Electrokinetic chemical characteristics of humic and dannic acids effecting on the natural water and its coagulation

Taking streaming current(SC)as the electrokinetic parameter,this paper demon- strated the electrokinetic chemical characteristics of humic and dannic acids(HA and DA)in sus- pensions including turbid water,coagulated water and HA or DA contained water.Accordingly, the studies were carried out for determining the relationship between streaming current and zeta po- tential ζ(expressed by eleetrophoretie mobility EM)in above water conditions.In addition,the mechanisms of HA effecting on streaming current within or after coagulant addition and the elec- trokinetic detection principles for HA or DA were also investigated on experiments and theoretical analysis.The results indicated that the change of SC like ζ presented meaningful information con- cerning the degree for destabilization of a particulate suspension,and HA or DA in water could re- markably decrease the effect of inorganic coagulant upon streaming current,which is in accordance with their influence on coagulation.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality of King Abdullah Canal, Using Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Index, Jordan

The main aim of this research is to evaluate the water quality of King Abdullah Canal (KAC) using the water quality index method (WQI). For this purpose, nine different sampling sites were used in the calculation of WQI during the period of January to December 2012. The samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, ions of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Fluorite, Chloride, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, and Nitrate in different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The relative weight assigned to each parameter has a range from 1 to 5, based on the important parameters for drinking purposes. The computed WQI for the nine samples has a range from 46.66 to 542.08. The analysis reveals that the water quality status of the study area is varying from excellent to good in the upper part of the canal and from poor to very poor in the lower part of the canal. Comparing with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Jordan Standard (JS), the results indicate that the lower part of the canal is polluted. Therefore, the water is not safe for domestic use and needs further treatment, especially in the lower part of the canal.

Physico-Chemical and Bacterial Characteristics of Groundwater and Surface Water Quality in the Lagbe Town: Treatment Essays with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Seeds

The river water and groundwater from Lagbe town in Benin Republic were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The surface water samples were treated with alum, Moringa oleifera seeds powder and the combination of alum and Moringa oleifera seeds. The jar-test essays were carried out with two water samples at initial turbidities 7.2 NTU and 14.4 NTU. The water samples analyzed are fairly mineralized (conductivity varies between 166 and 687 μS/cm), enough soft and contain the nitrate (104 mg/L for W4 sample). They are greatly polluted by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Vibrio, Serratia. The optimal dosages of Moringa are 96 mg/L and 80 mg/L respectively. We have observed a reduction of 60% of turbidity and a substantial remove of all pathogenic microorganisms after water treatment with Moringa oleifera seeds. For the combination treatment, 93% of initial turbidity and 92% of initial concentration of organic matter in the sample E2 were eliminated. The pH remained almost constant during the treatment.

Distribution and Formation Causes of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) Double High Pollution Events in China during 2013–20

Fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and ozone(O_(3))double high pollution(DHP)events have occurred frequently over China in recent years,but their causes are not completely clear.In this study,the spatiotemporal distribution of DHP events in China during 2013–20 is analyzed.The synoptic types affecting DHP events are identified with the Lamb–Jenkinson circulation classification method.The meteorological and chemical causes of DHP events controlled by the main synoptic types are further investigated.Results show that DHP events(1655 in total for China during 2013–20)mainly occur over the North China Plain,Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Sichuan Basin,and Central China.The occurrence frequency increases by 5.1%during 2013–15,and then decreases by 56.1%during 2015–20.The main circulation types of DHP events are“cyclone”and“anticyclone”,accounting for over 40%of all DHP events over five main polluted regions in China,followed by southerly or easterly flat airflow types,like“southeast”,“southwest”,and“east”.Compared with non-DHP events,DHP events are characterized by static or weak wind,high temperature(20.9℃ versus 23.1℃)and low humidity(70.0%versus 64.9%).The diurnal cycles of meteorological conditions cause PM_(2.5)(0300–1200 LST,Local Standard Time=UTC+8 hours)and O_(3)(1500–2100 LST)to exceed the national standards at different periods of the DHP day.Three pollutant conversion indices further indicate the rapid secondary conversions during DHP events,and thus the concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2) and volatile organic compounds decrease by 13.1%,4.7%and 4.4%,respectively.The results of this study can be informative for future decisions on the management of DHP events.

