Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.

Environmental capacity of chemical oxygen demand in the Bohai Sea: modeling and calculation

A three-dimensional advection-diffusion model coupled with the degradation process is established for describing the transport of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Comparison of the simulated distribution of COD at the surface in the Bohai Sea in August, 2001 with field observations, shows that the model simulates the dataset reasonably well. The Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay, and Liaodong Bay were contaminated heavily near shore. Based on the optimal discharge flux method, the Environmental Capacity (EC) and allocated capacities of COD in the Bohai Sea are calculated. For seawater of Grades I to IV of the Chinese National Standard, the ECs of COD in the Bohai Sea were 77×104 t/a, 116×104 t/a, 154×104 t/a and 193×104 t/a, respectively. The Huanghe (Yellow) River pollutant discharge accounted for the largest percentage of COD at 14.3%, followed by that of from the Liugu River (11.5%), and other nine local rivers below 10%. The COD level in 2005 was worse than that of Grade II seawater and was beyond the environmental capacity. In average, 35% COD reduction is called to meet the standard of Grade I seawater.

On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce online predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of online COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.

Electrochemical Degradation of Indigocarmine Dye at Ni/Graphite Modified Electrode in Aqueous Solution

Nickel Graphite modified electrode (Ni/GME) was prepared by electrochemical method and degradation of Indigocarmine (IC) dye was carried out. An investigation between the efficiency of degradation by graphite electrode and the Ni/graphite modified electrode has been carried out. The different effects of concentration, current density and temperature on the rate of degradation were studied. This study shows that the rate of the degradation is more for Ni doped modified graphite electrode. UV-Visible spectra before and after degradation of the dye solution were observed. The thin film formation of Ni or encapsulated in graphite rod is observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM & EDAX). The instantaneous current effectiveness values of different experimental conditions are evaluated. The anodic oxidation by Ni/ graphite modified electrode showed the complete degradation of aqueous solution indigocarmine, which is confirmed by UV-Visible and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. The dye is converted into CO2, H2O and simpler inorganic salts. The results observed for reuse of modified electrodes indicate that the Ni/graphite modified electrode would be a promising anode for electrochemical degradation of indigocarmine. This method can be applied for the remediation of waste water containing organics, cost-effective and simple.

Effects of Urechis unicinctus Juveniles on Chemical Characteristics of Organically Contaminated Coastal Sediment

Biological activities of marine benthos such as burrowing and feeding may change sediment characteristics.We conducted three experiments to examine the potential of using juveniles of a spoon worm Urechis unicinctus to improve the quality of organically contaminated coastal sediment.Sediment samples were collected from a site that was heavily contaminated with organic matter (Seonso) and two sites that were clean (Myo-do,Dolsan-do).Urechis juveniles,obtained by artificial fertilization and cultured in the laboratory,were introduced to the sediment (weight 3 kg,depth 10 cm) at a density of 500 individuals per aquarium (length 50 cm,width 35 cm,height 30 cm) (Experiment 1),or at densities ranging from 100 to 900 individuals per beaker (Experiment 2).To examine how sediment contamination can be modified by the effects of Urechis,500 individuals (per aquarium) were exposed to the Seonso contaminated sediment that had been mixed with 0-100% clean sand (Experiment 3).Each experiment lasted two months and sediment samples were collected every 15 d to determine the several indexes of sediment quality,which included acid volatile sulfide (AVS),chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total ignition loss (TIL).In Experiment 1,the existence of Urechis did not result in significant changes in quality indexes in the sediments collected from Myo-do,Dolsan-do.However,AVS,COD and TIL of the Seonso sediment all decreased significantly after co-incubation with Urechis juveniles for 30 to 45 d.Experiment 2 showed that a density of at least 300 juveniles per beaker was necessary to significantly reduce all three quality indexes,and the magnitude of reduction was positively correlated with juvenile density.Experiment 3 revealed that Urechis juveniles were effective in reducing the AVS,COD and TIL of the Seonso sediment that had been mixed with 60%,80%,and 80% of clean sand,respectively.The results of the present study therefore indicated that juveniles of this spoon worm have the potential to be used to improve the quality of organically contaminated sediment in coastal waters.

