Supporting Nursing Technology for the Marker-Assisted Selection of Castanea mollissima Blume

[Objective] The aim was to study the supporting raising technology of Castanea mollissima Blume molecular marker-assisted selection to reduce the cost and time for chestnut breeding.[Method] To find the best cutting method,10 treatments were designed according to transverse diameter and vertical diameter of the chestnut including different cutting ratios in 1/2,1/3,1/4 and different directions about cross cutting,vertical cutting,bevel cutting and two side-cutting.The germination rate,seedling survival rate and morphological indicators of the treatments were measured;significant difference among them was also analyzed.[Result] 1/3 bevel cutting was the best,which not only could give high germination rate and survival rate,but also could guarantee high quality of nursery stock,which did not grow so differently with the untreated seedlings.[Conclusion] This way can not only reduce too much cost and time for seedling breeding,but also promote the germination of chestnut in advance,which could do much good to production.

A new alkaloid from Castanea mollissima Blume

A new alkaloid, named 6-（2＇,3＇-dihydroxy-4＇-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1＇-yl）cyclopentadiene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol, was isolated from the seeds of Castanea mollissima Blume. The structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence including 2D NMR techniques.

Effects of the <i>Castanea mollissima Blume</i>Shell Cultivation Substrate on the Yield and Nutritional Composition of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Cottonseed hull substrates blended with different ratios of Castanea mollissima Blume shell were prepared and used for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The effects of the chestnut shell content on the mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus were investigated. The results suggest that the Castanea mollissima Blume shell in substrate can increase the mycelial growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and the contents of protein, crude fiber, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. Further investigation suggests that the tannin and saponin in Castanea mollissima Blume shell and the C/N ratio of substrate significantly influence the mycelial growth rate. The crude fat content of Pleurotus geesteranus decreased, while the contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) increased with the increase of the Castanea mollissima Blume shell content in substrate. Based on these results, the content of Castanea mollissima Blume shell was optimized to be less than 30% for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus.

板栗黄化皱缩病检测方法优化及10个板栗品种抗性鉴定

为优化板栗黄化皱缩病检测方法,明确10个板栗品种的抗性,通过对巢式PCR引物添加量、退火温度的优化,结合植原体检出率和田间病情指数进行抗性评价。结果表明,巢式PCR在引物添加量为1.0μL、退火温度为54℃时,板栗植原体检出率最稳定;在毒源树嫁接400 d后,供试板栗品种均检测出植原体,其中‘燕山早丰芽变’叶片中植原体检出率最高,发病情况最严重,‘燕丽’叶片中植原体检出率最低,发病情况最轻;相关分析表明,植原体检出率和田间病情指数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.907,其线性回归方程为Y=0.276X+1.610;根据2种评价方法将供试板栗品种分为高抗、中抗和高感品种,其中‘燕秋’‘燕紫’‘燕龙’‘燕丽’为高抗品种,‘燕山早丰芽变’为高感品种。研究初步明确了10个板栗品种对黄化皱缩病的抗性差异,为选用抗性品种提供了基础数据。

Growth and Development of Staminate Inflorescence and Anatomic Observation of Male Chestnut Flower

The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.

气力式板栗采收装备悬浮速度的测定及影响规律

【目的】研究形状系数、含水率以及粒径对板栗悬浮速度的影响规律并建立不同粒径下板栗悬浮速度预测模型。【方法】以河北省唐山市迁西县的燕山早丰板栗为研究对象,通过自制悬浮速度试验台测量板栗的悬浮速度,并选取含水率、粒径、形状系数为影响因子,以悬浮速度为目标值,运用Origin软件进行单因素试验分析,建立不同粒径下板栗的悬浮速度预测模型,探究各参数与悬浮速度之间的变化规律。【结果】单因素试验中,粒径、含水率与悬浮速度呈现正相关,而形状系数与悬浮速度呈现负相关。不同粒径下板栗悬浮速度的变化范围为9.39 m/s~24.37 m/s;不同含水率下板栗悬浮速度的变化范围为12.78 m/s~23.12 m/s;不同形状系数下板栗悬浮速度的变化范围为9.18 m/s~24.84 m/s。【结论】本研究设计的板栗悬浮速度预测模型可以计算出板栗的最佳收获时期,降低设计气力输送装置时风机的功耗,提高板栗采收的效率,并为板栗气力输送、清选以及分级等机械设备的设计研究提供参考。

