Research Progress of Combined Detection of WBC, CRP and SAA in Early Diagnosis of Respiratory Tract Infection in Children

Objective: To investigate the application of WBC, CRP and SAA combined detection in the early diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children. Methods: Collect the literature reports on the early diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children by the combined detection of WBC, CRP and SAA in recent years, and follow up the relevant literature reports from the selection of “new three routine” laboratory items for rapid diagnosis in pediatric outpatient department and the application of the combined detection of WBC, CRP and SAA in the early diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children. Results: Many literature studies found that the combined detection of WBC, CRP and SAA has important clinical significance in the early diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children. Conclusion: Through reviewing the relevant literature, we can understand the application of WBC, CRP and SAA combined detection in the early diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children. To provide more accurate and reliable laboratory data for the early diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infection in children in the future.

Human bocavirus infection in children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections:Does viral load affect disease course?

Objective:To examine the effects of human bocavirus type 1(HBoV1)on the course of lower respiratory tract infections in cases of monoinfection and coinfection,and the effects of HBoV1 viral load on the disease in children under six years old hospitalized with a diagnosis of HBoV1-associated lower respiratory tract infections.Methods:Children under six years of age,who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection due to HBoV1 between 1 January 2021 and 1 January 2022 were included in the study.Laboratory confirmation of the respiratory pathogens was performed using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Results:Fifty-four(16.4%)children with HBoV1 among 329 children whose PCR was positive with bacterial/viral agent in nasopharyngeal swab samples were included in the study.There were 28(51.9%)males and 26(48.1%)females with a median age 23.4 months[interquartile range(IQR):13.2,30.0 months](min-max:1 month-68 months).HBoV1 was detected as a monoinfecton in 26(48.1%)children,and as a coinfection with other respiratory agents in 28 children(51.9%).In multiple regression analysis,coinfection(P=0.032)was associated with the length of hospitalization(P<0.001;R^(2)=0.166).There was a negative correlation(r=−0.281,P=0.040)between cough and cycle threshold.Fever was found to be positively correlated with C-reactive protein(r=0.568,P<0.001)and procalcitonin(r=0.472;P=0.001).Conclusions:Although we found a higher HBoV1 viral load in children with more cough symptoms in our study,it had no effect on the severity of the disease,such as length of hospital stay and need for intensive care.Coinfection was found to affect the length of hospitalization.

Association between gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome and respiratory tract infections in children:A prospective cohort study

Objective:To explore the relationship between gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome and the incidence of pneumonia and recurrent respiratory tract infections(RRTIs)in children.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted in the pediatric outpatient department of Beijing Dongfang Hospital.Children without respiratory tract infections(RTIs)were consecutively recruited according to the selection criteria.A semi-structured questionnaire was used to record traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)symptoms and demographic and physiological characteristics.Gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome was considered to be a predisposing factor and was diagnosed according to a scale with reliability and validity.The participants were followed up for 12 months.Participants and their parents or guardians were contacted via clinical interviews and telephone every 6 months.Episodes of pneumonia and RTIs were recorded in detail.Results:A total of 420 children were included.Of participants,370(88.10%)were followed up for 12 months.The mean number of RTI episodes per participant was 5.37(95%CI:5.14 to 5.60).In total,186 participants in the gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome group and 184 participants in the nongastrointestinal heat retention syndrome group completed the 12-month follow-up period.The baseline of both groups was comparable.The incidence of RRTIs in children with gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome was 1.27(95%CI:1.01 to 1.59)times that in children without gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome.Logistic regression analysis revealed that abnormally increased appetite with frequent hunger,foul breath,dry stools,and dark red or purple fingerprints were positively correlated with the incidence of pneumonia.Irascibility and feverish feelings in the palms and soles were positively correlated with the occurrence of RRTI.Conclusions:Gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome is a risk factor for RRTIs in children.Studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up time are warranted to confirm the degree of causal risk associated with RTIs.