Principles of Technology for Bottling Medicinal Mineral Waters of Sairme Using the Example of Source №3a

Sairme mineral water, one of the famous mineral waters in Georgia, is renowned for its exceptional healing properties. The distinctiveness and therapeutic benefits of the naturally sourced mineral water, known as “Sairme”, stem from its rich array of microelements, notably including iron and manganese. Since 1948, the bottling of Sairme mineral water has been a prominent activity. Named after the Sairme deposit, this mineral water is packaged in various formats to cater to diverse consumer preferences. The bottling process involves transporting the mineral water from wells to the bottling plant through pipelines. Prior to bottling, the mineral water undergoes meticulous processing stages in adherence to current Georgian and international regulations. This process ensures that the concentration of trace elements in the bottled water is minimized, maintaining its purity and quality. Given the importance of preserving the microelements present in bottled mineral water, our research is dedicated to optimizing the technological process. Our objective is to safeguard the valuable microelements while ensuring the highest standards of quality and safety in the final product.

Physical and chemical characteristics and research of total suspended particles in Xi＇an and Nanjing

The paper calculates and analyzes physical and chemical characteristics of total suspended particles （TSP）, including mass concentration, absorption coefficient, optical refraction index imaginary unit and chemical composition based on observational data of atmosphere aerosol in Xi＇an and Nanjing from 1997 to 1999. Enrichment characteristic of TSP elements and sources of pollution are discussed via statistical treatment of enrichment factor of elements and correlation analysis. The result shows that aerosol particles exist remarkable differences in physical and chemical. The highest enrichment in TSP is Pb, Zn, S and As, which comes from different kinds of pollution.

Chemical characteristics of long-term acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry:A case study in Southwest China

The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing,China,from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study.The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissions and the neutralization of alkaline substances.The pH of precipitation experienced three stages of fluctuating decline,continuous improvement,and a slight correction.Precipitation pH showed inflection points in 2010,mainly due to the total control actions of SO_(2)and NO_(x)implemented in 2011.The total ion concentrations in rural areas and urban areas were 489.08μeq/L and 618.57μeq/L,respectively.The top four ions were SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),NH_(4)^(+)and NO_(3)^(-),which accounted for more than 90%of the total ion concentration,indicating the anthropogenic effects.Before 2010,SO_(4)^(2-)fluctuated greatly while NO_(3)^(-)continued to rise;however,after 2010,both SO_(4)^(2-)and NO_(3)^(-)began to decline rapidly,with the rates of-12.03μeq/(L·year)and-4.11μeq/(L·year).Because the decline rate of SO_(4)^(2-)was 2.91 times that of NO_(3)^(-),the regional acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain to mixed sulfuric and nitric acid rain.The lake water is weakly acidic,with an average pH of 5.86,and the acidification frequency is 30.00%.Acidification of lake water is jointly affected by acid deposition and acid neutralization capacity of lake water.Acid deposition has a profound impact on water acidification,and nitrogen(N)deposition,especially reduced N deposition,should be the focus of future research.

Material Composition and Engineering Characteristics of Red Clay in Guigang, Guangxi

There is fine and uniform clay with aluminous and ferrous cementation in the red clay found in Guigang, Guangxi. It has the characteristics of shrinkage outwardly, rigid upper but soft lower and well grown fissure. In addition there are engineering characteristics such as high water content, low compactness and low compressibility, high strength and high contractility but slight expansibility. This paper discusses the red clay's engineering characteristics and its change regulation with depth by analyzing changes in the red clay's grain size composition, mineralogical constitution, and chemical composition.

Assessment of Gross Chemical Composition, Mineral Composition, Vitamin Composition and Amino Acids Composition of Wheat Biscuits and Wheat Germ Fortified Biscuits

Wheat germ is reckoned valuable healthful functional food. The present investigation was performed to assess nutritional status of wheat biscuits and wheat germ fortified biscuits. Study included determination of gross chemical composition, caloric value, minerals (Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu, P, Na and K), vitamins (C, Folic acid, A, and E), and amino acid composition of wheat biscuits and 15%, 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits. Likewise physical and sensory characteristics of studied biscuits were assessed. The data revealed that 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits proved to be nutritious functional healthful food. It improved both physical, sensory characteristics and recorded the highest crude protein (12.20%), crude fiber (2%), and the least fat (9.63%), moisture (3.01%), and caloric value (436.31 Kcal/100g). While it recorded the highest Mn and Cu contents as well as increased vitamins C, Folic acid, A, and E. Besides, 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits increased all the eight essential amino acids contents resulting in an improvement of the nutritive value of wheat biscuits. Therefore it could be recommended for caloric reduced diets for obese and overweight persons. Likewise, it should be increasing interest as an ingredient in the industry as functional and healthy foods formulations as biscuits, bread and cakes.

