Literature Review on Support for Children and Families Experiencing Parental Bereavement

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the actual nursing support in a wide perspective by reviewing overseas literature on support for children who have experienced parental bereavement and their families. The goal was to identify future challenges in nursing support in clinical practice in Japan. Method: Literature searchable as of May 2023 was retrieved using PubMed, resulting in 11 relevant articles. Result: The results revealed the following: 1) For support provided to children, 13 codes were condensed into 5 subcategories and 4 categories. 2) For support provided to families, 36 codes were condensed into 11 subcategories and 4 categories. Conclusion: Open communication was found to be essential for supporting children and their families who have experienced parental bereavement. Moreover, involvement of multiple professions facilitated the provision of specialized support to address diverse needs of children and families, playing a crucial role in overcoming grief. Additionally, the effectiveness of support systems for bereaved families highlighted the need for nursing professionals in Japan to gain knowledge through learning opportunities and to establish a multi-disciplinary approach to support, thus indicating future challenges in nursing support.

Support Provided by Public Health Nurses for Fathers Who Have Abused Their Children—As Observed in Cases of Child Neglect and Physical or Psychological Abuse

This study aims to identify the support to provide to fathers who have abused children as reported by public health nurses (PHNs). In this study, a qualitative descriptive design was applied to the data analysis. Interviewees were 10 public health nurses (PHNs) in charge of child abuse services for at least 5 years at public health centers. The study analyzed 13 cases reported in the interviews. Measures to support fathers who abuse their children as suggested by PHNs were classified into direct support to the father, support to other family members, and support to be provided by others involved including related organizations. The direct support to the father includes “gaining an in-depth understanding of the abusive situation and psychological states of those involved”, “refraining from involvement in areas where it is difficult to understand the personality of the father”, and others. Support of other family members includes “understanding the marital relationship and assessing the qualities of the relationship”, “refraining from matters that will involve divorce”, and others. Support to be provided by others including related organizations includes “understanding the value of social exchange and assessment of the ability to create and maintain interpersonal relationships”, “establishing support arrangements to enable intervention when necessary”, and others. The interviews report that PHNs arrange support measures that enable intervention as it becomes required, and that this enables learning about child-abuse preventing activities.

How the Health Care Nurse Supports and Enhances the Child’s Attachment to Their Parents

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide insight into how the Child Healthcare Clinic (BVC) nurse supports and encourages the child’s bonding to their parents during the regularly scheduled checkups at the healthcare clinics. Method: The study was done using a qualitative approach. The data was collected from the interviews of four focus groups which were comprised of a total of eighteen BVC nurses who work solely for the BVC. The resulting data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The following theme emerged from the research material: Empower the parents in order to enable the child to have a healthy connection to the parents. This is accomplished by the BVC nurse building and creating a trusting relationship with the parents and providing support for them in their new roles as parents. The BVC nurses must have comprehensive knowledge about the needs and development of children and they need to have exceptional communication skills as well. It is also mandatory that the BVC nurse have access to cooperation and support from their colleagues and the support of other related professions. Conclusion: Providing support to parents during the bonding period of their infant children is a most important function for BVC nurses because there is much to be determined about children’s development and future possibilities during this formative period.

A Case Study on the Impact of Mother-to-Mother Support Groups on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition and Care Practices in Habaswein and Wajir South Districts of North Eastern Kenya

Only about 25% of babies are exclusively breast fed until six months of age in developing countries though they are at a greater risk of infection and infant mortality. The Global Strategy for Maternal, Infant and Young Child Feeding (MI- YCF) Strategy developed by WHO/UNICEF in 2002 was to revitalize world attention to the impact of feeding practices on the nutritional status, growth, development, health and survival of infants and children. The data for this case study was collected through key informant interviews, observations and review of Save the Children nutrition programme reports and surveys. This information was then organized to produce a detailed description of the maternal, infant and young child nutrition programme in Habaswein and Wajir South districts or sub-counties. The maternal and infant young child nutrition (MIYCN) programme was launched in Habaswein and Wajir South districts in January 2012. The MIYCN programme followed recommendations of a Knowledge, Practice and Coverage (KPC) survey report in July 2012. To date, the programme has formed 48 Mother-to-mother Support Groups (MTMSGs), which are actively promoting the uptake of the recommended MIYCN practices in the community. MIYCN indicators have been markedly improved between July 2011 and February 2013 when surveys were conducted. The uptake of kitchen gardening has picked up significantly at Meri site and some mothers now have a changed attitude towards unskilled home deliveries and are conducting referrals for skilled births. The marked improvements in the performance of MIYCN indicators between July 2011 and February 2013 inWajir South and Habaswein districts can be partly attributed to the MIYCN programme established in January 2012. However, a randomized community trial is still required to provide conclusive results on the impact of care support groups on maternal, infant and young child feeding in this region.

