The dynamic changes and mechanisms of Rehmanniae radix processing based on Maillard reaction

Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.

Reaction mechanism and kinetics of pressurized pyrolysis of Chinese oil shale in the presence of water

A study of reaction mechanisms and chemical kinetics of pressurized pyrolysis of Chinese Liushuhe oil shale in the presence of water were conducted using an autoclave for simulating and modeling in-situ underground thermal degradation.It was found that the oil shale was first pyrolyzed to form pyrobitumen,shale oil,shale gas and residue,then the pyrobitumen was further pyrolyzed to form more shale oil,shale gas,and residue.It means that there are two consecutive and parallel reactions.With increasing temperature,the pyrobitumen yield,as intermediate,first reached a maximum,then decreased to approximately zero.The kinetics results show that both these reactions are first order.The activation energy of pyrobitumen formation from oil shale is lower than that of shale oil formation from pyrobitumen.

Dimensionality Reduction with Input Training Neural Network and Its Application in Chemical Process Modelling

Many applications of principal component analysis (PCA) can be found in dimensionality reduction. But linear PCA method is not well suitable for nonlinear chemical processes. A new PCA method based on im-proved input training neural network (IT-NN) is proposed for the nonlinear system modelling in this paper. Mo-mentum factor and adaptive learning rate are introduced into learning algorithm to improve the training speed of IT-NN. Contrasting to the auto-associative neural network (ANN), IT-NN has less hidden layers and higher training speed. The effectiveness is illustrated through a comparison of IT-NN with linear PCA and ANN with experiments. Moreover, the IT-NN is combined with RBF neural network (RBF-NN) to model the yields of ethylene and propyl-ene in the naphtha pyrolysis system. From the illustrative example and practical application, IT-NN combined with RBF-NN is an effective method of nonlinear chemical process modelling.

Lagrangian simulation of multi-step and rate-limited chemical reactions in multi-dimensional porous media

Management of groundwater resources and remediation of groundwater pollution require reliable quantification of contaminant dynamics in natural aquifers, which can involve complex chemical dynamics and challenge traditional modeling approaches. The kinetics of chemical reactions in groundwater are well known to be controlled by medium heterogeneity and reactant mixing, motivating the development of particle-based Lagrangian approaches. Previous Lagrangian solvers have been limited to fundamental bimolecular reactions in typically one-dimensional porous media. In contrast to other existing studies, this study developed a fully Lagrangian framework, which was used to simulate diffusion-controlled, multi-step reactions in one-, two-, and three-dimensional porous media. The interaction radius of a reactant molecule, which controls the probability of reaction, was derived by the agent-based approach for both irreversible and reversible reactions. A flexible particle tracking scheme was then developed to build trajectories for particles undergoing mixing-limited, multi-step reactions. The simulated particle dynamics were checked against the kinetics for diffusion-controlled reactions and thermodynamic wellmixed reactions in one-and two-dimensional domains. Applicability of the novel simulator was further tested by(1) simulating precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals in a two-dimensional medium, and(2) quantifying multi-step chemical reactions observed in the laboratory. The flexibility of the Lagrangian simulator allows further refinement to capture complex transport affecting chemical mixing and hence reactions.

Opinion: Chemical--Mesoscopics..for the Mesoparticles Reactivity Explanation

The estimation of chemical particles reactivity and the determination of chemical reactions direction are the actual theme in new scientific trend-Chemical Mesoscopics.Paper includes the proposal about the using the theory of free energy linear dependence from physical organic chemistry and their applications for prognosis of reactions flowing.The semi-empiric constants is given according to mesoscopic physics definitions as well as the transformed Kolmogorov-Avrami equation is discussed.It is the development of Chemical Mesoscopics for organic reactivity estimation including nanostructures reactivity.