Determining the Quality of Mine Gushing and Mixed Water Using Coupled AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Methods

This study focused on analysis of the chemical characteristics of mine waters. The aim of this study is to correlate the degree of different ionic components in mine water and the influence of their convergence using a combination of the three-scale AHP and fuzzy evaluation methods for the comprehensive evaluation of water quality. Ion chromatography (ICS 1100) has been used to analyze the content of the water sample while portable pH/EC/TDS/Tem- perature meters (SX 811 and SX 813) were used to test physical-chemical parameters. The results of this study show that chemistry of in No.11 gushing mine is dominated by HCO3-Na and HCO3-Ca, and had a pH between 7.1 and 8.00, belonging to neutral or slightly alkaline water. In addition, water were found to have the hardness between 18 mg/L and 542.5 mg/L. Results also show that the TDS of the roof sandstone and goaves water are higher than Cambrian limestone water, while the turbidity of the mixed water is 20 NTU in the sump, again higher than in other samples such as Cambrian limestone water. Total dissolved solids and the total hardness of Cambrian limestone groundwater mainly depend on the content of K+ + Na+, Ca2+, B={b1,b2,…,bj} and SO2-4. Thus, chemical composition changes remarkably after mine water mixing. Results showed that the coal roof sandstone water is class V while that in the sump is class III, and the Cambrian limestone groundwater is class I. In gushing, the quality of water can vary greatly;thus, water from the coal face roof sandstone and the Cambrian limestone should be stored and treated separately before being utilized.

Impact of the 6 February 2023 Earthquake in Turkey on Borjomi Mineral Water Wells

The study of Borjomi mineral water deposit starts from the 30 s of XIX century. Chemical composition of Borjomi deposit mineral water is of great importance for study of issues of mineral water formation, creation of geodynamic model of the deposit and increasing of useful resources. The impact of several strong earthquakes in the region on the wells of the deposit is described. Stability of chemical composition of Borjomi deposit mineral water is proved.

STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLLUTING FOG IN GUANGZHOU AREA IN SPRING

Samples of fog water collected in the area of Guangzhou during February, March and April of 2005 are used in this work to study the chemical composition of fog water in polluting fog there. Three typical episodes of polluting fog are analyzed in terms of ionic concentration and their possible sources. It is found that the concentration of various ions in fog water is much higher than those in rainwater. Fog not only blocks visual range but contains liquid particles that result in high degree of pollution and are very harmful to human health. SO4= is the anion with the highest concentration in fog water, followed by NO3-. For the cation, Ca++ and NH4+ are the highest in concentration. It is then known that rainwater is more acidic than fog water, indicating that ionic concentration of fog water is much higher than that of rainwater, but there are much more buffering materials in fog water, like NH4+ and Ca++. There is significant enrichment of Ca++, SO4=, and Mg++ in fog water. In the Guangzhou area, fog water from polluting fog is mainly influenced continental environment and human activity. The episodes of serious fog pollution during the time have immediate relationships with the presence of abundant water vapor and large amount of polluting aerosol particles.

Study on the mechanism and reaction characteristics of metal-supported phosphogypsum as oxygen carrier in a chemical looping gasification application

This study aimed to explore the chemical looping gasification(CLG)reaction characteristics of the metal-supported composite phosphogypsum(PG)oxygen carriers(OCs)and the thermodynamic mechanism.The FactSage 7.1 thermodynamic simulation was used to explore the oxygen release and H_(2)S removal mechanisms.The experimental results showed that the syngas yield of CLG with PG-CuFe_(2)O_(4)was more than that with PG-Fe_(2)O_(3)20/CuO40 or PG-Fe_(2)O_(3)30/CuO30 OC at 1023 K when the water vapor content was 0.3.Furthermore,the maximum syngas yield of the CO selectivity was 70.3% and of the CO_(2)selectivity was 23.8%.The H_(2)/CO value was 0.78,and the highest carbon conversion efficiency was 91.9% in PG-CuFe_(2)O_(4)at the gasification temperature of 1073 K.The metal-supported PG composite oxygen carrier was proved not only as an oxygen carrier to participate in the preparation of syngas but also as a catalyst to catalyze coal gasification reactions.Furthermore,both the experimental results and FactSage 7.1 thermodynamic analysis revealed that the trapping mechanism of H_(2)S by composite OCs was as follows:CuO first lost lattice oxygen as an oxygen carrier to generate Cu_(2)O,which,in turn,reacted with H_(2)S to generate Cu_(2)S.This study provided efficient guidance and reference for OC design in CLG.

Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Waters on the Litani River Station Quaraoun

Water security is a very important purpose facing the world in the last decay as one of the main consequences related to the risks of climate change. Water quality of Litani River’s at Quaraoun Lake station in Lebanon was evaluated by measuring various physicochemical parameters between 2008 and 2018. Samples were performed and analyzed the first of every month. Different analytical methods were used to determine the values of 11 physico-chemical parameters. Different statistical methods, such as Principal Component Analysis and the Times Series Representation, were applied to the results to evaluate the water characteristics, determine the operation of the ecosystem and study the correlation between the different parameters in the Quaraoun station. Industrial, agricultural and sewage water pollution of the Litani River were demonstrated by the high concentration of sulfate, phosphate and ammonia. High bacterial activity was proved from the high decreasing of the dissolved oxygen. Important correlations between the different parameters and between the parameters of the ecosystem and the weather were proved.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Northern Bamenda (Cameroon)

Safe and reliable drinking water availability constitutes a nightmare in many towns of developing countries and is usually appreciated from its physical appearance without prior knowledge of its chemical and biological properties. This study investigates the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigational purposes through physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses in the Northern part of Bamenda Town (Cameroon). Thus, 20 groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and spring sources in September 2018 (rainy season) and February 2019 (dry season) and physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics were determined. The results revealed that pH ranged from 5.5 to 6.6, thus enabling the classification of the water as slightly acidic. Electrical conductivity varied between 0.01 - 0.06 μS/cm. The relative abundance of ions was such that Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Na+ for cations and HCO-3 > Cl- > NO-3 > SO-4 for anions. The water types were Ca-Mg-NO3 in both dry and rainy seasons. The results revealed that the mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry are rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation. Indicator bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, Enterobacteria, Vibrio, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus were detected in the studied groundwater samples, thus the water sources may pose a threat to public health.

Effects of different processing methods on the quality of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

Background:In this study,we explored the effects of different processing methods on the quality of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua(PC),and the role of Huangjiu in the processing procedure.Methods:The sensory characteristics of the crude product,steamed product,and wine-processed product of PC were described.The colorimeter was used to analyze the chromatic values of three different processed products on PC.At the same time,the contents of the water extract and alcohol extract were measured separately.The content of three different processing Polygonatum Polysaccharide(PCP)was determined using 0.2%anthrone-sulfuric acid.The correlation difference between the chromatic values and chemical composition of different PC products was analyzed using various analytical methods.Results:The surface colors gradually deepened,the sweetness increased,the viscosity strengthened,and the tongue-numbing sensation disappeared after PC processing.The contents of extract and L^(*) gradually decreased from the crude to the steamed to the wine-processed product,consistent with the pattern of surface color alteration.While,E^(*)ab gradually increased.The content of PCP was crude product>wine-processed product>steamed product.The results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the samples processed for crude,steamed,and wine-processed product were clustered into three classes.The correlation analysis showed that L^(*)and E^(*)ab were highly significant positively correlated with the content of PCP,and a*was significantly negatively correlated with the content of PCP.Conclusion:The results showed that the wine-processed product had the best quality.The internal quality of the PC was correlated with its characteristics and chromatic value.In this study,we investigated the internal and external quality of three different products of PC in order to provide a reference for further research on the impact of different processing methods on PC quality,the standardization of PC processing,and the role of Huangjiu in the processing of PC.

Influence of Electrical Field Distortions Induced by Water Droplets on the Contamination Characteristics of an Insulator

When separated water droplets condense on the surface of a composite insulator,the electrical field on the insulator surface is distorted.In turn,such distortions change the trajectories of pollution particles.In this study,the COMSOL software is used to simulate such a process for the FXBW4-10/100 composite insulator with or without water droplets condensation under a 10 kV DC voltage.The influence of the wind speed and particles concentration on the contamination characteristics of the considered 110 kV insulator is analyzed.The results show that:1)in the presence of water droplets on the insulator surface,the ratio of electrical field force and gravity acting on the particles is large;2)the contamination on the insulator surface increases with the wind speed;3)when the wind speed is small,the relationship between the contamination amount and the pollution concentration is essentially linear.

Study on Chemical Characteristics of Rainfall in Tobacco-Growing Regions of Chenzhou, Hunan Province