父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式与幼儿问题行为的关系研究

采用《儿童消极情绪回应问卷》《长处与困难问卷》对220位幼儿的父母分别进行调查,探究父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式与幼儿问题行为的关系,并进一步比较父母回应方式的单独效应与联合效应,为幼儿问题行为的家庭干预提供依据。研究结果显示:母亲/父亲的低支持性回应/高非支持性回应在不同程度上增加幼儿的问题行为,父亲的影响范围更广;父母的支持性回应一致低/非支持性回应一致高在不同程度上增加幼儿的问题行为,父母回应方式的联合效应与单独效应存在差异,部分支持加法模型。父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式直接影响幼儿的问题行为,且存在累积效应,父母应给予一致的支持性回应来减少幼儿的问题行为。

行为健康视角下儿童友好社区规划策略研究

为营造儿童友好健康的城市社区环境,分析总结了社区儿童日常生活时空行为特征及社区建成环境需求,提取并构建包含安全、文化、交通、空间、建筑、绿化、教育、参与等8项一级指标,户外安全感觉、慢行通学路径等20项二级指标内容的儿童友好社区行为健康支持体系,并从交通引导、功能分区、公共空间、适儿设施、健康培养、公众参与等方面提出儿童友好社区规划应对策略。

育龄收入、子女人力资本与代际经济支持——基于子女“数量—质量替代”视角

中国家庭中子女数量下降伴随着子女人力资本提升,即子女“数量—质量替代”效应,为改善家庭养老经济支持提供了新契机。使用中国家庭追踪调查数据,结合中介效应模型和两阶段最小二乘法,研究以子女“数量—质量替代”为机制,老年父母的育龄收入对子女经济支持数额的影响。研究发现:(1)家庭中子女数量向质量的转换有利于子女经济支持数额的提高;(2)增加父母育龄收入有利于促进子女数量向质量转换,从而提高子女经济支持数额;(3)对于没有参加养老保险、子女数量较少和来自城市的家庭,在子女“数量—质量替代”机制的作用下,育龄收入的增加提高子女经济支持数额的效应更强。因此,畅通并促进子女数量向质量的转换机制是改善家庭养老经济支持水平、缓解社会养老压力的有效途径;更合理的收入分配制度对完善家庭养老功能、促进中国养老事业可持续发展和提升老年人福祉具有重要意义。

高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿研究

文章基于2021年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,采用二元Logit回归模型、门槛效应模型和倾向值匹配(PSM)等方法实证分析高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿以及生育支持条件对其的影响。研究结果表明:高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿相对较低,平均只有14.1%的高学历育龄人群愿意生育三孩,而低学历育龄人群有18.4%愿意生育三孩。高学历育龄人群愿意生育三孩的比例与已育二孩的性别结构有关。已有两个儿子、两个女儿和一儿一女的高学历育龄人群愿意生育三孩的比例分别为12.3%、16.0%和13.9%。家庭收入水平对高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿有显著的正向影响,且存在显著的收入门槛效应。随着家庭收入水平的提高,家庭收入对高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿的边际影响效应呈现出先增大后减小的倒“U”型关系,家庭收入水平对家庭收入为11万元-36万元的高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿的影响效应最大,对家庭收入为11万元以下和36万元以上高学历育龄人群三孩生育意愿的影响效应较小。相对于没有托育服务的高学历育龄人群而言,政府而非市场提供低价优质的托育服务能够显著增强高学历育龄人群的三孩生育意愿。政策启示在于:一是提高中国育龄人群的三孩生育水平,不能把过高的期望寄托在高学历育龄人群,尤其是已育有两个孩子的高学历育龄人群;二是提高已育两个孩子高学历育龄人群的三孩生育水平,重点关注已育两个女儿且家庭收入为11万元-36万元的高学历育龄人群;三是降低高学历育龄人群三孩生育的直接成本和机会成本,加强生育支持政策评估,进一步完善高学历育龄人群的生育休假政策和生育三孩家庭的收入补贴政策,优化高学历人群的延迟退休政策,消除高学历育龄女性的就业歧视,仍然是激励高学历人群生育三孩的重要举措;四是政府主动承担婴幼儿的托育服务,为育龄人群提供低价优质的托育服务,能够达到事半功倍的三孩生育激励效应。