Disruption of biofilms from sewage pipes under physical and chemical conditioning

Biofilms grown inside two sewage collecting pipes located in industrial and residential areas are studied. Bacterial biomass inside three layers of biofilms was evaluated. Biofilm cohesion under different mixing rate and ionic strength was also investigated. Effects of physical and chemical parameters in the biofilms were evaluated by monitoring turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Extracted organic matter from biofilms was partitioned to polar, aromatic and saturated fractions using activated silica column chromatography. Results revealed that bacterial biomass growth depending on biofilm thickness and stratification. The most loaded stratum in bacteria/biomass was the sewage-biofilm interface stratum that represented 51% of the total bacteria/biomass. Stirring rate and ionic strength of mono- and bivalent salts showed a major influence in biofilm disruption. The stirring time enhanced the exchange dynamic and matter capture between biofilm fragments at the critical stirring rate 90 r/min. Sodium chloride showed the dispersing effect on biofilms in suspension, and decreased the BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand） beyond the physiological salt concentration.

近红外光谱的水体污染指标COD定量预测模型

针对传统化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)检测存在检测成本高、耗时、易造成二次污染,以及现有检测模型泛化性较差等不足,难以满足水环境实时监测需求的问题,提出基于近红外光谱技术的COD快速无损定量预测模型.实验结果表明,本模型在污水COD光谱数据集上的预测性能,相较于传统机器学习算法和现有其他深度学习算法更优.测试的决定系数(R^(2))和均方根误差(E_(RMS))分别达到0.992 1和27.47 mg·L^(-1),模型卷积层的输出特征可解释性强,能有效表征关键波长点.该预测模型为实际水体COD含量快速检测提供一种新的方法.

污水中化学需氧量(COD)与浊度的关系

【目的】研究某采油管理区生活污水处理站出水样品中化学需氧量与浊度之间的关系,提出便捷、快速判断污水水质的方式,为该处理站运营人员提供管理依据。【方法】使用快速测定仪,对2023年8月份不同日期,在该采油管理区生活污水处理站出口处采取的16个水样的化学需氧量与浊度进行检测,并使用最小二乘法对检测数据进行整理、分析。【结果】结果表明,该采油管理区生活污水处理站出水水样中化学需氧量与浊度存在线性正相关关系,线性方程为y=0.247 1x-4.848 8,线性回归判定系数R2=0.931 5(即化学需氧量与浊度具有较高的相关性)。【结论】可以通过简单易测的浊度来表征该采油管理区生活污水处理站出水中的化学需氧量。

基于近红外光谱法的废水COD、BOD_5、pH的快速测量

收集了城市生活污水处理厂和养殖废水200个样品,以4cm-1的分辨率,分别用2mm和10mm样品池,用透射法采集800～2500nm谱区的光谱数据,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)回归建立了废水的生化需氧量(BOD5)、化学需氧量(COD)和pH的预测模型.该模型的BOD5、COD和pH的预测值与参考值的校正相关系数分别为0.763、0.975、0.966,校正标准误差分别为27.7mg.L-1、19.9mg.L-1、0.165,预测相关系数分别为0.6939、0.945、0.927,预测标准误差分别为37.9mg.L-1、29.4mg.L-1、0.208.实验结果表明,近红外光谱技术可成为特定废水多指标快速检测的新手段.

油田污水处理工艺中COD的去除研究进展

概述了油田污水的组成特点,并从近年来聚合物驱油和三元复合驱油产生污水带来的新问题出发,阐述了油田污水处理的难点所在。同时对当前油田污水处理工艺流程特点、实际工艺中存在的不足等作了比较,得出当前油田污水处理过程中工艺流程的选择标准和目标。重点对工艺处理中的絮凝沉降、生化处理以及膜法处理等不同的工艺流程中COD的去除进行了研究,通过比较各种方法得出在油田污水处理中利用生化法和膜处理方法的有机结合将是油田污水处理的主要发展方向。同时对当前油田污水处理中亟待需要解决的问题作了进一步表述。

