Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review

The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.

CO_(2) conversion to solar fuels and chemicals:Opening the new paths

This future article discusses the new prospects and directions of CO_(2)conversion via the photo-electrocatalytic(PEC)route.The second(2nd)generation solar fuels and chemicals(SFs)are generated directly in PEC systems via electrons/protons reactions without forming molecular H_(2)as an intermediate,overcoming the thermodynamics limitations and practical issues encountered for electro-fuels produced by multistep thermocatalytic processes(i.e.CO_(2)conversion with H_(2)coming from water electrolysis).A distributed and decentralized production of SFs requires very compact,highly integrated,and intensified technologies.Among the existing reactors of advanced design(based on artificial leaves or photosynthesis),the integrated photovoltaic plus electrocatalytic(PV-EC)device is the only system(demonstrated at large scale)to produce SFs with high solar-to-fuel(STF)efficiency.However,while the literature indicates STF efficiency as the main(and only)measure of process performance,we remark here the need to refer to productivity(in terms of current density)and make tests with reliable flow PEC systems(with electrodes of at least 5–10 cm^(2))to accelerate the scaling-up process.Using approaches that minimize downstream separation costs is also mandatory.Many limitations exist in PEC systems,but most can be overcome by proper electrode and cell engineering,thus going beyond the properties of the electrocatalysts.As examples of current developments,we present the progress of(i)artificial leaf/tree devices for green H_(2)distributed production and(ii)a PEC device producing the same chemicals at both cathode and anode parts without downstream operations for green solvent distributed production.Based on these developments,future directions,such as producing fertilizers and food components from the air,are outlined.The aim is to provide new ideas and research directions from a personal perspective.

Mo_(2)B_(2)O_(2)MBene for Efficient Electrochemical CO Reduction to C_(2)Chemicals:Computational Exploration

Emerging as a new class of two-dimensional materials with atomically thin layers,MBenes have great potential for many important applications such as energy storage and electrocatalysis.Toward mitigating carbon footprint,there has been increasing interest in CO_(2)/CO conversion on MBenes,but mostly focused on C_(1)products.C^(2+)chemicals generally possess higher energy densities and wider applications than C_(1)counterparts.However,C–C coupling is technically challenging because of high energy requirement and currently few catalysts are suited for this process.Here,we explore electrochemical CO reduction reaction to C_(2)chemicals on Mo_(2)B_(2)O_(2)MBene via density-functional theory calculations.Remarkably,the most favorable CO–COH coupling is revealed to be a spontaneous and barrierless process,making Mo_(2)B_(2)O_(2)an efficient catalyst for C–C coupling.Among C_(1)and C_(2)chemicals,ethanol is predicted to be the primary product.Furthermore,by charge and bond analysis,it is unraveled that there exist significantly more unbonded electrons in the C atom of intermediate*COH than other C_(1)intermediates,which is responsible for the facile C–C coupling.From an atomic scale,this work provides microscopic insight into C–C coupling process and suggests Mo_(2)B_(2)O_(2)a promising catalyst for electrochemical CO reduction to C_(2)chemicals.

Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels

In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future,lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock.This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels.Following a brief introduction on the structure,major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass,the catalytic conversion of three main components,i.e.,cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin,into various compounds are comprehensively discussed.Either in separate steps or in one-pot,cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF,furfural,polyols,and organic acids,or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids.On the other hand,lignin is first depolymerized into phenols,catechols,guaiacols,aldehydes and ketones,and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels,bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds.The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification,catalytic pyrolysis,as well as emerging strategies.Finally,opportunities,challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.

Surface modification of Cu_(2)O with stabilized Cu^(+) for highly efficient and stable CO_(2) electroreduction to C_(2+) chemicals

Copper(Cu)-based materials are known as the most attractive catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),especially the Cu^(+) species(e.g.,Cu_(2)O),which show excellent capability for catalyzing CO_(2) to C_(2+) chemicals because of their unique electronic structure.However,the active Cu^(+) species are prone to be reduced to metallic Cu under an electroreduction environment,thus resulting in fast deactivation and poor selectivity.Here,we developed an advanced surface modification strategy to maintain the active Cu^(+) species via assembling a protective layer of metal-organic framework(copper benzenetricarboxylate,CuBTC) on the surface of Cu_(2)O octahedron(Cu_(2)O@CuBTC).It's encouraging to see that the Cu_(2)O@CuBTC heterostructure outperforms the bare Cu_(2)O octahedron in catalyzing CO_(2) to C_(2+) chemicals and dramatically enhances the ratio of C_(2)H_(4)/CH_(4) products.A systematic study reveals that the introduced CuBTC shell plays a critical role in maintaining the active Cu^(+) species in Cu_(2)O@CuBTC heterostructure under reductive conditions.This work offers a practical strategy for improving the catalytic performance of CO_(2)RR over copper oxides and also establishes a route to maintain the state of valence-sensitive catalysts.

