C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway as a therapeutic target and regulatory mechanism for spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage.The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis exhibits significant differences before and after injury.Recent studies have revealed that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis is closely associated with secondary inflammatory responses and the recruitment of immune cells following spinal cord injury,suggesting that this axis is a novel target and regulatory control point for treatment.This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic strategies targeting the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis,along with the regenerative and repair mechanisms linking the axis to spinal cord injury.Additionally,we summarize the upstream and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways associated with spinal cord injury and the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review primarily elaborates on therapeutic strategies that target the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the latest progress of research on antagonistic drugs,along with the approaches used to exploit new therapeutic targets within the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the development of targeted drugs.Nevertheless,there are presently no clinical studies relating to spinal cord injury that are focusing on the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review aims to provide new ideas and therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of spinal cord injury.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor facilitates astrocytic production of the CCL2 chemokine following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury causes accumulation of a large number of leukocytes at the lesion site where they contribute to excessive inflammation.Overproduced chemokines are responsible for the migratory process of the leukocytes,but the regulatory mechanism underlying the production of chemokines from resident cells of the spinal cord has not been fully elucidated.We examined the protein levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in a spinal cord contusion model at different time points following spinal cord injury.The elevation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor at the lesion site coincided with the increase of chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 abundance in astrocytes.Stimulation of primary cultured astrocytes with different concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor recombinant protein induced chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 production from the cells,and the macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine attenuated the stimulatory effect.Further investigation into the underlying mechanism on macrophage migration inhibitory factor-mediated astrocytic production of chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 revealed that macrophage migration inhibitory factor activated intracellular JNK signaling through binding with CD74 receptor.Administration of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine following spinal cord injury resulted in the reduction of chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2-recruited microglia/macrophages at the lesion site and remarkably improved the hindlimb locomotor function of rats.Our results have provided insights into the functions of astrocyte-activated chemokines in the recruitment of leukocytes and may be beneficial to develop interventions targeting chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 for neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury.

C–C motif chemokine ligand 16 inhibits the progression of liver cirrhosis via inactivating hepatic stellate cells

Background:Liver cirrhosis results from many forms of chronic damage,characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix.The present study aimed to explore a potential non-invasive biomarker and its mechanism in the progression of liver cirrhosis.Methods:Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)dataset(GSE15654,n=216)was analyzed to screen genes associated with progression of liver cirrhosis.A total of 181 plasma samples,including healthy control(HC,n=20),chronic hepatitis B(CHB,n=77)and HBV-related liver cirrhosis(LC,n=84),were enrolled for validation.In vitro and in vivo experiments were employed for the mechanistic investigation.Results:GEO dataset analysis showed that relatively low mRNA-expression of C–C motif chemokine ligand 16(CCL16)was associated with elevated Child-Pugh score(P=0.034)and worse prognosis(P=0.025).Plasma CCL16 level decreased in a stepwise pattern,with a median concentration of 10.29,6.57 and 4.47 ng/mL in the HC,CHB and LC groups,respectively(P<0.001).Low plasma CCL16 was significantly related to hepatic dysfunction both in the CHB and LC groups(P<0.05).Combination of CCL16 and ALT showed improved distinguishing capability for LC compared to either alone.In vitro,CCL16 expression was downregulated by lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia.Overexpression of CCL16 from human normal liver cell line(LO2)reduced the extracellular matrix associated proteins(Col1 and Col4)in human hepatic stellate cell line(LX-2).In vivo,the pathological feature of cirrhosis was alleviated by the hepatocytespecific expression of CCL16.Conclusions:CCL16 could be a feasible plasma marker to predict the occurrence and progression of liver cirrhosis.CCL16 might impact liver cirrhosis through inactivating hepatic stellate cells.

