There are a great variety of commercial nickel alloys mainly because nickel is able to dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while maintaining a single ductile austenitic phase. Nickel alloys are generally desi...There are a great variety of commercial nickel alloys mainly because nickel is able to dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while maintaining a single ductile austenitic phase. Nickel alloys are generally designed for and used in highly aggressive environments, for example, those where stainless steels may experience pitting corrosion or environmentally assisted cracking. While nickel alloys are generally resistant to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing environments, they may be prone to crevice corrosion attack. Addition of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten increases the localized corrosion resistance of nickel alloys. This review on the resistance to localized corrosion of nickel alloys includes specific environments such as those present in oil and gas upstream operations, in the chemical process industry and in seawater service.展开更多
In recent decades,numerous catastrophic accidents have occurred worldwide,ranging from natural events(such as tsunamis,flooding,and earthquakes)to industrial events(such as mining and chemical process disasters).They ...In recent decades,numerous catastrophic accidents have occurred worldwide,ranging from natural events(such as tsunamis,flooding,and earthquakes)to industrial events(such as mining and chemical process disasters).They endanger humans,the environment,organizations,and societies,as well as national security.However,there have been few attempts to propose a model for assessing the required capabilities and potential challenges in crisis management system maturity(CMSM).Accordingly,this study proposes a framework for measuring CMSM levels in complex systems.To this end,a CMSM taxonomy was developed,including aspects,dimensions,and factors influencing the CMSM.Fuzzy inference sets and fuzzy analytical hierarchy processes are then used for knowledge acquisition,quantification of the CMSM,and dealing with epistemic uncertainty.An actual complex petrochemical plant is investigated to evaluate its capabilities.The findings revealed the most significant con-tributing factors:the CMSM’s current capability and challenges level(score),as well as the capacity to overcome the potential crisis response challenges.Moreover,the proposed model can be used as a practical approach for various chemical-processing plants.展开更多
文摘There are a great variety of commercial nickel alloys mainly because nickel is able to dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while maintaining a single ductile austenitic phase. Nickel alloys are generally designed for and used in highly aggressive environments, for example, those where stainless steels may experience pitting corrosion or environmentally assisted cracking. While nickel alloys are generally resistant to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing environments, they may be prone to crevice corrosion attack. Addition of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten increases the localized corrosion resistance of nickel alloys. This review on the resistance to localized corrosion of nickel alloys includes specific environments such as those present in oil and gas upstream operations, in the chemical process industry and in seawater service.
基金This research received no specific grant from the public,commercial,or not-for-profit funding agencies.
文摘In recent decades,numerous catastrophic accidents have occurred worldwide,ranging from natural events(such as tsunamis,flooding,and earthquakes)to industrial events(such as mining and chemical process disasters).They endanger humans,the environment,organizations,and societies,as well as national security.However,there have been few attempts to propose a model for assessing the required capabilities and potential challenges in crisis management system maturity(CMSM).Accordingly,this study proposes a framework for measuring CMSM levels in complex systems.To this end,a CMSM taxonomy was developed,including aspects,dimensions,and factors influencing the CMSM.Fuzzy inference sets and fuzzy analytical hierarchy processes are then used for knowledge acquisition,quantification of the CMSM,and dealing with epistemic uncertainty.An actual complex petrochemical plant is investigated to evaluate its capabilities.The findings revealed the most significant con-tributing factors:the CMSM’s current capability and challenges level(score),as well as the capacity to overcome the potential crisis response challenges.Moreover,the proposed model can be used as a practical approach for various chemical-processing plants.