一种快速测定化学需氧量(COD)的方法

提出用混酸来代替单一酸测定废水中的化学需氧量(COD)含量的方法。采用混酸(硫酸∶磷酸=4∶1)、重铬酸钾反应体系,氧化反应时间由标准方法的2h缩短为15min,是原来的1/8。用两种方法分别测试了标准物质所配制的废水和实际废水,经t检验和相关性分析,两种测试方法间不存在显著性差异,相关系数为0.95,相关性良好,同时实验得出本方法的检测限为5.15mg/L。本方法由于具有反应时间短,节省药剂和电费等优点,具有一定的可行性。

重铬酸钾法测定COD存在问题及改进研究进展

肯定了传统的COD测定方法——重铬酸钾法的优点,指出了存在的不足和问题：耗时长、试剂用量大、耗水、耗电、费人工、排污严重、存在氯的干扰、贵金属的浪费。较为全面地叙述了对上述各问题改进的国内外研究进展,简单介绍了COD测定的几种新方法,指出了未来需要的是准确、快速、稳定、灵敏、价格合理、携带方便、无二次污染的环境友好型COD在线自动监测仪。

近红外光谱透射法测量废水化学需氧量(COD)的光程选择

在用近红外光谱法测量废水化学需氧量（COD）时,水是一个强干扰因素,如何选择合适的光程长以提高测量灵敏度,减少测量误差很重要.本文通过在傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪上用透射光谱法测量废水COD实验来讨论废水测量的光程选择.采集了60个养猪废水水样,分别用1mm、2mm、5mm和10mm的样品池作对比研究,用PLS回归建模,比较不同光程长对废水COD预测的效果,结果显示在800-1350nm谱区选用10mm的光程,在1350-2500nm谱区选用1mm或2mm的光程测量,使用双光程组合方法建模可以提高模型在800-2500nm谱区的预测性能.该光程组合方法对其它复杂组分的水溶液的近红外定量测量也具有一定的参考意义.

荧光光谱法检测水质COD时温度、浊度、 pH的影响分析

以COD标准液为研究对象,基于特定激发波长下的荧光发射光谱数据,采用化学计量学算法对水质COD进行了检测,分析了水的温度、浊度和pH的变化对发射光谱的影响,并对相关参数的影响进行了补偿校正。在此基础上建立了多参量共同作用时对水质COD预测模型的补偿校正方法。首先采用荧光光谱法对浓度范围为1～55 mg·L^(-1)水质化学需氧量(COD)标准溶液进行三维荧光光谱的采集,去除散射峰以后采用基于蚁群算法优化的偏最小二乘法(ACO-iPLS)对不同激发波长(Ex=255～285 nm,间隔为5 nm)下的荧光发射光谱(Em=275～450nm)数据进行特征提取并采用基于粒子群优化的最小二乘支持向量机算法(PSO-LSSVM)进行预测模型的建立。结果表明,不同激发波长下的荧光发射光谱数据模型的检验集决定系数R■在0.961 8～0.998 1范围内,当采用波长为Ex=270 nm的激发光作用时所激发出的荧光发射光谱数据所建模型的效果最优,其检验集决定系数R■=0.998 1,预测均方根误差RMSEP=0.348 3 mg·L^(-1)。其次,对温度、浊度、 pH对荧光光谱法检测水质COD的影响进行了分析,并给出了相应的补偿模型。结果表明,温度和浊度在检测水质COD时对荧光光谱的影响不可忽略,但通过建立补偿模型可以对其影响进行有效的补偿校正,温度补偿后荧光数据模型的整体平均偏差Bias=0.130 6 mg·L^(-1),经浊度补偿后可以很好的校正浊度变化对荧光光谱法检测水质COD的影响,而pH范围在4～12.3内变化时对荧光光谱的影响相对较小,因此可忽略。最后,结合单一影响因素的分析结果,对荧光光谱法检测水质COD时水体的多种环境因素(温度、浊度、 pH)共同作用的影响进行了分析。实验结果表明,忽略pH影响后,可以采用对温度和浊度同时补偿的方法对二者的影响进行有效的校正。该结果可为水质参数光学传感器在调试过程中抑制环境因素的影响提供参考。