封开县油栗产业发展概况与对策建议

基于油栗(Castanea mollissima Blume.)相关文献资料和历年统计数据,结合实地调研的方法,对封开县油栗产业进行了综述。分析了封开县及其油栗产业的发展概况,厘清了封开县油栗产业发展中存在的问题,提出了精细化油栗种植管理、优化油栗种植结构及种植面积、强化果园配套设施建设、培育壮大龙头企业、加强一二三产业融合的对策与建议。

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Fungi Causing Decayin Luotian Chestnut during Late Storage Period and Research on Pathogenicity

In order to explore moldy mechanism of chestnut from Luotian County in storage process,the strains of pathogenic fungi were isolated from chestnuts after storage at room temperature for 70d.Six genera of fungi were found in chestnut through experimental identification,which were Ozoniumsp.,Fusarium sp.,Aspergillus sp.,Penicilliumsp.,Rhiopus sp.and Stachybotrys sp.,respectively.The re-inoculation tests had been conducted on pathogenic fungi whose isolating rate was greater than 10%.The result showed that the rest genera of fungi generally had no pathogenicity except Penicilliumsp.could infect non-injured chestnut with a lower moldy rate and lighter symptoms;but the moldy rate of strains was above 60% in injured inoculation and they showed heavy symptoms,among which the moldy rate of Ozoniumsp.and Aspergillus sp.were higher than 80%.The experimental results showed that injured chestnut were more likely to decay.Ozoniumsp.and Aspergillus sp.were important pathogenic fungi causing decay during storage process of chestnut.

板栗综合利用研究进展

板栗作为食药两用植物,富含蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、B族维生素、维生素C、胡萝卜素等多种营养成分,其皮、叶、花、苞中含有黄酮、多酚、单宁等大量的活性成分.从板栗各部位的形貌结构、化学成分、主要产品以及加工现状进行综述,并对板栗综合利用研究提出了展望,以期完善板栗产业链建设,为板栗高值化开发方向提供参考依据.

不同板栗品种坚果表型差异分析及稳定性指标筛选

[目的]通过比较分析不同品种板栗表型性状,筛选出表型差异较大且不易受环境影响的指标,以期为生产实践中板栗品种鉴别及实现精准应用提供参考。[方法]以来自我国不同板栗产区的80个品种,共3200个坚果为试验材料,对其21个表型性状进行差异性、多样性分析;对表型与环境因子相关性进行分析,筛选出变异系数较小的稳定性指标;利用多地栽培的3个品种进行稳定性验证。[结果](1)不同地区板栗表型指标存在显著差异,湖北、江苏、安徽地区品种坚果、底座大小均显著高于其它地区。(2)21个表型指标变异范围为4.05%~42.28%,除去在群体内及群体间存在显著差异的指标,筛选出9个在品种间存在差异且变异系数较小的相对稳定指标,即果形指数、坚果圆度、底座圆度及相关比值指标。(3)相关性分析显示:坚果大小、底座大小相关指标与年平均温度、生长季平均温度、年降水量、生长季降水量均存在极显著正相关,与年日照时数、生长季日照时数均存在极显著负相关。(4)多地栽培的3个品种的9个坚果表型指标变异系数为1.13%~5.99%;方差分析结果显示,底座圆度在区域间差异显著,其余8个指标在区域间及个体间均差异不显著。[结论]不同板栗品种在21个坚果表型指标中具有丰富多样性及显著差异性,其中,果形指数、坚果圆度、底座长宽比、相对底座大小、底座弧长/坚果周长、底座面积/横切面积、底座长/横径、底座宽/厚度等8个坚果表型指标为稳定性指标,可应用于生产实践板栗品种鉴别。

几种板栗品种对链格孢菌的室内抗性比较及防治药剂筛选

为明确不同板栗品种对链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的抗性并筛选出抑制该病原菌的有效药剂,采用离体菌丝块有伤接种法对14个板栗品种进行抗病性鉴定,通过发病率、病斑平均直径法和系统聚类分析法对不同品种进行抗性分级,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定7种杀菌剂对A.alternata的毒力。结果表明,接种后9 d,板栗品种‘燕山短枝’‘大板红’的发病率和病斑扩展直径分别为44.45%、51.11%和0.13、0.20 cm;‘遵玉’为100%和0.90 cm。供试品种中以‘燕山短枝’‘大板红’对A.alternata的抗性相对较强;‘遵玉’对A.alternata的抗性相对较弱。药剂筛选结果表明,咯菌腈对A.alternata的抑制效果最佳,抑制率达到93.75%,EC50为69.94 mg•L^(-1)。以上结果为板栗在种植中筛选优质抗病品种及开展田间药效试验提供参考。