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿血清ACE2,TWEAK和CCL5水平检测及诊断价值研究

目的 探究血清血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2),细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子样细胞凋亡弱诱导因子(tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis,TWEAK)和CC趋化因子配体5(CC motif chemokine ligand 5,CCL5)水平在注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)患儿诊断、病情严重程度评估中的价值。方法 选取2022年10月~2023年10月在河北省儿童医院就诊的125例ADHD患儿记为ADHD组,另选105例在河北省妇幼保健中心体检的健康儿童为对照组,根据临床总体印象严重程度量表(CGI-S)将患儿分为轻中度组(n=83)和重度组(n=42)。ELISA方法检测血清ACE2,TWEAK,CCL5,促黄体生成素(LH)和催乳素(PRL)水平,联合型瑞文测验(CRT)和Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ)对患儿认知和行为状况进行评分。Spearman相关性分析重度组血清ACE2,TWEAK,CCL5与CGI-S,CRT,PSQ评分的相关性;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析ACE2,TWEAK,CCL5对ADHD及严重程度的诊断价值。结果 ADHD患儿血清ACE2(284.35±92.34 pg/ml),TWEAK(2.56±0.76 pg/ml)水平低于对照组(379.23±106.28 pg/ml,3.52±1.12 pg/ml),CCL5水平(7.36±2.37ng/ml)高于对照组(5.24±1.63 ng/ml),差异具有统计学意义(t=7.244,7.703,7.753,均P<0.05);重度组患儿CRT,血清ACE2,TWEAK水平低于轻中度组(t=5.318,6.686,6.490),而PSQ,CCL5水平较高于轻中度组(t=5.220,6.134),差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析结果显示,重度组患儿血清ACE2,TWEAK水平与CGI-S,PSQ评分负相关(r=-0.432,-0.453;-0.421,-0.426,均P<0.001),与CRT评分呈正相关(r=0.427,0.418,均P<0.001);CCL5与CGI-S,PSQ评分呈正相关(r=0.421,0.433,均P<0.001),与CRT评分呈负相关(r=-0.446,P<0.001)。血清ACE2,TWEAK和CCL5诊断ADHD发生的AUC分别为0.814,0.803和0.807,三者联合诊断的AUC为0.945,优于各自单独诊断(Z=5.439,4.258,5.576,均P<0.001);血清ACE2,TWEAK,CCL5诊断重度ADHD的AUC分别为0.853,0.796和0.805,三者联合诊断的AUC为0.930,优于各自单独诊断(Z=2.604,3.851,3.567,均P<0.001)。结论 血清ACE2,TWEAK在ADHD患儿血清中低表达,而CCL5高表达,三者表达水平具有相关性,并且诊断ADHD发生和严重程度具有较高的价值。

妊娠糖尿病患者血清LRG1和CCL2水平对产后血糖转归的预测价值

目的 观察血清富亮氨酸α2-糖蛋白(LRG1)和CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)水平对妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者产后血糖转归的预测价值。方法 回顾性选取2020年1月至2023年6月邯郸市第一医院收治的110例GDM患者作为研究对象,根据产后6周血糖转归情况将患者分为正常组(n=65)与异常组(n=45)。比较两组患者孕晚期及产后的糖脂代谢指标[糖化血红蛋白(GHb)、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]和血清LRG1、CCL2水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析对患者产后血糖转归的影响因素进行分析,应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估LRG1、CCL2水平及两者联合对GDM患者产后血糖转归的预测价值。结果 两组患者孕晚期及产后的GHb、总胆固醇、HDL-C、LDL-C水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);正常组患者孕晚期及产后的空腹血糖、2 hPG、HOMA-IR、甘油三酯水平均低于异常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。正常组孕晚期及产后的LRG1、CCL2水平均低于异常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistci回归分析显示,空腹血糖、HOMA-IR、LRG1、CCL2与GDM患者产后血糖转归密切相关(P<0.05)。血清LRG1、CCL2水平联合检测对GDM患者产后血糖转归预测的曲线下面积为0.879。结论 GDM患者产后血糖正常者的孕晚期及产后的血清LRG1、CCL2水平均明显低于异常者。LRG1、CCL2联合检测能够有效预测GDM患者产后血糖转归情况。