育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿分析及对策研究——基于福建龙岩的实地调查

为积极落实三孩生育政策,主动适应人口和计划生育工作转型发展的新要求,调研组基于龙岩市育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿的调查问卷数据及实地调研,得出结论:三孩生育意愿的影响因素主要表现在经济成本、制度保障和生育观念三个方面。为进一步优化生育政策,提高三孩生育政策及配套支持措施的针对性、可操作性,切实减轻群众生育、养育、教育负担,助力生育友好城市建设,建议加强顶层设计提供政策支持,着力提升系统保障功能,多管齐下降低家庭养育成本,营造良好的生育氛围。

过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑的相关性研究

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜性肾炎(henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis, HSPN)患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑情绪的相关性。方法 采用便利抽样法,选取2020年8月-2023年8月在南京医科大学附属儿童医院住院的524例HSPN患儿父母作为研究对象,使用一般资料调查表、中文改良版危重患者家属需求量表(获取信息、病情保证、亲近患者的需求、家属自身的舒适和医护人员支持)、社会支持评定量表和焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行问卷调查。使用Pearson相关性分析患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑的相关性。使用多元线性回归分析HSPN患儿父母产生焦虑情绪的影响因素。结果 SAS得分在患儿年龄、病程、家庭人均月收入及父母受教育程度方面,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,HSPN患儿父母SAS得分与需求呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与社会支持呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。经多元线性回归分析,患儿年龄、病程、家庭人均月收入、父母受教育程度、需求和社会支持是HSPN患儿父母焦虑的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 HSPN患儿父母需求、社会支持与焦虑情绪的发展呈明显相关性,患儿父母需求情况及获取的社会支持程度可影响焦虑水平。医护人员应根据HSPN患儿父母具体情况评估其需求,采取有效干预措施,提供情感支持,以缓解患儿父母焦虑情绪。

循证支持下的趣味护理在预成冠修复术治疗儿童乳磨牙龋齿中的应用

目的:探讨在预成冠修复术治疗儿童乳磨牙龋齿中应用循证支持下的趣味护理的效果,为此类患儿护理工作提供指导。方法:择取医院接受预成冠修复术治疗的80例乳磨牙龋齿儿童,以奇偶法分为实验组(循证支持下的趣味护理)和参照组(常规护理),各40例,比较组间护理效果、情绪状态、疼痛情况、家属满意度。结果:两组患儿护理效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实验组患儿的GAD-7、PHQ-9、疼痛评分低于参照组,其家属满意度评分高于参照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:预成冠修复术治疗儿童乳磨牙龋齿中应用循证支持下的趣味护理的价值显著,可有效改善患儿情绪状态及疼痛情况,同时还可提升患儿家属满意度。

我国农村隔代养育的承担者及发展趋势研究

通过混合研究方法探究我国农村地区隔代养育承担者的群体特征及其发展变化的新趋势。研究发现,一方面,我国农村隔代养育情况呈上升的发展趋势:农村隔代养育的承担者以60~70岁老年人为主要群体,老年人深度参与孙辈抚养,且呈现性别差异逐步缩小、性别结构趋向均衡的发展趋势。另一方面,农村隔代养育出现了一些新现象,这些新现象与农村出现的新的育儿观念、家庭经济条件密切相关。在家庭经济条件允许的情况下,农村地区的儿童养育模式将从完全由祖辈养育演变为祖辈只承担一部分养育职责甚至退出养育任务的新模式。据此,我国城市化进程中的拆分式家庭结构带来了代际反哺的变化。与此同时,国家为现代家庭提供完善的制度保障,成为改善隔代养育、实现乡村振兴的有效途径。