不同熟化方式对板栗品质特性的影响

利用蒸煮、烘炒和微波3种方式对信阳板栗进行熟化处理,探究不同熟化方式对板栗品质特性的影响。结果表明:随着不同方式熟化处理时间的延长,板栗粉的吸水性、持水性、持油性整体上有所增加;不同熟化处理方式对板栗粉中的官能团无明显影响;延长蒸煮和微波处理时间能增加抗性淀粉(RS)含量和减少快消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量;延长烘炒时间能增加RDS、SDS含量和减少RS含量;延长蒸煮时间可减小板栗凝胶硬度;延长烘炒和微波时间可增加板栗凝胶硬度。

板栗淀粉糊化特性与淀粉粒粒径及直链淀粉含量的关系

【目的】分析3个品种群的33个主栽品种板栗淀粉糊化特性与直链淀粉含量及淀粉粒粒径之间的关系,为评价板栗糯性提供理论依据。【方法】采用常规理化分析方法测定板栗淀粉含量以及直链淀粉含量;用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)测定板栗淀粉糊化特性;利用S3500型激光粒度分布仪测定淀粉粒粒径分布;使用SPSS软件对数据进行差异显著性检验和聚类分析。【结果】不同品种板栗淀粉的RVA谱特征值之间存在较大差异,北方品种群板栗淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和稀懈值的总体水平均较其它两个品种群板栗高,各品种群之间差异显著;北方品种群的回冷值、峰值时间和糊化温度最低。板栗淀粉的糊化特性具有较明显的地域分布特征。不同品种板栗的总淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量均存在一定差异,北方品种群板栗的总淀粉含量显著低于其它两个品种群,南方品种群板栗淀粉中直链淀粉含量显著高于其它两个品种群。不同品种板栗粒径之间存在显著差异,淀粉粒粒径与品种密切相关,同时也具有较明显的地域分布特征。【结论】聚类分析将33个品种板栗分为4大类,北方品种群板栗普遍具有低直链淀粉含量、高峰值黏度的特点;南方品种群中的大部分板栗品种具有高直链淀粉含量和低峰值黏度的特点;中间类型品种群中一部分品种具有近于北方品种群板栗的特点,一部分具有近于南方品种群板栗的特点。板栗的直链淀粉含量和糊化峰值黏度可以作为衡量板栗糯性品质的指标。

栗粉的理化与功能特性研究

本文研究了以毛板红品种为原料加工成的生栗粉和熟栗粉的理化性质与功能特性 ,并同市售小麦面粉进行了功能特性与营养成分的比较。结果表明 ,在化学成分方面 ,熟粉有较多的淀粉发生水解 ,且直链淀粉含量较生粉高 ;功能特性方面 ,熟粉的吸水能力较生粉好 ,但吸油能力、起泡能力和泡沫稳定性较生粉差 ;糊化特性方面 ,熟粉已有部分淀粉发生糊化 ,各项糊化特征值都较生粉低 ;生粉在色泽上要比熟粉白。栗粉的脂肪和可溶性糖含量高于小麦面粉 ,淀粉、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量接近于面粉 ;栗粉的吸水能力要高于面粉 ,吸油能力与面粉相似 。

罗田3个板栗栽培品种主要营养成分分析

以罗田3个不同板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)栽培品种(六月暴、乌壳栗、中果早栗)为试验材料,测定其主要营养成分含量。结果表明,3个不同品种板栗的干物质中,淀粉、糖类和蛋白质占较大比重;水分、蛋白质和淀粉含量差异不显著,而脂肪、可溶性糖、维生素C的含量则存在显著或极显著差异;乌壳栗营养成分高于六月暴和中果早栗,六月暴和中果早栗营养成分大致相同。