Chemical looping gasification of maceral from low-rank coal: Products distribution and kinetic analysis on vitrinite

The product distribution and kinetic analysis of low-rank coal vitrinite were investigated during the chemical looping gasification(CLG)process.The acid washing method was used to treat low-rank coal,and the density gradient centrifugation method was adopted to obtain the coal macerals.By combining thermogravimetric analysis and online mass spectrometry,the influence of the heating rate and oxygen carrier(Fe2O3)blending ratio on product distribution was discussed.The macroscopic kinetic parameters were solved by the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)method,and the main gaseous product formation kinetic parameters were solved by the iso-conversion method.The results of vitrinite during slow heating chemical looping gasification showed that the main weight loss interval was 400–600℃,and the solid yield of sample vitrinite-Fe-10 at different heating rates was 64.30%–69.67%.When b=20℃·min^(-1),the maximum decomposition rate of vitrinite-Fe-10 was 0.312%min1.The addition of Fe2O_(3)reduced the maximum decomposition rate,but by comparing the chemical looping conversion characteristic index,it could be inferred that the chemical looping gasification of vitrinite might produce volatile substances higher than the pyrolysis process of vitrinite alone.The average activation energy of the reaction was significantly reduced during chemical looping gasification of vitrinite,which was lower than the average activation energy of 448.69 kJ·mol^(-1) during the pyrolysis process of vitrinite alone.The gaseous products were mainly CO and CO_(2).When the heating rate was 10℃·min^(-1),the highest activation energy for CH4 formation was 21.353 kJ·mol^(-1),and the lowest activation energy for CO formation was 9.7333 kJ·mol^(-1).This study provides basic data for exploring coal chemical looping gasification mechanism and reactor design by studying the chemical looping gasification process of coal macerals。

Recent Research Progress of Chemical Reactions under Supercritical Conditions

Chemical reactions (such as hydrogenation, hydroformylation, alkylation, esterification, etc.) at supercritical conditions afford opportunities to manipulate the solubility of reactants and products, to eliminate interphase transport limitations in the reaction systems, and to be beneficial to the environment. This review concentrates on the most recent developments after 2001 with only a brief summary of pioneering research work before 2001.

Numerical Analysis on Wood Pyrolysis in Pre-Vacuum Chamber

In the previous experimental work, a new technology system for wood pyrolysis was developed to aim at mitigating climate change, global warming, and energy crisis as well as enhancing low electrification in rural areas in developing countries. The new technology system equipped with a pre-vacuum chamber requires low cost and less maintenance. However, large wood pyrolysis in the pre-vacuum chamber is rather complicated. To obtain a good understanding of the previous experimental results, a numerical analysis taking account of heat-mass transfer and chemical reaction is carried out. Two-step general reaction model is proposed for the numerical analysis. The first stage is volatile and char formation from the wood pieces and the second state is decomposition of the volatile to five species including vapor of tar. In this analysis, chemical formulae of the volatile and the tar are successfully identified hypothetically. The results obtained by this numerical analysis can explain the experimental results reasonably and provide useful information about time evolution of volatile formation, temperature change in pre-vacuum chamber with time, and species mole concentration decomposed from the volatile.

Surface-Driven High-Pressure Processing

许多化学过程都要在高压下进行,因为高压状态能提高产率,加快化学反应的速率,在分离过程中提高溶剂的溶解率,并通过增加分子能量和分子碰撞率来克服活化作用的障碍。在实验室中可以通过使用金刚石砧室使压力达到数百万巴(1 bar=1×10~5Pa),因此为利用热力学、输运和电子性质来进行化学合成以及新材料的合成提供了新的途径。然而,在工业规模上,高压工艺目前正受到成本压缩和材料有限的约束,因此很少有工业过程能够在压力超过25 MPa的情况下进行。本文提出了一种高压工艺的替代方法,即利用来自固体底物的表面驱动的相互作用产生极高的局部压力。近期的实验和分子模拟表明,这种相互作用可以产生高达数万巴的局部压力,在某些情况下甚至可以达到数百万巴。由于活跃的高压区域分布不均匀,压力在不同方向上存在差异。在许多情况下,增大最多的是平行于底物表面的压力(切向压力)。这种压力是施加在要加工的分子上的,而不是施加在固体底物或容器上。本文综述了现阶段对这种增压的认识,并讨论了一种基于表面驱动力的可行方法来达到高压处理的效果。与传统的整体相位工艺相比,这种表面驱动高压工艺能达到更高的压力,因为它不需要机械压缩。此外,处理过程中没有对容器施加更大的压力,因此不用担心材料受损。

