图像化显示到屏幕上,并识别人体肢体动作或手势,将结果转换为控制命令,通过蓝牙传输到自衡车,实现控制自衡车的前进、后退、转向等功能。将人体姿态识别技术和两轮自衡车结合起来,能够满足复杂环境的人机交互控制的需求,对复杂环境机器人勘探领域具有参考价值。

一种面向多核系统的Linux任务调度算法

针对Linux任务调度算法在多核系统中交互性能差的问题,提出一种分组任务调度算法GFS。根据多核系统硬件特性,自动配置物理距离近的一组CPU共享一个任务运行队列,通过平衡组内CPU对任务运行队列的访问竞争与任务迁移的代价,实现组间任务运行队列的负载均衡,减少调度延迟。通过优先调度唤醒任务,加快多核系统中交互任务的响应速度。测试结果表明,在不同任务负载下,GFS能够明显降低交互任务的平均响应时间,从而有效提高多核系统交互应用的调度性能。

两种Gemini表面活性剂在气／液界面的混合单分子膜

用Langmuir膜天平测定了双头基四疏水链的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂2C12-8-2C12·2Br和羧酸型Gemini表面活性剂c11pPHCOOH在气／液界面的表面压(π)-每个分子平均占据面积(A)的等温线,考察了压缩模量(ε)、过剩面积(△AE)、过剩自由能(△GE)等热力学参数随混合体系组成的变化。结果表明,纯组分体系和混合体系均形成液相扩展态单分子膜,混合体系的组成显著影响气／液单分子膜的性质以及组成膜的分子之间的相互作用。

Assessment and utilization of soil water resources

Based on the analyses of water interactions and water balance, this paper discusses the issues on the assessment and regulation of soil water resources, which lays the scientific basis for limited irrigation and water-saving agriculture.

Power Balance Estimation in Long Duration Discharges on QUEST

Fully non-inductive plasma start-up was successfully achieved by using a well- controlled microwave source on the spherical tokamak, QUEST. Non-inductive plasmas were maintained for approximately 3-5 min, during which time power balance estimates could be achieved by monitoring wall and cooling-water temperatures. Approximately 70%-90% of the injected power could be accounted for by calorimetric measurements and approximately half of the injected power was found to be deposited on the vessel wall, which is slightly dependent on the magnetic configuration. The power distribution to water-cooled limiters, which are expected to be exposed to local heat loads, depends significantly on the magnetic configuration, however some of the deposited power is due to energetic electrons, which have large poloidal orbits and are likely to be deposited on the plasma facing components.