Chemicals Used in Polymeric Material Coated Waste Paper Composites

In this research, at different quantities as fillers, Boric Acid, Calcite (CaCO3), SPT (Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate) and as coupling matters, 3%, MAPE (Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polyethylene), Titanate and Silanyl (Vinyltriethoxysilane) were added waste paper. Composite boards were pressed and cut in 1 × 30 × 30 cm. In order to identify some properties of the produced boards, experimental works were applied according to the standards. In conclusion, bending stress reduced with filler materials and chemicals was reduced even more than the bending stress except for some experimental groups. In addition, it was observed that the coupling chemicals increased the bending strength and modulus of elasticity compared to the fillers.

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Possible Genesis of Ovarian Tumors

Background: Prolonged exposure to environmental toxicants like endocrine-disrupting chemicals has been linked to several ovarian pathologies. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may start at any time of life from the fetal stage to adulthood resulting in various health complications The purpose of our study is to compare the concentration levels and association of benzopyrene, bisphenol A and genistein in patients with ovarian tumors and normal control group. We also sort to evaluate the predictive performance of benzopyrene, bisphenol A and genistein in patients with ovarian tumors. Methods: A case-control study was conducted for randomly selected participants involving 30 patients and 30 controls. 30 patients with radiologically diagnosed and histopathological confirmed ovarian tumors were included in the study between January 2022 and December 2022. Urine samples from each group were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Descriptive analysis for normally distributed continuous variables was done accordingly. Concentration levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. The association of endocrine-disrupting chemicals with pathological ovarian tumors was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of endocrine-disrupting chemicals was analyzed using the ROC curve. Results: Overall, patients were significantly (P = 0.000) older than the healthy controls. Mean years (SD) were 36.7 (7.90) and 28.8 years (4.89) for patients and normal women respectively. Endometriomas had the highest incidence of 50%. The level of benzopyrene and bisphenol A in patients was significantly higher than those in the control group, while the level of genistein was significantly higher in normal controls. Benzopyrene and bisphenol A were significantly associated with ovarian cysts, and the incidence of pathological ovarian cysts was positively correlated to these EDCs, with OR value 64.79 (P = 0.005) for benzopyrene and 9.609 (P = 0.001) for bisphenol A. Genistein was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of pathological ovarian tumors, with OR value of 0.153 (P = 0.007). Diagnostic performance on the AUC for benzopyrene, bisphenol A and genistein&l.

柴胡化学成分及药理作用研究进展

柴胡是临床应用较为广泛的中药材,其药用部位为伞形科植物柴胡或狭叶柴胡的干燥根,具有较高的药用价值。现代药理研究表明,柴胡含有多种化学成分,在心血管系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、神经系统、内分泌系统等多种疾病具有良好的治疗作用。本文梳理近年来柴胡相关文献进行综述分析,阐述柴胡化学成分及药理作用研究进展。

绿色复苏,创新未来——2024年能源化工产业发展展望

2023年,全球地缘政治环境复杂多变,国内能源化工产业发展面临内需不足、经营困难的压力,但行业能源安全保障能力稳步提高,石油石化产品产量持续增加,呈现巨大的发展韧性和潜力。2024年,能源市场回归均衡,有序转型重新起航,油气价格仍处在中高位;在能源革命10周年的基础上,中国的能源转型步伐迈得更加坚定,重点是要扛牢能源安全责任、落实“双碳”目标任务。由于新能源汽车的快速发展,国内成品油需求进入低增长阶段;化工装置扩张放缓,下游需求改善,企业经营压力得到短暂缓解;同时,化工新材料发展继续取得突破,多个首套新材料生产装置投产,乙烯下游重点布局新材料得到发展。未来行业将更加注重转型与高质量发展,新型炼化一体化产业链将突出竞争力、绿色化、高端化和数智化。

红姜花中黄酮的分离与鉴定

风干粉碎后的红姜花(Hedychium coccineum)根茎用工业甲醇浸提,甲醇浸提物用乙酸乙酯-水萃取。采用多种分离技术(硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、RP-18柱层析、HPLC)分离乙酸乙酯浸膏中的化学成分,通过NMR等方法对所得的化合物进行结构鉴定。共鉴定6个黄酮类化合物,分别是5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone(1)、3,5-dihydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone(2)、kaempferol-4’-O-methylether(3)、ermanin(4)、dihydrokaempferide(5)、aromadendrin-7,4’-dimethyl ether(6)。均为首次从红姜花中分离得到。