“三孩”政策背景下社区支持与家庭育儿压力的关系探究

为探究社区支持对家庭育儿压力的影响,以502名幼儿家长作为调查对象,采用社区支持量表与家庭育儿压力量表调查社区支持水平和家庭育儿压力水平,以探析社区支持与家庭育儿压力之间的关系。结果发现,家庭育儿压力呈中等水平,且在育儿数量、父母学历上存在显著差异;社区支持缺位,且在育儿数量、父亲学历上存在显著差异;社区支持与家庭育儿压力之间呈显著负相关,说明社区支持水平越高,家庭育儿压力越低。社区支持中的精神支持维度可以负向预测家长育儿压力。基于此,提出以下建议:转变家庭养育观念,充分认识社区支持家庭育儿的重要性;兼顾社区支持育儿的针对性和全面性;构建长效的社区支持育儿管理体制。

Providing Infectious Disease Information to Child-Rearing Families and Its Evaluation

Background: Earlier study without actual trial indicated that caregivers needed delivery of information about outbreak situations independently of their job status. This report describes, for about two months in winter, actual delivery outbreak information to families with preschool children. The study objective was to confirm the usefulness of this information delivery. Method: Participants receiving outbreak information were recruited from the Child Care Support Service in a ward in Tokyo, Japan. Outbreak information was obtained from the Nursery School Absenteeism Surveillance System (NSASSy) covering approximately 40% of all nursery schools in Japan, prescription surveillance and other resources. Delivery of outbreak information started in December 2017 and ceased at the end of February in 2018. After the delivery period, a questionnaire survey was administered to participants. Results: For this area, NSASSy showed the most dominant disease was influenza, with 707 patients, followed by group A streptococcal pharyngitis with 98 patients. The outbreak peak was inferred to be as Monday, 22 January, and it was announced by e-mail on 23 January. Of the 202 persons joined this trial, 60 participants responded to the questionnaire survey after the delivery period. Of those respondents, 98% wanted delivery of that information to continue. Conclusion: We found that almost all respondents confirmed usefulness of the information about infectious diseases which was delivered.

Does Family with Children Need Information about Infectious Disease?

This paper reports a study of the necessity of providing information that is of the most concern of caregivers: health management, responses to sudden onset, and outbreaks of infectious diseases. We asked users and providers of Child Care Support Service in ward A of Tokyo, as respondents, whether they would like to receive information related to infectious diseases. Of questionnaires sent by mail to 383 providers and 3101 users, we received 18 responses from providers and 88 responses from users. All providers and users were required to provide information related to infectious diseases. The most often reported responses were “straight-out hand washing, mask wearing, gargling, and disinfection”, followed by “voluntary restraint of outside activities”, and “measures for illnesses of the family or children.” Results show that caregivers would like to receive information about infectious diseases because they have many health management concerns about their children.

Benefit of Using Sick Child Care Facilities to the Children and Their Parents

Introduction: Sick child care is a form of nursing care provided temporarily for sick children when they cannot be cared for by their parents at home. To clarify the benefits of using sick child care facilities for children and their parents, we surveyed these parents about the benefits of such care and their needs. Method: Study design: Descriptive research. We studied parents whose children had used one of the 11 sick child care facilities for sick children in Hiroshima City in 2014. A total of 156 parents consented to participate in the study. We investigated their usage situation of sick child care, perceived benefits of such care, and care-related requests in a quantitative and qualitative manner. Results: Both nuclear families consisting of the dual income parents and their children and single-mother households reported that their children (mean age: 2.46 years [SD: 1.77 years]) had used sick child care because of infectious diseases. Approximately 10% of the parents were using the fee reduction systems of sick child care intended for people with a low income. Parents viewed sick child care as beneficial both in early the health recovery of children, and as support for child raising and working. On the other hand, some parents left their children at home alone when sick child care was not available due to the limited number of sick child care facilities and an insufficient capacity to accept children. Some parents desired an increased number of care facilities, as well as a reduction in or subsidies for care fees. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that, to ensure children’s health and safety, and support their parents for working and child raising, there is a need to increase the number of sick child care facilities along with expanding care services.