Effect of gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome on gut microbiota in children with upper respiratory tract infection and lung-heat syndrome

Objective:Gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome(GHRS)is associated with lung-heat syndrome and is related to recurrent respiratory infection.Upper respiratory tract infection(URTI)lung heat syndrome is common in children.The study will explore the effect of GHRS on the structure and function of gut microbiota in children with URTI lung-heat syndrome.Methods:Participants were divided into both groups using the self-developed URTI scale and the“GHRS Diagnostic Scale$Pediatric Part”:GHRS-positive children(LS group)and GHRS-negative children(L group).General information,clinical symptoms,and stool were collected.We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology to determine the gene sequence of the V3eV4 region in feces and measure the gut microbiota of the both groups at the genus level.Results:A total of 23 children were included in the both groups.There were 12 cases in the LS group and 11 cases in the L group.There was no statistical difference between the both groups in age,gender,height,weight,and body mass index.The effective sequences shared by the both groups accounted for 85.66%of the total.In the gut microbiota,there was no difference in the a diversity and the b diversity between the both groups.Compared with the L group,the LS group had a significant increase in the relative abundance of the Ruminococcus gnavus group,Prevotella-9,Staphylococcus,and Actinomyces(P<.05).The functions of the both groups of microbiota primarily concentrate on metabolism,genetic information processing,and environmental information processing.The relative abundance of signaling molecules and interactions in the LS group were higher than that in the L group(P<.05).The redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that the URTI score had the greatest impact on the distribution of microbiota.Conclusion:GHRS may affect the development of URTI lung-heat syndrome by changing the relative abundances of gut microbiota.

Effect of secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drugs on inflammatory response and immune response in children with upper respiratory tract infection

Objective: To investigate the effect of secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drugs on inflammatory response and immune response in children with upper respiratory tract infection. Methods: A total of 130 children with upper respiratory tract infection who were treated in the hospital between February 2016 and February 2017 were divided into control group and secretory IgA group by random number table method, each group with 65 cases. Control group received routine anti-infectious drug treatment, and secretory IgA group received the secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drug treatment, which lasted for 1 week. The differences in serum levels of routine inflammatory factors, fat inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in serum levels of normal inflammatory factors, fat inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin between the two groups before treatment. After 1 week of treatment, serum conventional inflammatory factors CRP, IL-1 and IL-8 levels of secretory IgA group were lower than those of control group;serum fat inflammatory factors SAA and Chemerin levels were lower than those of control group whereas Leptin level was higher than that of control group;serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgG and IgM contents were higher than those of control group. Conclusion: The secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drugs can effectively inhibit the systemic inflammatory response and enhance the humoral immune response in children with upper respiratory tract infection.

Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children

Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is the most frequent and important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children. It is a seasonal virus, with peak rates of infection occurring annually in the cold season in temperate climates, and in the rainy season, as temperatures fall, in tropical climates. High risk groups for severe RSV disease include infants below six mo of age, premature infants with or without chronic lung disease, infants with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease, infants with immunodeficiency or cystic fibrosis, and infants with neuromuscular diseases. Mortality rates associated with RSV infection are generally low in previous healthy infants(below 1%), but increase significantly in children with underlying chronic conditions and comorbidities. Following early RSV lower respiratory tract infection, some patients experience recurrent episodes of wheezing mimicking early childhood asthma with persistence of lung function abnormalities until adolescence. There is currently no RSV vaccine available, but promising candidate vaccines are in development. Palivizumab, a monoclonal RSV antibody that is the only tool for immunoprophylaxis in high-riskinfants, lowers the burden of RSV infection in certain carefully selected patient groups.

Prescription practice of antihistamines for acute upper respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients in a local emergency department in Hong Kong