信号转导和转录激活因子3/CC趋化因子配体2信号通路对乳腺癌细胞活力、迁移和侵袭的影响实验研究

目的:探讨信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)/CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)信号通路对乳腺癌细胞活力、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法:体外培养人乳腺癌细胞株(HCC1937、MCF-7、MDA-MB-231、ZR-75-1)和人正常乳腺上皮细胞(MCF-10A)。采用蛋白印迹法检测HCC1937、MCF-7、MDA-MB-231、ZR-75-1和MCF-10A细胞磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)、STAT3、CCL2蛋白表达。选取p-STAT3/STAT3蛋白比值、CCL2蛋白表达最高的人乳腺癌细胞进行后续实验。将MCF-7细胞分为对照组、STAT3抑制剂(WP1066)Ⅰ组(2μmol/L WP1066)、Ⅱ组(4μmol/L WP1066)、Ⅲ组(8μmol/L WP1066)。分别采用细胞计数试剂盒-8、划痕实验、Transwell实验检测MCF-7细胞活力、迁移率及侵袭能力。采用蛋白印迹法检测MCF-7细胞p-STAT3、STAT3、CCL2、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9蛋白表达。结果:与MCF-10A细胞比较,HCC1937、MCF-7、MDA-MB-231、ZR-75-1细胞p-STAT3/STAT3蛋白比值、CCL2蛋白表达升高(均P<0.05)。其中MCF-7细胞p-STAT3/STAT3蛋白比值、CCL2蛋白表达最高,因此选用MCF-7细胞进行后续实验。与对照组比较,STAT3抑制剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组MCF-7细胞活力、迁移率、侵袭数目依次降低(均P<0.05)。与对照组比较,STAT3抑制剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组MCF-7细胞p-STAT3/STAT3蛋白比值、CCL2、MMP-2及MMP-9蛋白表达依次降低(均P<0.05)。结论:乳腺癌细胞中STAT3/CCL2呈高表达,抑制STAT3/CCL2信号通路能够降低乳腺癌细胞活力,减少迁移和侵袭。

急性髓系白血病病人免疫球蛋白κ链C区蛋白和趋化因子配体2表达及意义

目的:探讨急性髓系白血病病人免疫球蛋白κ链C区蛋白(IGKC)、趋化因子配体2(CCL2)表达水平及临床意义。方法:选取急性髓系白血病病人80例作为观察组,另选取同期体检健康者40名作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测2组病人血清IGKC、CCL2水平,并比较观察组不同分型病人血清IGKC、CCL2水平;Pearson法分析观察组病人IGKC、CCL2水平与降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性;ROC曲线分析血清IGKC、CCL2、PCT及CRP水平对观察组不同分型病人的诊断价值。结果:观察组病人血清IGKC、CCL2、PCT、CRP水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.01);不同WHO分型、ELN分型病人血清IGKC、CCL2、PCT、CRP水平间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中,M3~M4型、M5~M6型病人血清IGKC、CCL2、PCT、CRP水平均高于M1~M2型(P<0.05);与良好型病人相比,中等型和不良型病人血清IGKC、CCL2、PCT、CRP水平均高于良好型病人(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,观察组病人血清IGKC与CCL2、PCT、CRP均呈正相关关系(r=0.393、0.302、0.487,P<0.05),CCL2与PCT、CRP均呈正相关关系(r=0.510、0.516,P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清IGKC、CCL2诊断M1~M2型及M5~M6型急性髓系白血病水平较高,AUC均达到0.75以上。结论:急性髓系白血病病人血清IGKC、CCL2均呈高表达,二者对急性髓系白血病有一定的辅助诊断价值。

