Survey on Attitude of Middle School Educators for Sex and Reproductive Health Education

Objective To get a general picture of the attitudes of middle school educators on sex and reproductive health education. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 144 middle school educators in three districts of Shanghai from September to October 2005 using anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Results The majority of the educators thought that it was necessary to launch the sex and reproductive health education in all of the middle schools in Shanghai （97. 02%）. They were aware that the age of the students＇puberty were earlier now than before （94.41%）, but the reproductive health knowledge of students was neither sufficient nor correct （78.34%）. The sex and reproductive health education had been involved in the curriculum of many middle schools （66.11%）. Lacking of qualified education staffs contributed most （90. 71%） in the schools which had not launched the sex and reproductive health education. Lacking of qualified education staffs （90.91%） challenged most in the schools which had carried the education. Conclusion The middle school educators thought it was necessary to carry the sex and reproductive health education in all of the middle schools in Shanghai while the major challenges were lacking of qualified education staffs and sufficient teaching time.

High School Student’s Knowledge, Attitude and Participation in Sexual Health Education in Rural Northern Ghana

Background: In Ghana, sex education has been a part of the post-independence school curriculum, aimed to fill a significant knowledge gap, prepare them to make healthy sexual choices. However, sex education is not apparent in the schools. We aimed to understand senior high school adolescents’ knowledge, perspectives on contraceptive use, and attitude towards sexual health education in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Methods: This was a descriptive study involving 329 students (from 15 - 19) comprising males (n = 166, 50.5%) and females (n = 163, 49.5%) from a senior high school in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Eighteen-point Likert scale items with four-point responses—strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree—were used to measure students’ perspectives in the Upper East Region, Ghana. Results: The results show that most students (n = 150, 45.6%) strongly disagreed with reporting first developmental changes to parents and teachers. For students who agree (n = 101, 30.7%), more males than females (55.4% versus 44.6%) favoured the recommendation. About 42% strongly disagreed with seeking professional counsel on contraceptive use, with more (52.6%) females in support of non-use of the advice of health personnel. Similarly, most respondents sought information on sex education from peers and were more comfortable associating and sharing adolescent experiences than with parents and teachers. Conclusion: There is inadequate knowledge of the adolescent youth on sexual health issues. Therefore, we recommend that qualitative studies be conducted to understand the students’ views on sexual and reproductive health knowledge and access to services.

Promoting Sex and Reproductive Health Education among Adolescent Should Place Emphasis on Advocacy

Objective To make a exploration of the function of advocacy in the promotion of sex and reproductive health education for adolescents. Methods The advocacy played a key role on the promotion of adolescent sex and reproductive education by taking ＂International cooperation project to promote Chinese youth reproductive health ＂（YRH projecO as example. Results The successful experience of YRH project indicated advocacy＇s important function in the promotion of sex and reproductive health education for adolescents, Conclusion Advocacy is a crucial element in promoting adolescent sex and reproductive health education,

Evaluation of Family Sex Education on Middle School Students in Shanghai

Objective To evaluate the impact of family-school combined sex education among middle school students. Methods This is a school-based intervention study. Four junior middle schools and two senior middle schools in Xuhui District, Shanghai, were selected as study sites involving parents, two junior middle schools and one senior middle school as the intervention group and others as control group. The intervention group was provided with both school and family education which contained giving lectures, distributing leaflets, organizing group discussions and parent-adolescent communicating activities to parents. Data were collected through anonymous and self-administered questionnaires before and after one-year intervention to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Results The average score of parents in the intervention group was higher than that in the control group after intervention. Particularly, the mean score of AIDS knowledge in the intervention group was increased by 10.5, which was more than that of control group （5.3）. The intervention increased the parents＇ intention to family sex education. The percentage of parents in the intervention group approving ＂sex education should be provided by parents＂ had increased, much higher than that in the control group. Intervention also promoted parent-adolescent communication about sex. The percentage of parents reporting ＂they actively talked with their children about sex or their teens asked them questions related to sex＂ had increased, much higher than that in the control group. Conclusion Family-school combined sex education significantly increased sexual knowledge and sex education intention of parents, promoted the parent-adolescent communication about sex as well.

Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Participatory Sex Education on the Dual Prevention of STI/HIV/AIDS and Unwanted Pregnancies among Adolescents in Kinshasa High Schools, DR Congo

Context: With the view to reorient both STI/HIV/AIDS prevention and adolescents pregnancies, this research study aims at evaluating cognitive and behavioral acquisitions, as well as the process of interactive sex education participatory approach among adolescents in Kinshasa high schools. Methods: Based on a “pre and post” virtually experimental design, two crosswise surveys were conducted in Kinshasa, for six months in 2011-2012 on 484 high school students (pre-survey) and on 441 high school students (post-survey), whose age range from 14 - 19 years including both sexes. Two participatory educational talks (PET) “A” and “B”, covered weekly in two different schools, were compared to a control group school. The PET “A” consisted of interactive interpersonal communication sessions given by an external expert as a substitute for the life education course in one school. The PET “B” carried out in another school, included more educational talk sessions, led by the external expert and supplemented by a close follow-up of teenagers divided into small groups of 10 participants. The subjects’ assessment was based on their knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to STI/HIV/AIDS dual prevention as well as to unwanted pregnancies. Results: The subjects involved in the PET “B” displayed a better/higher performance based on their knowledge, attitudes and practices related to STI/HIV/AIDS dual prevention and unwanted pregnancies. Broadly speaking, knowledge has been improved 6 times with the PET “B” (OR = 6, 10, IC 95%) (3.24 - 11.9), and 3 times with the PET “A” (OR = 3, 45, IC 95%) (1.79 - 6.81), compared to control school. Similarly, findings on subjects’ attitudes show an improvement rated 12 times with the PET”B” (OR = 11, 99, IC 95%) (5.67 - 27.38) and 5 times for the PET “A” (OR = 5.51, IC 95%) (2.54 - 12.87). As far as the subjects’ practices are concerned, an improvement of 6 more times of protected sexual intercourses with the PET “B” compared with the control school group (OR = 6, 52, IC 95%) (3.60 - 12.0). The process assessment records a spontaneous involvement of schools enhanced by the positive contribution of Life Education and Biology teachers;add a massive participation of adolescents who requested permanent PET program. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that school sexual education programs can be improved to increase the quality of apprenticeship. The use of interactive methods and the consideration of the adolescents’ specific needs that take into account the gender approach may bring about beneficial advantages on both educational outcomes and reproductive health of adolescents.

A Literature Review on the State of High School Sex Education Implemented by School Nurses

Objective: In recent years, increases in sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer caused by HPV, and abortions due to unwanted pregnancy among those in their 20s have become serious issues that threaten fertility. This study aims to identify issues in need of attention and the difficulties experienced by school nurses in teaching sex education in high schools preemptively before these students become sexually active in order to promote responsible sexual behaviors for the prevention of STIs. Method: ICHUSHI Web Ver. 5 and CiNii were queried for literature published between 2000 and May 2022. Search terms were “yōgokyōyu” [school nurses], “seikyōiku” [sex education], “seikansenshō” [sexually transmitted infections/diseases], and “kōkōsei” [high school students]. In addition, we limited the search to Japanese literature only, due to differences in cultural background and the roles of school nurses. Results & Observations: Sex education is taught by multiple faculty members and implemented into multiple subjects such as health & physical education and home economics. There are differences in the content taught by school nurses and other faculty. As specialists in health and hygienics, school nurses demonstrate high awareness and positive attitudes toward sex education. Additionally, while they play a central role in sex education, they face difficulties due to having no position in school health plans, differences in awareness among faculty, busy schedules, difficulty securing time, and failure to coordinate with other faculty. It is necessary to consider school-wide policies that systematize sex education as a continuous subject. Furthermore, while they have many opportunities to undertake consulting duties on sexuality, there is uncertainty among school nurses on their ability to meet student needs. Therefore, the development of teaching materials and opportunities for school nurses to improve their teaching skills is absolutely essential.

Sex Health Education in University

Nearly 100 students from the Capital Normal University began a course on sex health inform ation six months ago.This is the first sub-sidiary course in China to specialize in sex health education.

Sex education for adolescents:Indonesian nurse educators’experience as parents

Objectives:Sex education toward adolescent remains the most controversial subject due to the various thoughts and ideas of different values present in society.Nurse educators as parents must exemplify sex education to their children.The aim of this present study was to explore parents’experience,with nurse educators background to be exact,on how they convey sex education to their children.Methods:This study is a descriptive qualitative study,and the sample is recruited by using the purposive sampling technique.The qualified participants filled in the informed consent,provided demographic data,and were interviewed.Saturation data were obtained at the 6th interview in this study.The interview is transcribed to find themes and subthemes using conventional content analysis.Results:We derived 3 main themes:parents’approach,sex education topic,and children’s reaction.Parents’approach contained 4 subthemes,namely,gender match,parent-child closeness,media,and attitude.Sex education topic included 5 subthemes of bodily autonomy,health and safety,reproductive anatomy,puberty-related changes,and how to maintain healthiness.Children’s reaction experiences also included 4 subthemes of uncomfortable,questioning,acknowledging,and laughing.Conclusions:As a matter of fact,some parents in eastern countries,such as Indonesia,conveyed sex education to their children.Children might have various reactions to that topic,but it is important to keep them safe,especially in reproductive health,regardless of the culture or tradition.Based on nurse educators as exemplifiers,nurses and nursing students might acquire the picture in conveying sex education to adolescents.