BACKGROUND: Currently there is very limited data in the literature assessing the prevalence of antihistamine prescription, and there is no local prevalence data about the prescription of antihistamine agents among primary practitioner and emergency physicians. The objectives are 1) to report the prevalence of antihistamine prescription for children less than 6 years old with acute upper respiratory infection and 2) to explore the associated factors for the prescription practice.METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. All consecutive cases of paediatric patients aged 6 or below who presented to the emergency department during a study period of one week from April 1 to July 4, 2009 with diagnosis of acute upper respiratory infection were included. Totally 162 patients were included.RESULTS: Among the 162 cases, 141(87%) patients were prescribed one antihistamine of any group. Sixty(37%) patients were prescribed two or more antihistamines. In multivariate logistic regression model, age was found to be signi? cantly(P<0.001) associated with multiple antihistamine prescription(OR=1.042, 95%CI=1.02 to 1.06). Years of graduation of attending physician for more than 5 years was also a strong predictor of multiple antihistamine prescription(OR=4.654, 95%CI=2.20 to 9.84, P<0.001).CONCLUSION: In the local emergency department, patients' age and the years of graduation from medical school of the attending physician were predictors of multiple antihistamine prescription for acute upper respiratory infections for children aged less than 6.

Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Characteristics of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children and New Developments in Laboratory Testing

Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in children is the most common infectious disease in childhood, and its pathogens include viruses, bacteria and fungi, mycoplasma, chlamydia and rickettsia. In recent years, with the continuous development of pathogen detection methods, the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections has received more and more clinical attention. The clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics of acute respiratory infections in children and the research of clinical laboratory detection methods have also been continuously developed. The author collected references to review the clinical features and new developments in laboratory testing of acute respiratory tract infection in children.

Association between early viral lower respiratory tract infections and subsequent asthma development

BACKGROUND The association between hospitalization for human respiratory syncytial virus(HRSV)bronchiolitis in early childhood and subsequent asthma is well established.The long-term prognosis for non-bronchiolitis lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI)caused by viruses different from HRSV and rhinovirus,on the other hand,has received less interest.AIM To investigate the relationship between infant LRTI and later asthma and examine the influence of confounding factors.METHODS The PubMed and Global Index Medicus bibliographic databases were used to search for articles published up to October 2021 for this systematic review.We included cohort studies comparing the incidence of asthma between patients with and without LRTI at≤2 years regardless of the virus responsible.The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model.Sources of heterogeneity were assessed by stratified analyses.RESULTS This review included 15 articles(18 unique studies)that met the inclusion criteria.LRTIs at≤2 years were associated with an increased risk of subsequent asthma up to 20 years[odds ratio(OR)=5.0,95%CI:3.3-7.5],with doctor-diagnosed asthma(OR=5.3,95%CI:3.3-8.6),current asthma(OR=5.4,95%CI:2.7-10.6),and current medication for asthma(OR=1.2,95%CI:0.7-3.9).Our overall estimates were not affected by publication bias(P=0.671),but there was significant heterogeneity[I 2=58.8%(30.6-75.5)].Compared to studies with hospitalized controls without LRTI,those with ambulatory controls had a significantly higher strength of association between LRTIs and subsequent asthma.The strength of the association between LRTIs and later asthma varied significantly by country and age at the time of the interview.The sensitivity analyses including only studies with similar proportions of confounding factors(gender,age at LRTI development,age at interview,gestational age,birth weight,weight,height,smoking exposure,crowding,family history of atopy,and family history of asthma)between cases and controls did not alter the overall estimates.CONCLUSION Regardless of the causative virus and confounding factors,viral LRTIs in children<2 years are associated with an increased risk of developing a subsequent asthma.Parents and pediatricians should be informed of this risk.