化工过程中的电子传递、质子传递和分子传递

随着“绿色化学”和“可持续发展”概念以及“碳达峰、碳中和”(双碳)目标的相继提出与推进,化学工业逐步进入绿色化、高端化、智能化发展新阶段。对于包含反应的化工过程有非常经典的“三传一反”理论,以反应动力学为核心,以动量传递、热量传递与质量传递为基础,揭示了物质、能量传递与化学反应的协同强化规律,对化工领域的发展具有重要和深远意义。近年来,由于光能、电能等清洁能源以及绿色生物制造、光电化学工程等新学科引入化工反应过程中,以电子传递、质子传递和分子传递为代表的三类传递现象得到了广泛关注和大量研究,为“三传一反”理论注入了新的活力。在此背景下,尝试将电子传递、质子传递和分子传递三类现象进行分析和介绍,针对不同化学反应的特点,初步总结了通过电子传递、质子传递和分子传递过程的单独或协同强化,以实现传递过程与化学反应过程的高度匹配,进而实现化学反应效率的显著提升。

生物质定向热解制备高附加值化学品研究进展

石油化工产品是制备众多生活和生产用品,如化妆品、润滑油、塑料制品、合成纤维等的原材料,这使得人类对以石油为原料生产的各种化学品的依赖非常严重。基于此,以可再生生物质为原料生产高附加值平台化学品受到了广泛关注。生物质定向热解可选择性地制备多种高附加值平台化学品,已成为目前全球研究的前沿和热点。对生物质定向热解制备多种常见的高附加值化学品进行了系统地概述,首先总结了热解原料、热解方式、预处理方式、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂等条件对目标高附加值产物的影响规律,然后分析了生物质定向热解制备目标产物的反应路径,最后对生物质定向热解制备平台化学品的未来发展方向进行了展望,为生物质的高效转化利用提供一定的依据和借鉴。

Transport-Reaction Process in the Reaction of Flue Gas Desulfurization

A theoretical investigation was conducted to study the transport-reaction process in the spray-drying flue gas desulfurization. A transport-reaction model of single particle was proposed, which considered the water evaporation from the surface of droplet and the reaction at the same time. Based on this model, the reaction rate and the absorbent utilization can be calculated. The most appropriate particle radius and the initial absorbent concentration can be deduced through comparing the wet lifetime with the residence time, the result shows in the case that the partial pressure of vapor in the bulk flue gas is 2000Pa, the optimum initial radius and absorbent concentration are 210～310 μ m and 23% respectively. The model can supply the optimum parameters for semi-dry FGD system designed.

Multiple objectives application approach to waste minimization

Besides econormics and controllability, waste minimization has now become an objective in designing chemical processes,and usually leads to high costs of investment and operation.An attempt was mede to minimize waste discharged from chemical reaction processes during the design and modification process while the operation conditions were also optimized to meet the requirements of technology and economics.Multiob-jectives decision nonlinear programming(NLP) was emplyed optimize the operation conditions of a chemical reaction process and reduce waste. A modeling package-SPEEDUP was used to simulate the process.This paper presents a case study of the benzenc production process.The flowsheer factors affecting the economics and waste generation were examined.Constraints were imposed to reduce the number of objectives and carry out optimal calculations easily.After comparisons of all possiblle solutions,best-compromise approach was applied to meet technological requirements and minimize waste.

增密工艺对C/C-Cu复合材料组织和性能的影响

为了探究增密工艺对C/C-Cu复合材料组织和性能的影响,分别采用化学气相渗透(CVI)和先驱体浸渍裂解转化(PIP)对2.5D针刺碳毡进行增密处理,得到由热解碳和树脂碳填充的C/C增强体,采用真空浸渗工艺制备了C/C-Cu复合材料,并对其进行了组织分析和性能测试。结果表明:采用CVI增密制备的C/C-Cu复合材料中TiC界面层更薄,热解碳对碳纤维起到了较好的保护作用,垂直、平行方向的电阻率分别为0.72、0.63μΩ·m、压缩强度分别为367.61、326.87 MPa,抗拉强度为62.54 MPa,其导电性能、压缩强度、抗拉强度以及塑性均优于PIP增密,破坏机制为纤维拔出破坏;采用CVI增密制备的C/C-Cu复合材料硬度值为77.28 HBW,略低于PIP增密(81.59 HBW),但二者差异较小。综上,CVI增密工艺更适合用来制备C/C-Cu复合材料的C/C增强体。