An Analysis of Children's Educational View of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist

Charles Dickens—the greatest representative of English critical realism writer in the 19th century.The age when he lived and his own experience contributed to his more attention to the low-class people of the society and children's education.His first work of critical realism Oliver Twist is also not exceptional which shows attention of the children's education,compassion and concerning about children's growth in the novel.The author argues from the view of pedagogy to analyze the causes of the tragic fate of five secondary typical characters(Monks,Dick,Noah,Dodger and Charley)to reveal children's educational view of Charles Dickens—the harmony of family relationships,the humanization of school system and the fraternity of social system in Oliver Twist.At the same time,the author would study that children educational view of Charles Dickens's influence on the children's education in our country,especially for the education of delinquent children in modern society.

福州市男男性行为人群HIV暴露前预防需求的影响因素分析

目的通过了解男男性行为(menwhohavesexwithmen,MSM)人群的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)暴露前预防(pre-exposure prophylaxis,PrEP)需求及其影响因素,为开展PrEP服务提供相关依据。方法于2022年4—6月通过简单随机抽样的方法,由社会组织在浴池、酒吧、网络招募自愿参与调查的MSM者,对调查对象进行问卷调查,分析福州市MSM人群艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)PrEP的需求情况及其影响因素。结果福州市MSM人群对于PrEP需求度为73.34%。学历越高的MSM者HIV PrEP需求越高、未婚/离异/丧偶的MSM者HIV PrEP需求高于已婚/同居的、每次发生MSM都使用安全套的HIV PrEP需求高于有时使用和从未使用的、同性恋的MSM者HIV PrEP需求高于其他、最近一个男性性伴的AIDS检测结果为阴性HIV PrEP需求高于阳性或不清楚感染状况、未使用新型毒品的MSM者HIV PrEP需求高于有使用过新型毒品的、最近1年有进行HIV检测的MSM者HIV PrEP需求高于未检测过的(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,新型毒品的使用与被调查人的学历是福州市MSM人群PrEP需求的主要影响因素。结论加大PrEP预防效果宣传,针对学历低、已婚、无检测意识、使用过新型毒品的MSM人群开展专项教育,提高MSM人群对PrEP使用信心,充分认识PrEP对预防AIDS感染效果及其副作用。

2022年贵州省贵阳市贵安新区初中生性教育现状及对策研究

目的了解贵州省贵阳市贵安新区初中生性教育现状,为该地区学校性健康教育提供对策建议。方法2022年7月通过分层整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取贵安新区七、八、九年级学生,采用自编问卷对受调查者的性知识、性相关态度、性相关行为和性相关教育的现状进行调查,应用Logistic回归模型分析相关影响因素对初中生性知识及性行为的影响。结果本次调查共纳入初中生2545人,受调查者的性知识及格率为47.8%。受调查者中5.6%有过性行为,年龄最小者为13岁。所有受调查者中,有33.8%表示曾遭遇过不同类型的性骚扰。大多数受调查者报告每学年接受性教育为1~3节课(64.4%),多通过生物课(82.3%)、班会课(39.6%)等相对单一方式讲授。受调查者的性别、年级、父亲/母亲文化程度、父母是否教过性知识与受调查者性知识的及格率有关。受调查者的性别、性知识及格率、是否同意性行为与受调查者有无性行为有关。结论贵安新区初中生性知识欠缺,尤以其中的艾滋病知识为主;中学生性态度较为开放,对婚前性行为持包容态度,未采取任何避孕措施的性行为比例较高,存在性健康隐患;学校性教育存在不足。建议该地区对学校性健康教育课程进行如增加课时、完善内容、丰富教学形式等改进。

国内儿童性教育绘本内容分析及其阅读推广研究

儿童性教育问题日益受到社会关注,而国内儿童性教育绘本的阅读与推广处于一种较为尴尬的困境中。本文通过内容分析法对当前国内市场流通的儿童性教育绘本进行文本分析,发现儿童性教育绘本读物存在儿童本位观薄弱、内容主题分布不均、性别倾向明显、价值观传递失当等问题,并据此提出切实可行的阅读推广和导读建议。本研究对于家庭儿童性教育工作、儿童性教育绘本阅读推广与绘本出版具有指导价值。