毛兰素调节CCL2⁃CCR2轴对关节软骨细胞炎性损伤的影响

目的探讨毛兰素调节CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)/CC趋化因子受体2(CCR2)轴对关节软骨细胞炎性损伤的影响。方法将人关节软骨细胞分为control组(正常培养)、LPS组、毛兰素低(10 nmol/L)、中(25 nmol/L)、高(50 nmol/L)剂量组、pcDNA组(转染pcDNA3.1)、pcDNA⁃CCL2组(转染pcDNA3.1⁃CCL2),实时荧光定量PCR(qRT⁃PCR)检测细胞中CCL2、CCR2 mRNA表达水平;MTT法、平板克隆实验与流式细胞仪分别检测细胞增殖和凋亡情况;qRT⁃PCR和ELISA检测IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃α水平;Western blot法检测细胞中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、细胞抗凋亡因子B细胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(Bcl⁃2)、Bcl⁃2相关X蛋白(Bax)及CCL2/CCR2通路蛋白表达。结果与control组比较,LPS组细胞凋亡率、IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃αmRNA表达水平、CCL2、CCR2 mRNA及Bax、CCL2、CCR2蛋白表达水平显著升高,OD490值、集落形成数、PCNA、Bcl⁃2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,毛兰素低、中、高剂量组细胞凋亡率、IL⁃6、IL⁃1β、TNF⁃αmRNA表达水平、CCL2、CCR2 mRNA及Bax、CCL2、CCR2蛋白表达水平逐渐降低,OD490值、集落形成数、PCNA、Bcl⁃2蛋白表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.05);过表达CCL2减弱了毛兰素对LPS诱导的关节软骨细胞的影响(P<0.05)。结论毛兰素可抑制LPS诱导的关节软骨细胞凋亡和炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制CCL2/CCR2通路有关。

茯苓酸调节CCL2-CCR2信号轴对急性心肌梗死大鼠心肌损伤的影响

目的探讨茯苓酸对急性心肌梗死(AMI)大鼠心肌损伤的影响,以及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1/CCL2)-CC趋化因子受体2(CCR2)信号轴发挥的作用。方法采用左前降支结扎法构建AMI大鼠模型,将造模成功大鼠分为模型组,低、中、高剂量茯苓酸组,每组15只,另取15只大鼠作为假手术组;药物干预14 d后,小动物超声仪检测心功能相关指标变化;ELISA法检测血清炎性因子水平;HE染色检测心肌组织病理损伤;TUNEL染色观察心肌细胞凋亡;Western blot检测心肌组织CCL2、CCR2、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠心肌组织结构被严重破坏,有大量炎性细胞浸润,心功能相关指标左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、血清中炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β水平、心肌细胞TUNEL阳性率、心肌组织CCL2、CCR2、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著升高,左心室射血指标(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量茯苓酸组大鼠心肌组织结构逐渐恢复,炎性细胞浸润减轻,心功能指标LVEDD、LVESD、血清中炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β水平、心肌细胞TUNEL阳性率、心肌组织CCL2、CCR2、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著降低,LVEF、LVFS显著升高,呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。结论茯苓酸可能通过调节CCL2-CCR2信号轴减轻AMI大鼠心肌损伤。

血清sST2、CCL20水平对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者预后的预测价值

目的:探索血清可溶性致癌抑制因子2(sST2)、趋化因子配体20(CCL20)水平对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者预后的预测价值。方法:选取2020年1月—2022年5月在本院采用椎管减压手术治疗的117例脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者作为疾病组,同期选择采用椎管减压手术治疗的112例单纯脊柱骨折患者作为对照组。检测两组患者血清sST2、CCL20的表达水平,对疾病组患者进行1年的随访,根据预后情况将疾病组患者分为预后良好组(69例)及预后不良组(48例),收集患者的临床资料进行分析;采用多因素Logistic回归分析脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者预后不良的影响因素;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清sST2、CCL20检测对脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者预后不良的预测价值。结果:疾病组患者血清sST2、CCL20的表达水平高于对照组患者(P<0.05);预后不良患者血清sST2、CCL20表达水平高于预后良好患者(P<0.05);血清sST2、CCL20是脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者预后不良的影响因素(P<0.05);sST2、CCL20联合预测脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者预后不良的曲线下面积(AUC)显著大于sST2、CCL20单独诊断的AUC(P<0.05),其敏感度为95.83%,特异度为86.96%。结论:脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者血清sST2、CCL20表达水平升高,是患者预后不良的影响因素,sST2、CCL20联合检测能够预测脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤预后不良的风险。