Mother’s need of support and their expectations of the BVC nurse at the first home visit—an interview study

One of the main priorities of the child healthcare services in Sweden is a home visit by the Child Health Care (BVC) nurse to newborn babies and their parents. It is essential that the BVC nurses have a comprehensive knowledge of the parent’s need of support and their expectations as new parents in order to be able to fulfill their needs. The aim of this study was to describe what type of support the mothers of infant children are in need of and what their expectations are of the BVC nurse when it is time for the home visit from the nurse. In this qualitative study twelve women were interviewed within one to two weeks after delivering a baby. The transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The study shows that mothers who have previously given birth to children feel more secure in their parental role compared to what they experienced as first time mothers. The findings include that first time mother’s experienced uncertainty in their new role as a mother and caring for a baby. Parents seek support from the BVC nurse and they expect her behavior and attitude towards them to be friendly and professional. The fact that she is privy to personal knowledge of the family gives the parents a feeling of security when they contact the child healthcare center for various reasons. The mother’s need for support to develop as a parent and to feel secure in the parental role was a reoccurring theme in the interviews and became the theme of the study.

抑肝扶脾针法配合耳穴压豆治疗儿童抽动障碍对中医证候积分及不良反应的影响

目的观察在对儿童抽动障碍患儿治疗中按照抑肝扶脾针法配合耳穴压豆进行治疗对于中医证候积分改善以及不良反应控制的作用。方法按照比较治疗观察的形式开展探究,纳入80例患儿为研究对象,时间为2020年1月—2022年10月,按照双盲法分组的方式,取组内40例患儿开展常规治疗,作为对照组,剩下40例患儿则开展抑肝扶脾针法配合耳穴压豆治疗,作为观察组。对两组患儿恢复情况进行比较。结果患儿中医证候积分在治疗前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。统计两组患儿整体治疗效果,观察组有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。比较患儿在治疗过程中不良反应情况,观察组发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。比较两组患儿在治疗期间耶鲁评分,在治疗前两组患儿评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在治疗后1、2、3、4周,观察组耶鲁评分均低于优势(P<0.05)。结论在对儿童抽动障碍患儿进行治疗的过程中按照抑肝扶脾针法配合耳穴压豆进行治疗,可以有效提升临床对该部分患儿的治疗效果,改善患儿中医证候积分,并降低患儿不良反应发生率,可以达到帮助患儿进行恢复的目的,能够促使患儿抽动障碍症状在较短时间内得到改善。

社工介入失独母亲扶助机制及优化反思——以广州市“玫瑰计划”为例

失独群体数量日益增大,亟待社会各界关注。失去孩子对于一个母亲来说是致命的打击,主要表现为生活困境、心理精神困境、社会关系困境和个人发展困境。社会工作者凭借其独特的优势可以有效帮助失独母亲走出伤痛,恢复正常生活,并最终实现人生价值。以广州市“玫瑰计划”(广州市首个社工介入失独母亲扶助项目)为案例,从目标、人员、资源和策略维度分析社工介入失独母亲扶助机制,基于实践反思优化,社工介入失独母亲扶助机制还需要在服务人员、服务内容、服务方式和服务态度进一步完善。

三孩政策背景下父职参与类型的质性研究

随着三孩政策的出台实施及家庭抚育模式的转型,传统“男主外,女主内”的性别分工模式呈现出一定的局限性,父亲情感维系与母职密集呼唤父职参与作为平衡母职焦虑的机制,使父亲承担更多家庭抚育工作。基于21位共同参与婴幼儿照料的父亲或母亲的深度访谈和研究,依照主动性和参与程度,研究提出,父职参与可以划分为充分参与型、辅助配合型、闲暇替补型和日常缺席型四种类型。针对父亲参与育儿的困境,从政策、家庭、社区和市场多个主体出发,提出建构多元支持网络,从而支持父亲充分参与深度育儿,增加父职自觉的可能性。