文献计量视角下我国性与生殖健康研究热点和变化趋势分析

目的了解我国性与生殖健康研究热点和变化趋势,为后续相关研究提供参考。方法检索2018年1月1日至2023年5月10日中国知网收录的性与生殖健康的文献,采用Excel分析发文量趋势,采用CiteSpace6.2.R2软件对纳入文献的作者、研究机构、关键词共现、关键词聚类进行图谱绘制,分析调查结果。结果共纳入分析3394篇文献,发文量整体呈逐年下降趋势;核心作者发文合计1340篇,占文献总数39.48%,该领域还未形成核心作者群;研究机构大致形成两个合作网,机构间合作较少;研究热点集中为艾滋病及其相关主题研究。结论我国性与生殖健康问题依旧严峻,应加强该研究领域的研究力量与研究合作;性与生殖健康教育相关研究较少,由国家官方教育力量发起探索将性与生殖教育纳入义务教育体系或许能有效改善我国性与生殖教育现状。

对重庆居民心理健康素养调查与人口学特征及相关因素分析

目的:了解重庆市渝北区居民心理健康素养及相关因素,为卫生行政部门制定相关政策措施提供依据。方法:抽取年龄≥18岁成人常住居民进行《居民心理健康素养问卷》调查,对参与者的人口统计学特征及相关因素进行分因素分析。结果:研究结果表明,性别、年龄、文化程度、个人月收入、婚姻状况、职业、吸烟饮酒习惯等几个因素是个体是否符合心理健康素养标准的显著预测因子。结论:重庆市渝北区居民心理健康素养达标水平整体较低,应加强多方合作,制定有针对性的心理健康科普措施。

基于 Citespace的我国性教育研究可视化分析

运用Citespace软件对1991—2021年发表在中国知网(CNKI)核心期刊和CSSCI数据库中982篇与性教育相关的文献进行统计,对其核心关键词及突现词进行知识图谱可视化分析。分析得出青春期教育、健康教育、中学生、大学生、知识是主要研究热点,性知识、性健康教育以及实践占据研究前沿位置。今后研究者可以重点关注性教育社会支持网搭建、不同性别性教育的差异性以及婴幼儿性教育等内容的研究。

美国1972年《教育法修正案》第九章对大学校园性骚扰的规制

美国法院通过判例确认了1972年《教育法修正案》第九章可以用于规范校园性骚扰。个人有权依据该规定提起校园性骚扰诉讼并获得损害赔偿。目前,美国大部分高校都以《教育法修正案》第九章为依据,制定了符合本校校情的政策。以哈佛大学为例,该校制定了相关政策,成立了专门机构,为规制校园性骚扰提供了尽可能多的资源和服务,并进一步规范了校园性骚扰的处理程序。在美国规制校园性骚扰的过程中,适用证明标准的选择曾引发争论。公民权利办公室最终确定了高校在标准选择上的自主权,即高校可以自行选择适用优势证据标准或清晰且令人信服的标准来证实性骚扰事实,这可能会导致不同学校之间在性骚扰的认定上存在冲突,不利于大学校园性骚扰问题的解决。为了更好地保护当事人双方的合法权益,应该加大对校园性骚扰投诉处理程序的司法审查力度。

Sources of Sexual Knowledge among Vietnamese High School Students

This study determined the sources from which Vietnamese high school students currently acquire sexual knowledge as well as the sources from which they believe they should acquire it. Participants were eleventh-grade students at three public high schools in Hanoi, Vietnam. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey from September to October 2012, with 1672 students participating. Responses were received from all 1672 students, a response rate of 100%. Complete data were received from 1653 respondents (98.9%), including 896 males (54.2%) and 757 females (45.8%). The survey was a self-administrated questionnaire. Although many participants believed that they were knowledgeable about sex, only a small number of them actually possessed accurate sexual knowledge. Few participants in this study, targeted to a specific age (eleventh grade), had used the Internet as a major source for obtaining sexual knowledge, in contrast to results from previous studies which covered a wider age demographic. Future research should include comparative studies between eleventh and twelfth graders as well as between those of the same age who are and who are not enrolled in high school. Additionally, it might be beneficial to consider the relationship between adolescent age and Internet use to study the influence of the Internet on sexual knowledge. Our results suggest that parents and schoolteachers should shoulder more responsibility in providing sexual education, particularly by improving their own knowledge and ability to provide such education, because many participants indicated that sexual knowledge should be acquired from parents and schools.