重症心力衰竭患者血清CXCL16、sST2水平变化及其与预后的关系

目的 探讨血清C-X-C基序趋化因子配体16(CXCL16)、可溶性致癌抑制因子2(s ST2)水平与重症心力衰竭(SHF)患者预后的关系。方法 选取2020年1月至2021年2月四川省南充市中心医院收治的168例SHF患者,根据预后情况分为死亡组41例和存活组127例。收集患者一般资料,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清CXCL16、s ST2水平。多因素logistic回归分析SHF患者死亡的影响因素,受试者操作特征曲线分析血清CXCL16、s ST2水平对SHF患者死亡的预测价值。结果 死亡组年龄大于存活组,病程长于存活组,纽约心脏协会分级Ⅳ级比例、血尿酸、B型钠尿肽、CXCL16、s ST2水平高于存活组,收缩压、左室射血分数低于存活组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,病程、纽约心脏协会分级、B型钠尿肽、CXCL16、s ST2为SHF患者死亡的独立危险因素,收缩压、左室射血分数为独立保护因素(P<0.05)。血清CXCL16、s ST2水平联合预测SHF患者死亡的曲线下面积大于血清CXCL16、s ST2单独预测(P<0.05)。结论 血清CXCL16、s ST2水平升高是SHF患者1年内死亡的独立危险因素,联合检测血清CXCL16、s ST2水平能提升SHF患者死亡的预测价值。

CXCL10/CCL2信号通路介导肿瘤微环境中宫颈癌的发展

目的:探讨趋化因子(C-X-C基序)配体10(Chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand 10,CXCL10)/C-C基元配体2(CC chemo-kine ligand 2,CCL2)信号通路在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中宫颈癌(cervical cancer,CC)发展中的作用。方法:体外实验将宫颈癌细胞系Hela细胞分别用针对CXCL10基因的shRNA(sh-CXCL10)和CXCL10 cDNA(CXCL10)转染处理,并通过EdU分析试验评估细胞增殖能力,和Transwell检测细胞侵袭能力。将THP-1细胞用佛波醇12-肉豆蔻酸13-乙酸酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,PMA)诱导分化,并与转染慢病毒或质粒的Hela细胞以1∶4的比例组合共培养48 h。通过流式细胞术检测CD206+巨噬细胞数目和免疫印迹检测STAT3/NF-κB信号表达。结果:与NC组相比,与THP-1细胞共培养的CXCL10过表达的Hela细胞表现出增殖、迁移能力增强和侵袭细胞数增加(P<0.05),并且CD206+巨噬细胞的比率显著增加(P<0.05),而与THP-1细胞共培养的CXCL10敲低的Hela细胞则显示相反效果。与NC组相比,CXCL10组共培养系统中p-STAT3、p-NF-κB表达和CCL2水平显著增加(P<0.05)。与sh-NC相比,sh-CXCL10共培养系统中p-STAT3、p-NF-κB表达和CCL2水平显著减少(P<0.05)。结论:CC细胞中CXCL10上调促进TME中巨噬细胞M2极化,其机制可能与激活巨噬细胞的STAT3/NF-κB/CCL2信号传导途径有关,导致CC细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力增强。

溃疡性结肠炎患者结肠黏膜CCL-2、IL-23、MGP表达与临床参数的关系

目的:探讨溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)患者结肠黏膜C-C基序趋化因子配体2(C-C motif chemokine ligand 2,CCL-2)、白细胞介素-23(Interleukin-23,IL-23)、基质Gla蛋白(Matrix Gla protein,MGP)表达与临床参数的关系。方法:收集2018年4月至2022年10月医院收治的103例UC患者结肠黏膜组织记为研究组,同一时期单发息肉切除后行结肠镜复查的58例健康者的正常黏膜组织记为对照组。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real time fluorescence quantitative Polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)检测结肠黏膜组织CCL-2、IL-23及MGP mRNA表达水平,分析其与UC患者病情分期、病变范围及内镜分级的关系。结果:研究组结肠黏膜组织CCL-2、IL-23及MGP mRNA表达水平高于对照组(P<0.05),且与UC患者病情分期呈正相关(r=0.732、0.748、0.739,P=0.000、0.000、0.000),与UC患者病变范围呈正相关(r=0.515、0.401、0.389,P=0.000、0.000、0.000),与UC患者内镜分级呈正相关(r=0.681、0.623、0.602,P=0.000、0.000、0.000)。结论:UC患者结肠黏膜CCL-2、IL-23、MGP表达与病情分期、病变范围及内镜分级有关。