低变质烟煤中低温热解机理研究进展

中国低变质烟煤储量丰富,中低温热解是低变质烟煤极佳的利用方式,介绍了煤热解、煤热解过程的影响因素及煤热解的研究现状,重点梳理了煤热解机理的发展及热解机理的最新研究成果,现阶段实现了对煤热解过程的定量描述,对煤热解过程中的二次反应认识也得到了一定的细化,继续加大煤热解的基础研究将为中国煤炭资源的高效清洁利用指出方向,实现煤的定向热解和产物调控,更好地指导工业实际应用。

超分子组装体动态重构综合实验

为提高化学及相关专业本科生对超分子化学及耗散结构的认知并锻炼其大学化学综合实验技能,设计了基于鸟苷5’-单磷酸二钠盐与尿素-脲酶计时反应的超分子组装体动态重构综合实验。本实验主要包括基于计时反应的非平衡超分子组装体系构建方法、结构表征、组装体动态重构机制探究等内容。通过科教融合的形式提高学生对科学研究的兴趣,培养学生科学思维;通过本实验的实践,可提升学生综合技能。

固体推进剂老化过程影响因素及化学反应机理研究进展

基于固体推进剂的贮存老化,以NEPE推进剂和以HTPB推进剂为代表,综述了近年来固体推进剂老化进程中所受的各种影响因素、作用机制及化学反应机理研究进展。总结了温湿度、应力和环境气氛为代表的外部环境因素,配方性质、组分变化和添加剂等内部影响因素对推进剂老化及贮存失效期限的影响。分别从微观和宏观角度出发,分析了内外部各种影响因素加速或减缓固体推进剂老化进程的作用机制。此外,针对黏合剂、氧化剂、防老剂等化学组分,总结了固体推进剂贮存老化期间发生的氧化交联、分解、降解断链等主要化学反应,并分析了各个反应发生的机理及原因。最后,展望了未来固体推进剂老化影响因素研究的发展趋势,并为今后固体推进剂老化机理及失效模式研究提供了研究思路。

影响油页岩热解的因素分析

油页岩是一种富含有机质的细粒沉积岩,在我国储量巨大且分布广泛,具有广阔的应用前景。研究油页岩的热解过程,对于提高页岩油品质及产率、优化热解条件有着重要意义。目前虽然进行了大量相关研究,但因热解过程的复杂性以及受到诸多因素不确定性的影响,研究大多还停留在半定性的层面。结合有氧干馏工艺综述了影响油页岩热解因素的研究现状,为进一步开发利用油页岩资源奠定基础。

调节进汽压力的抽汽式汽轮机系统及控制方法

在石油和化工行业,由于工艺流程的特殊性,存在着一种调节进汽压力的抽汽式汽轮机系统。该系统通过使用抽汽式汽轮机作为驱动机实现既调节汽轮机进汽压力又确保输出压缩机所需功率的目的,达到既保前压又保负荷的效果。该系统仅使用一台抽汽式汽轮机就完全消耗化学反应炉内产出的蒸汽量,从汽轮机的抽汽口外供富余蒸汽,从而提出了一种处理化学反应炉富余蒸汽的新方案。本文主要介绍该抽汽式汽轮机系统的特点及控制方法与保护措施。

典型化工工艺热安全性分析研究概述

根据国内外化工过程事故案列统计,能够造成极大人员伤亡和财产损失的爆炸及火灾事故占比近90%,反应失控是56%事故发生的原因。而在反应失控事故中,反应热失控所导致的事故约占80%。由此可见,反应热失控已成为化工行业最主要的事故发生诱因,因此对化工工艺过程中的放热效应进行有效的热失控研究,将对一些企业的安全生产具有极大的导向意义。