板栗多糖的分离纯化、结构分析及抗疲劳作用的研究

作者对板栗多糖进行了分离纯化和结构分析,并对其抗疲劳作用进行了研究。气相色谱分析结果显示板栗多糖CPS-a的单糖组分及其摩尔比为葡萄糖∶甘露糖∶木糖∶阿拉伯糖=7.1∶6.2∶5.1∶4.1,CPS-b的单糖组分及摩尔比为葡萄糖∶果糖∶甘露糖∶木糖∶阿拉伯糖=7.1∶6.4∶6.2∶5.0∶4.1。红外光谱分析结果显示CPS-a、CPS-b都含有吡喃环,CPS-a可能是呋喃糖衍生物,CPS-b的糖链中同时存在α-、β-糖苷键,可能是硫酸化多糖。板栗多糖抗疲劳测定结果显示:3个剂量的板栗多糖均能显著提高运动耐力,降低运动后血乳酸和血尿素氮的含量,提高肌糖原和肝糖原的含量。说明板栗多糖具有良好的抗疲劳作用,其最佳用量为200 mg/(kg·d),高剂量并无明显优势。

板栗总苞中的抗糖尿病活性成分

目的分离鉴定板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)总苞中抗糖尿病活性化合物。方法采用正-反相硅胶柱色谱和制备型HPLC进行分离,经理化常数测定、核磁共振技术分析等方法鉴定化合物的结构;对分离得到的单体化合物进行醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase,AR)抑制活性实验。结果从活性部位中分离得到9个化合物,分别为山柰酚(kaempferol,1)、没食子酸(gallic acid,2)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid,3)、鞣花酸(ellagic acid,4)、苯甲基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,5)、没食子酸正丁酯(n-butyl gallate,6)、2,4,6-三羟基苯甲酸(2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzoic acid,7)、没食子酸甲酯(methyl-gallate,8)、豆甾烷-4-烯-3,6-二酮(stig-mast-4-en-3,6-dione,9)。结论化合物5-7为首次从该属植物中分离得到,活性结果显示9个化合物均显示不同程度抑制活性,其中化合物4、5最为显著。

板栗总苞多酚提取工艺优化及其抗氧化性研究

本试验旨在探索提取板栗总苞多酚的最优工艺条件及研究其体外抗氧化能力。在单因素试验设计得出的提取条件的基础上,设计正交试验,确定最优提取工艺条件,并分别通过二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH.)和2,2’-连氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)自由基(ABTS+.)清除率以及猪油过氧化值(POV)的测定对板栗总苞多酚进行体外抗氧化性研究。结果表明:1)最优提取工艺条件:乙醇浓度为30%,液料比为18∶1(mL∶g),提取时间为140 min,提取温度为80℃。采用该工艺条件,板栗总苞多酚提取得率为22.61%,其中多酚含量为51.23%。2)板栗总苞多酚对DPPH.和ABTS+.清除率与维生素C相当,且均大于维生素E;板栗总苞多酚对猪油有良好的抗氧化效果,抗氧化能力与板栗总苞多酚的浓度有关,100μg/mg为板栗总苞多酚对猪油抗氧化的最佳浓度,此浓度下板栗总苞多酚的抗氧化效果与同浓度的维生素C相当,且均优于同浓度的维生素E。因此,在本试验最优提取工艺条件下,板栗总苞多酚提取得率和多酚含量较高,且得到的板栗总苞多酚有良好的抗氧化能力。

微波提取板栗花中黄酮类物质的工艺研究

探讨了微波萃取、超声波提取、常规加热回流等方法提取板栗花中黄酮类化合物的工艺,并对其提取效果进行对比。结果表明,微波萃取法具有高效、短时的优势,对板栗花中黄酮类化合物提取的最佳条件为:板栗花粉碎度100～120目,固液重量比1∶140,微波功率800W,处理时间3min,在此条件下,板栗花中黄酮类化合物的提取率为71.9%。

板栗壳化学成分研究

从板栗壳95%乙醇浸膏中分离鉴定了16个化合物,分别是β-谷甾醇(1)、β-胡萝卜苷(2)、豆甾-5-烯-3β,7α-醇(3)、麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β,5α,8α-三醇(4)、齐墩果酸(5)、豆甾-4-烯-6α-醇-3-酮(6)、豆甾-4-烯-6β-醇-3-酮(7)、原儿茶酸(8)、水杨酸(9)、豆甾-5-烯-3β-羟基-7-酮(10)、对羟基桂皮酸甲酯(11)、没食子酸(12)、绿原酸(13)、香草醛(14)、乳糖(15)和芦丁(16)。其中化合物3、6、9、10、11、13、14、15、16等9个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,所有化合物均为首次从板栗壳中分离得到。