Chemokine signaling involving chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 plays a role in descending pain facilitation

Objective Despite accumulating evidence on a role of immune cells and their associated chemicals in mecha- nisms of pain, few studies have addressed the potential role of chemokines in the descending facilitation of persistent pain. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the chemokine （C-C motif） ligand 2 （CCL2） （commonly known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1） signaling in the rostral ventromedial medulla （RVM）, a pivotal structure in brainstem pain modulatory circuitry, is involved in descending pain facilitation in rats. Methods An L5 spinal nerve ligation （SNL） was produced in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of CCL2 and CCL2 receptor （CCR2）, and examine their distributions compared with the neuronal marker NeuN as well as glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP, astroglial） and CD 11 b （microglial）, respectively. Results SNL induced an increase in CCL2 expression in the RVM, and this returned to the control level at 4 weeks after injury. The induced CCL2 colocalized with NeuN, but not with GFAP and CD1 lb. CCR2 was also upregu- lated by SNL in the RVM, and this increase lasted for at least 4 weeks. CCR2 was colocalized with CD1 lb but not GFAP. Few RVM neurons also exhibited CCR2 staining. Neutralizing CCL2 with an anti-CCL2 antibody （0.2-20 ng） or injecting RS-102895 （0.1-10 pmol）, a CCR2b chemokine receptor antagonist, into the RVM on day 1 after SNL, significantly at- tenuated the established thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. In addition, injection of recombinant rat CCL2 （0.03-3 pmol） into the RVM induced dose-dependent hyperalgesia, which was prevented by pretreatment with RS-102895 （10 pmol）. Interleukin-β （IL-1]3）, a potent inducer of neuronal CCL2, was also selectively upregulated in RVM reactive as- trocytes. Injection of IL-1 ]3 （120 fmol） into the RVM induced behavioral hyperalgesia, which was blocked by RS-102895 （10 pmol）. However, an IL-1 receptor antagonist （3 pmol） did not prevent CCL2 （3 pmol）-induced hyperalgesia. These results suggest that the effect of CCL2 is downstream to IL-113 signaling. Conclusion The IL-1 β and CCL2-CCR2 signaling cascades play a role in neuron-glia-cytokine interactions and the descending facilitation of neuropathic pain.

高血压脑出血术后脑水肿患者血清CC类趋化因子配体5和纤维蛋白原样蛋白2水平变化及意义

目的:分析高血压脑出血(HICH)术后脑水肿患者血清CC类趋化因子配体5(CCL5)和纤维蛋白原样蛋白2(FGL2)水平变化及意义。方法:选择HICH患者224例为HICH组(均行血肿清除术治疗),选择体检健康者224例为对照组。收集HICH患者临床资料。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测HICH组和对照组血清CCL5、FGL2水平变化。根据术后脑水肿程度将HICH组患者分为轻度脑水肿组(151例)和重度脑水肿组(73例)。比较对照组和HICH组血清CCL5、FGL2水平。比较轻度脑水肿组和重度脑水肿组临床资料及血清CCL5、FGL2水平。分析HICH患者血清CCL5、FGL2水平的相关性,HICH患者术后重度脑水肿发生的影响因素,以及血清CCL5、FGL2水平对HICH患者术后发生重度脑水肿的预测价值。结果:与对照组比较,HICH组患者血清CCL5、FGL2水平升高(均P<0.05)。重度脑水肿组高血压病程、发病至手术开始时间较轻度脑水肿组升高,GCS评分则降低(均P<0.05)。与轻度脑水肿组比较,重度脑水肿组血清CCL5、FGL2水平升高(均P<0.05)。HICH患者血清CCL5与FGL2水平呈正相关(r=0.503,P=0.000)。血清CCL5水平高、FGL2水平高是HICH患者术后发生重度脑水肿的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。血清CCL5、FGL2单项及两者联合对HICH患者术后发生重度脑水肿均有一定的预测价值,且两者联合的预测价值更高(均P<0.05)。结论:HICH患者血清中CCL5、FGL2水平升高。术后脑水肿越严重,血清CCL5、FGL2水平越高。两者对HICH患者术后发生重度脑水肿有较高的预测价值。