In order to clarify the chemical properties of rainfall in typical tobacco areas in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, and analyze its potential for soil and flue-cured tobacco planting, rainfall samples in 2020 were collected by rainfall instruments in Fangyuan Town and Aoquan Town of Guiyang County, and the chemical properties that are closely related to the quality of flue-cured tobacco were determined, such as pH, EC, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (), ammonium nitrogen () and ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, , Al3+, , Cl−,). The results show that the pH values of rainfall samples at Fangyuan and Aoquan monitoring sites are in the range of 4.92 - 6.17 and 4.93 - 5.69 respectively, with an average of 5.27 and 5.27 respectively. The acid rain characteristic is very obvious, which is mainly dominated by . The variation of rainfall EC has seasonal characteristics. EC is low from January to September, in the range of 6.09 - 56.72 and 11.83 - 30.93 μS/cm respectively, besides, it is high from October to December, in the range of 102.63 - 174.60 and 25.05 - 86.37 μS/cm respectively. The annual deposition of TN was 22.19 and 20.76 kg/hm2/yr respectively, which were higher than that in the western regions with less human disturbance, but lower than or equal to that in the developed agricultural regions in eastern China. The proportion of in the annual deposition of TN was higher than that of at two monitoring sites, with an average of 56.51% and 38.86% respectively. Ammonia volatilization from agricultural activities contributed more to rainfall nitrogen content. The ratios of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen deposition at two monitoring points were 1.84, 1.81, 1.86 and 1.34, 1.46, and 1.29 during the whole year, summer and autumn, winter and spring respectively. The ratio is higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The weighted average equivalent concentrations of the main ions at two monitoring sites were 238.88 μeq/L and 211.21 μeq/L respectively, and the orders of the ion concentrations were slightly different. Both the concentrations of and are higher, while Mg2+, and Al3+ are lower. , and are mainly from human activities with a contribution rate between 91.90% and 99.35%. Ca2+ mainly comes from soil and ground dust, besides, Cl− and Mg2+ mainly come from marine sources and K+ mainly comes from terrestrial sources. In general, the acidic rainfall and higher concentration are beneficial to reducing the high pH value of soil in Aoquan tobacco area and improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco. Higher concentrations of and in rainfall are not conducive to the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality, because of the high content of soil available sulfur in Chenzhou tobacco area and the characteristics of flue-cured tobacco’s preference for ammonium.

Chemical Compostion of Earthen Pond Feed from Spring Water, in Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria

Sound pond productivity accompanied with adequate fish health is maintained, when water quality parameters are conducive. The study evaluated the chemical composition of a pond feed from spring water, in Asaba Campus. Sampling was carried out from September 2011 to February 2012 on a monthly basis. Surface water samples were collected between the hours of 7：00-9：00 am from the pond on each sampling day. Hydrogen-ion-concentration was in the range of 6.5 to 8.0 units. Dissolved oxygen was the highest in February 2012 with a value of 11.0 mg/L while it was the lowest in December 2011 with a value of 9.0 mg/L. Biological oxygen demand ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mg/L. The chemical oxygen demand was the highest in December （10.00 mg/L） and lowest between January and February （8.0mg/L）. The highest alkalinity was observed in October with a value of 1.05 mg/L and lowest in December with a value of 0.042 mg/L. Conductivity values ranged from 0.075 to 0.12 μS/cm. Total phosphorus was the highest in October with a value of 1.01 mg/L and lowest in December with a value of 0.83 mg/L. Total dissolved solids ranged from 90 to 105 mg/L. Values of physco-chemical parameters revealed that the pond was not polluted. Water quality analysis of the aquatics is of economic advantage to the fish farmer, hence, the need for its assessment at regular intervals. This is a quality assurance process that assures early dictation of toxic substances and mitigation processes to adopt before problems arise. In this way, the good health of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem and those of human dependent on them are guaranteed.

Application of Water Quality Index(WQI)and Regression Analysis of Groundwater in Budigumma Village,Anantapur District,Andhra Pradesh

The research work is aimed at assessing the subsurface or groundwater suitability for human use or consumption depends upon the calculated water quality index values,correlation coefficient and regression analysis.The water quality index(WQI)is main important tool to calculate the characteristics of drinking water quality in rural,urban and industrial area.Different parameters which is measured and determination of the water quality index for selecting parameters.Further to study the correlation and regression method in this research work.Totally fifteen groundwater samples were collected from the Budigumma Village Anantapur district in the state Andhra Pradesh in India.Nine water quality parameters has been considered for the computation of water quality index such as pH,total dissolved solid(TDS),total hardness(TH),calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),nitrates(NO3),chlorides(Cl),sulphates(SO4),fluorides(F).The World Health Organization(WHO)has been assessed to the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes or other uses for public and determining of WQI.This WQI index values ranged from 97.78 to 108.37.The study shows that 87%area comes under the poor category of drinking purposes and the remaining 13%comes under as good water for drinking purposes as per the WQI classification.The correlation and regression analysis gives as an outstanding device for the calculation of different parameter values within realistic degree of precision.The subsistence of strong correlation or relationship between the total hardness and magnesium is determined.The analysis of selected parameters revealed that proper treatment before use or consumption and protected from more contamination.