新工科背景下基于CDIO工程教育理念的实践教学探索——以北京理工大学珠海学院化工专业实验为例

在新工科背景下,工程实践能力与创新能力的培养已成为高等工程教育质量的关键。以北京理工大学珠海学院“化工专业实验”课程为例,介绍了基于CDIO工程教育理念,化工专业实验的构建过程、方案设计、实施方法和建设成效,对做法和经验进行了深入的总结,以期为化工相近专业开设化工专业实验提供参考和借鉴。

化肥减施下不同生物质炭对大棚辣椒生长及产量品质的影响

通过田间试验,考察化肥减施条件下两种小麦秸秆生物质炭在辣椒生产上的应用效果。结果表明,在氮磷钾总养分量减少30%以上的条件下,生物质炭1号(T1)、生物质炭2号(T2)均可明显改善土壤理化性质,提高大棚辣椒的产量与品质。与不施生物质炭(CK)相比,T1和T2处理的土壤有机质含量分别提高了15.57%和30.54%,辣椒产量分别提高了16.28%和12.66%,差异均显著;T1处理辣椒果实干物质、VC含量均最高,T2处理的可溶性糖、蛋白质含量均最高。综合对比两种生物质炭施肥处理效果,T1处理促进辣椒增产的效果较好,T2处理提升辣椒品质的效果较好。

中国防治果蔬灰霉病的杀菌剂应用及防控关键技术

由葡萄孢属真菌(Botrytis spp.)引起的果蔬灰霉病是一种世界性的植物病害,采收前及采收后均能对果蔬产生危害,造成严重经济损失。介绍了我国果蔬灰霉病的发生与为害、杀菌剂应用现状、防治中存在的问题、防控关键技术,以期为灰霉病的科学防控提供参考。

台湾独蒜兰组培繁育及其假鳞茎的化学组成分析

为构建台湾独蒜兰组培繁育技术体系,分析栽培台湾独蒜兰假鳞茎化学组成特征,经过种子萌发、原球状茎增长、假鳞茎增殖、生根壮苗培养获得台湾独蒜兰植株,以组培台湾独蒜兰植株的假鳞茎为材料,应用非靶向代谢组和HPLC指纹图谱分析假鳞茎化学成分组成。结果表明,经过2年的繁育,单个台湾独蒜兰蒴果可以获得假鳞茎0.5 g左右的幼苗超过1 000株。通过非靶向代谢组数据分析鉴定出不同材料的共有的化合物1 229种,包括羧酸及其衍生物236种、苯及取代衍生物110种、有机氧化合物106种、脂肪酰基化合物94种、黄酮类化合物43种、甾体及甾体衍生物42种,其中以化合物1,4-二[4-(葡萄糖氧)苄基]-2-异丁基苹果酸酯为代表的苄酯类为兰科植物富集化合物。应用HPLC法,测得假鳞茎的1,4-二[4-(葡萄糖氧)苄基]-2-异丁基苹果酸酯含量为0.53%。综上,应用组培技术可以繁育得到台湾独蒜兰的植株,台湾独蒜兰的假鳞茎与独蒜兰一样含有丰富的苄酯类化合物成分。

国际能源化工公司生物化工业务发展策略分析

生物化工通常以生物质为原料,或采用相对温和的生物发酵过程,具有典型的绿色特征,已成为“净零碳”目标下国际能源化工公司战略布局的重点之一。巴斯夫、道达尔能源、杜邦、埃克森美孚4家公司生物化工业务入局较早,且非常重视技术创新,结合自身优势各有侧重地部署新业务。巴斯夫推出生物质平衡方案,重视关键中间体的生物替代,围绕工业生物技术超前布局;道达尔能源以生物燃料为切入点,上下游统筹布局,不断强化产品优势;杜邦公司敏锐捕捉市场机遇,持续追求差异化竞争优势;埃克森美孚坚持油品业务主线,适时调整生物燃料布局重点,保持技术的领先性。我国企业可借鉴国际主要能源化工公司的发展模式及经验,结合公司业务定位,加速科技创新向产业应用转变。

我国绿色化工技术现状与发展建议

化学工业的快速发展,促进了全球的经济增长,提高了人民的生活质量,但随着化工生产过程中化石能源的大量消耗,也带来无法忽视的环境污染和气候变化等问题。中国主动提出“双碳”目标,要求各行各业走绿色高质量发展之路,促进我国化工行业的绿色转型。绿色化工应包括从化工原料、催化剂、反应工程、能源到产品的全产业链和创新链的绿色化,是行业发展的大势所趋。建议加强对绿色化工技术应用基础研究导向性支持,提倡将绿色指标纳入技术先进性评价标准,推动绿色发展理念融入化工产业技术开发与应用全过程,加速我国化工行业通过数字化转型和一体化发展,早日实现更多绿色化工技术革新和行业的可持续发展。