尿液CCL2、MMP7水平与IgA肾病患者预后的关系

目的探讨尿液C-C基序趋化因子配体2(CCL2)、基质金属蛋白酶7(MMP7)水平与IgA肾病患者预后的关系。方法纳入125例IgA肾病患者,收集其基线资料,并检测其尿液CCL2、MMP7水平。随访2年,根据预后将患者分为预后良好组、预后不良组,比较两组上述指标。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析IgA肾病患者预后的影响因素。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析尿液CCL2、MMP7水平对IgA肾病患者预后的预测价值。结果有5例患者失访,最终纳入120例患者。随访期间,21例患者出现预后不良(预后不良组)、99例患者未出现预后不良(预后良好组)。两组血红蛋白水平、血清白蛋白水平、血钙水平、血清肌酐水平、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、24 h尿蛋白定量水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且预后不良组尿液CCL2、MMP7水平高于预后良好组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,eGFR、24 h尿蛋白定量水平、尿液CCL2和MMP7水平是IgA肾病患者预后的影响因素(P<0.05)。尿液CCL2、MMP7水平单独及联合预测IgA肾病患者预后不良的曲线下面积分别为0.804、0.914、0.950。结论尿液CCL2、MMP7水平是IgA肾病患者预后的影响因素,二者均对IgA肾病患者预后不良具有一定预测价值,且联合预测的价值相对更高。

CC趋化因子配体2在乳腺癌中的作用机制研究进展

CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)是存在于肿瘤微环境(TME)中的一种趋化因子,可以直接作用于肿瘤细胞,也可以通过调控TME来影响肿瘤进展,参与肿瘤的血管生成、转移、耐药以及免疫调节等。乳腺癌是威胁女性健康的主要疾病之一,尽管综合治疗可大大改善乳腺癌患者的预后,但仍有部分患者出现复发转移,最终导致患者死亡。深入研究趋化因子和趋化因子受体为乳腺癌的治疗提供了新的方向。全面研究CCL2在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用机制将为乳腺癌的早期诊断及靶向治疗提供更丰富的理论依据,并为临床治疗提供新的思路。

Intestinal epithelial chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 overexpression protects against high fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in mice

Background:We previously found that the intestinal epithelial chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 7(CCL7)plays an important role in the development of toxin-induced acute liver damage.The detailed effects of intestinal epithelial CCL7 on chronic diseases;however,are still unclear.Here,we aimed to investigate the impact of intestinal epithelial CCL7 overexpression on high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obesity and steatohepatitis in mice.Methods:Intestinal epithelial CCL7 overexpression(CCL7tgIEC)mice and their wild-type(WT)littermates were fed with normal chow or HFD for 16 weeks to induce obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Body weight gain,as well as adipose tissue index were assessed.Liver injury was monitored by histological analysis and real time polymerase chain reaction.Gut microbial composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results:We found that the CCL7tgIEC mice on a HFD had markedly decreased weight gain(8.9 vs.17.0 g,P<0.05)and a lower adipose tissue index that include mesenteric fat(1.0%vs.1.76%,P<0.05),gonadal fat(2.1%vs.6.1%,P<0.05),subcutaneous fat(1.0%vs.2.8%,P<0.05)compared to WT animals.HFD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were also significantly improved in CCL7tgIEC mice compared to WT.Furthermore,HFD-fed CCL7tgIEC mice displayed less hepatic lipid accumulation and lower expression of inflammatory factors than WT mice.16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that CCL7 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells improved HFD-induced gut microbial dysbiosis.Conclusions:Our study revealed that CCL7 overexpression in the intestinal epithelium protects mice against the progression of diet-induced obesity,hepatic steatosis,and enteric dysbiosis.