大型垃圾填埋场渗滤液COD的衰减规律

对试验场渗滤液COD质量浓度进行长达 3 .5年的测定 (1～ 2周测定一次 ) ,建立了填埋场渗滤液COD质量浓度随时间变化的数学模型 ,并通过模型预测了渗滤液COD质量浓度通过自然衰减达到不同排放标准所需时间 ,同时提出填埋场的规划和设计可以由传统的渗滤液及时外排处理式转变为不及时外排 ,使其在填埋场内COD质量浓度大幅度自然衰减后抽出处理 ,这样可以大量节省费用 。

油田采油污水的COD_(Cr)构成分析

实验研究了某油田联合站稠油采出水的CODCr构成 ,初步探明了CODCr难以处理的原因 ,并提出了降低CODCr的对策。结果表明 ,该联合站污水CODCr主要由油和水中残留的各种化学药剂构成 ,对于新鲜污水 ,二者对CODCr的贡献分别为 6 0 .7%和 39.3% ;油对CODCr的贡献可采用方程CODCr=4 .3912X +0 .6 171(X为油含量 ,mg/L)来定量表征 ;污水中残留的在采油作业或地面作业时使用的各种化学药剂是其CODCr难以达标的主要原因。

COD_(Cr)测定中氯离子的影响及消除

根据油田采出水中氯离子含量高，对ＣＯＤＣｒ测定影响较大的特点，通过试验探讨高含氯对污水ＣＯＤＣｒ测定的影响及消除其影响的方法。试验结果表明，对高含氯、低ＣＯＤＣｒ的污水用国标方法测定ＣＯＤＣｒ时会产生较大误差，且误差随氯离子含量的增加而增大；不掩蔽氯离子测定污水ＣＯＤＣｒ总值，用ＣＯＤＣｒ总值减去氯离子产生的ＣＯＤＣｒ值则能较准确地反映污水的真实ＣＯＤＣｒ值。

应用超声消解快速检测COD方法的实验研究

提出快速检测水样化学需氧量(COD)的新方法 ,即在常温常压下利用超声消解(UASD)水样,并结合分光光度法(SP)或氧化还原电位法(ORP)检测水样COD。实验表明,UASD法消解水样的最佳时间在4 min左右;用标准邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液绘制工作曲线,采用UASD-SP法对污水样品的COD(经稀释COD<500 mg/L)进行检测,测得的COD值与国标法测定值对比,准确度在-5.4%^-2.1%,实验精密度在0.42%~2.8%。实验证明了应用超声消解快速检测COD方法的可行性。

载铜活性炭催化氧化深度降解石油污水中的COD

用载铜活性炭和污水中溶解氧体系 ,催化氧化法深度降解石油污水中的COD。活性炭用7.5 %Cu(NO3 ) 2 溶液浸渍 ,在 2 6 0℃还原固化 ,制得催化剂。用固定床式水处理柱 ,对经混凝沉降处理后COD值难以达标的石油污水进行深度处理研究。pH值为 7.5± 0 .5 ,经曝气的石油污水 ,在 2 5～ 30℃条件下与催化体系接触 2h ,可将 45倍于催化剂体积的石油污水中的COD值由 30 0mg/L以上降至 10 0mg/L以下。催化剂可通过制备方法得以再生。该体系在石油污水的深度达标处理中应用前景广阔。

电镀废水中氨氮及COD的去除

电镀废水水质复杂,含有多种污染物,其中Ni+、Cu2+等重金属已得到良好的回收利用,但对有机污染物和氨氮的去除研究鲜见报道。本文采用铁碳微电解法对电镀废水进行预处理,可确保出水中残留重金属不影响后续生物反应,预氧化表面活性剂、光亮剂及其它助剂,提高了废水的可生化性;进而通过水解酸化和好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)的生物处理降低废水的COD和氨氮,由于电镀废水中硝酸盐含量较高,会抑制好氧池内氨氮的硝化作用,MBR出水回流至水解池,并在水解池进水中添加适当的碳源,可确保出水氨氮低于15 mg/L。铁碳微电解+水解酸化+MBR工艺可有效的降低电镀废水中的氨氮和COD。