含孔洞炸药晶体HMX冲击响应的分子动力学模拟

动载荷下炸药晶体缺陷与热点形成的关联是当前含能材料领域的研究热点之一,理解热点形成机制及其对炸药起爆和感度的影响对于炸药安全性评估和研制安全弹药至关重要。本研究采用ReaxFF反应力场和分子动力学方法,对含圆柱形孔洞的炸药单晶奥克托金(HMX)在冲击载荷下的动态响应进行了研究,并探究了孔洞尺寸和双孔洞的影响。结果表明,冲击载荷下孔洞的塌缩过程分为3个阶段,即孔洞上游的塑性变形、上游原子向孔洞中心和下游运动形成流动原子、流动原子与下游碰撞。热点形成的主要机制是流动原子与下游碰撞使得动能转换为热能导致温度快速升高。热点的高温诱发了局部化学反应,HMX分子中N─NO2键断裂生成NO2是主要的初始反应机制。圆柱形孔洞的塌缩过程和热点形成机制与球形孔洞是相似的,但圆柱形孔洞的汇聚效应更弱、形成的流动原子速度更低,导致热点温度显著降低、化学反应更弱。此外,圆柱形孔洞在塌缩过程中在其周围形成了剪切带,这在球形孔洞中没有出现。随着孔洞尺寸的增大,流动原子的速度提高、剪切带变宽、热点温度升高且面积增大,进而引发了更剧烈的化学反应。对于沿冲击方向排布相距一个孔洞半径的双孔洞,孔洞塌缩过程与单孔洞是类似的,但由于冲击波在传过上游孔洞后压力有所降低,导致下游孔洞在塌缩过程中形成的流动原子速度更小、热点温度更低。本研究有助于深入理解晶体缺陷对炸药热点形成与起爆机理的作用,为宏观理论建模提供物理机制与规律认识。

不同冷冻-解冻处理方式对猕猴桃品质的影响

以‘徐香’猕猴桃为原材料,系统探究不同冷冻温度(-20℃、-40℃、-50℃和-80℃)及解冻温度(4℃、15℃、25℃和35℃)组合对猕猴桃主要理化性质及香气成分的影响。结果表明:不同冷冻-解冻处理不会影响猕猴桃的色度;与鲜切猕猴桃一致,4℃/-50℃、4℃/-80℃和15℃/-80℃处理条件下猕猴桃的可溶性固形物含量均为16.0oBrix。鲜切猕猴桃的可滴定酸和维生素C含量分别为1.22g/hg和45.30 mg/hg,处理后猕猴桃的可滴定酸含量为1.06~1.33g/hg,维生素C含量降低17.62%~33.89%。不同处理后猕猴桃的多酚类物质损失率为20.44%~31.72%,且不同组合处理之间无显著差异。同时,不同处理对猕猴桃香气成分的种类和含量有一定损失,且较低的冷冻温度和解冻温度有利于香气成分的保持。综合考虑,-50℃/4℃和-80℃/4℃冷冻-解冻组合方式可有效保持猕猴桃的品质,为猕猴桃的贮藏保鲜提供了技术支撑。

钩藤化学成分和药理作用研究进展

钩藤始载于《名医别录》,应用历史悠久。本文查阅钩藤化学成分和药理作用的相关研究文献,发现钩藤主要含有生物碱类、三萜类、酚类、甾醇类、黄酮类、醌类、香豆素类和木脂素类等成分,具有降压、抗氧化应激、抗神经细胞凋亡、调节炎症因子及其相关通路、降脂、抗脑缺血再灌注损伤、抗纤维化、抗抑郁、抗癌和调整肠道菌群等作用,主要作用于心血管和中枢神经系统,通过调节RhoA/ROCK1、ERK/MAPK、p38MAPK/MAPK、JNK/MAPK、Akt/eNOS、PI3K/Akt、ERK1/2、p27Kip1、PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β、Src/STAT3和HIF-1α/EMT信号通路,发挥治疗高血压、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森、肺纤维化等疾病的作用。

化学实验安全课程思政的教学设计与探索——以黑龙江大学“化学实验安全”课程为例

分析了当前高校实验室安全教育课程思政存在的问题,阐述了“课程思政”在实验室安全教育中的育人意义,结合实验室安全教育课程的基本特征,总结了课程围绕教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、教学评价、师资队伍五个层面进行的课程思政教学设计与探索。构建的课程思政教学体系在培养学生化学实验安全知识和技能的同时,提升了学生的安全意识、家国情怀、品德修为、科学精神,助力于培养德才兼备的新时代高素质化学人才。