miR-106调控CC趋化因子配体2对增生型糖尿病视网膜病变中人视网膜微血管内皮细胞增殖、血管生成和炎症反应的影响

目的探讨miR-106调控CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)对增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)中人视网膜微血管内皮细胞(HRMEC)增殖、血管生成、炎症反应的影响。方法GEO数据库筛选PDR中差异表达的miRNAs。高糖(25.0 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖,HG)诱导HRMEC建立PDR细胞模型,qRT-PCR检测miR-106和CCL2在正常葡萄糖(5.5 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖,NG)和HG培养条件下HRMEC中的表达。将PDR患者的血清外泌体做miR-106过表达处理后与HG处理的HRMEC共培养,同时干预HRMEC中CCL2的表达以探讨血清外泌体miR-106和CCL2在PDR中的功能。采用MTT法、小管形成实验和ELISA法分别检测各组HRMEC增殖、血管生成和炎症因子的表达。双荧光素酶报告实验用以验证miR-106和CCL2的靶向关系。结果与NG组细胞中miR-106表达(1.04±0.10)、CCL2表达(1.02±0.09)相比,HG培养的HRMEC中miR-106表达(0.68±0.06)降低,CCL2表达(1.38±0.11)升高(均为P<0.05)。PDR患者血清外泌体中miR-106表达较NDR患者血清外泌体中表达降低(P<0.05)。与HG+PDR-exo+miR-NC组相比,HG+PDR-exo+miR-106 mimic组HRMEC活力降低,血管生成被抑制,细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平降低,而SOD、CAT和GSH水平升高(均为P<0.05)。双荧光素酶报告实验证实了CCL2是miR-106的一个靶点。与HG+PDR-exo+miR-106 mimic+oe-NC组相比,HG+PDR-exo+miR-106 mimic+oe-CCL2组HRMEC活力提高,血管生成被诱导,TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平升高,而SOD、CAT和GSH水平降低(均为P<0.05)。结论血清外泌体miR-106能够抑制CCL2表达,进而对PDR中的HRMEC增殖、血管生成和炎症反应起抑制作用。

The miR-9-5p/CXCL11 pathway is a key target of hydrogen sulfide-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation in hypoxic ischemic brain injury

We previously showed that hydrogen sulfide(H2S)has a neuroprotective effect in the context of hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice.However,the precise mechanism underlying the role of H2S in this situation remains unclear.In this study,we used a neonatal mouse model of hypoxic ischemic brain injury and a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cell model and found that treatment with L-cysteine,a H2S precursor,attenuated the cerebral infarction and cerebral atrophy induced by hypoxia and ischemia and increased the expression of miR-9-5p and cystathionineβsynthase(a major H2S synthetase in the brain)in the prefrontal cortex.We also found that an miR-9-5p inhibitor blocked the expression of cystathionineβsynthase in the prefrontal cortex in mice with brain injury caused by hypoxia and ischemia.Furthermore,miR-9-5p overexpression increased cystathionine-β-synthase and H2S expression in the injured prefrontal cortex of mice with hypoxic ischemic brain injury.L-cysteine decreased the expression of CXCL11,an miR-9-5p target gene,in the prefrontal cortex of the mouse model and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells and increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines BNIP3,FSTL1,SOCS2 and SOCS5,while treatment with an miR-9-5p inhibitor reversed these changes.These findings suggest that H2S can reduce neuroinflammation in a neonatal mouse model of hypoxic ischemic brain injury through regulating the miR-9-5p/CXCL11 axis and restoringβ-synthase expression,thereby playing a role in reducing neuroinflammation in hypoxic ischemic brain injury.