儿童急性呼吸道感染者PA、PSP、CD64、sCD14-ST的变化及其诊断价值

目的 探讨儿童急性呼吸道感染者血前白蛋白(PA)、血清胰石蛋白(PSP)、免疫球蛋白G Fc段受体I(CD64)、可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型(sCD14-ST)的变化及其临床诊断价值。方法 回顾性选取2019年9月至2023年3月眉山市四所医院收治的498例儿童急性呼吸道感染患儿作为研究组,根据咽拭子细菌培养结果将其分为细菌感染组232例和非细菌感染组266例;另选取同期体检的健康儿童506例作为对照组。检测所有儿童的血清PA、PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数。比较三组儿童的临床资料,同时比较研究组和对照组以及细菌感染组和非细菌感染组患儿的血清PA、PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数;采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析血清PA、PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数单独及联合检测对儿童急性呼吸道感染的诊断价值。结果 研究组患儿的血清PA水平明显低于对照组,而血清PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数则明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌感染组患儿的血清PA水平明显低于非细菌感染组,而血清PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数则明显高于非细菌感染组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);绘制ROC获得血清PA、PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数单独及联合检测诊断儿童急性呼吸道感染患儿的AUC分别为0.885、0.780、0.818、0.848、0.934。其中,联合诊断的AUC高于各项单独检测(P<0.05),且联合检测的敏感度和特异度为89.20%,81.40%,诊断价值均较高。结论 儿童急性呼吸道感染者血清PA水平呈低表达,血清PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数呈高表达;且细菌感染较非细菌感染的儿童急性呼吸道感染患儿血清PA水平降低,而血清PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平和CD64指数则升高;联合检测血清PA、PSP、外周血sCD14-ST水平、CD64指数有助于诊断儿童急性呼吸道感染。

sCD14-ST联合IL-6对细菌性呼吸道感染患儿的诊断价值

目的探讨可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型(sCD14-ST)联合白细胞介素-6(IL-6)对细菌性呼吸道感染患儿的诊断价值。方法选取2021年4月至2022年4月该院收治的55例细菌性呼吸道感染患儿作为观察组,另选取同期在该院健康体检的55例儿童作为对照组。检测并比较两组sCD14-ST、IL-6水平,采用Pearson相关分析细菌性呼吸道感染患儿sCD14-ST水平与IL-6水平的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析儿童发生细菌性呼吸道感染的危险因素,绘制受试者工作特征曲线分析血清sCD14-ST、IL-6对儿童发生细菌性呼吸道感染的诊断价值。结果观察组血清sCD14-ST、IL-6水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,细菌性呼吸道感染患儿血清sCD14-ST水平与IL-6水平呈正相关(r=0.422,P=0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,sCD14-ST>443.82 pg/mL、IL-6>13.75 pg/mL是儿童发生细菌性呼吸道感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。2项指标联合诊断儿童发生细菌性呼吸道感染的曲线下面积为0.887(95%CI:0.741~0.975),灵敏度为90.91%,特异度为80.00%。结论sCD14-ST>443.82 pg/mL、IL-6>13.75 pg/mL是儿童发生细菌性呼吸道感染的独立危险因素,2项指标联合检测能提高对儿童发生细菌性呼吸道感染的诊断价值。

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease is rare in children: An update from Saudi Arabia

AIM To summarize the reported Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus(MERS-Co V) cases, the associated clinical presentations and the outcomes. METHODS We searched the Saudi Ministry of Health website, the World Health Organization website, and the Flutracker website. We also searched MEDLINE and Pub Med for the keywords: Middle East respiratory syndromecoronavirus, MERS-Co V in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in 2012 to 2016. The retrieved articles were also read to further find other articles. Relevant data were placed into an excel sheet and analyzed accordingly. Descriptive analytic statistics were used in the final analysis as deemed necessary.RESULTS From June 2012 to April 19, 2016, there were a total of 31 pediatric MERS-Co V cases. Of these cases 13(42%) were asymptomatic and the male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The mean age of patients was 9.8 ± 5.4 years. Twenty-five(80.6%) of the cases were reported from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The most common source of infection was household contact(10 of 15 with reported source) and 5 patients acquired infection within a health care facility. Using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of pediatric patients revealed that 9 out of 552(1.6%) was positive in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION Utilizing serology for MERS-CoV infection in Jordan andSaudi Arabia did not reveal any positive patients. Thus, the number of the pediatric MERS-CoV is low; the exact reason for the low prevalence of the disease in children is not known.

SAA联合外周血细胞形态学对小儿病毒性呼吸道感染病情诊断的价值

目的 探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A (SAA)联合外周血细胞形态学对小儿病毒性呼吸道感染病情诊断的特异性及敏感性。方法 按照1∶1比例选取2022年8月至2023年8月平顶山市妇幼保健院收治的122例血常规正常小儿病毒性呼吸道感染患儿(病毒组)及122例健康儿童(对照组)进行前瞻性研究,检测并比较两组儿童外周血细胞形态学(核左移、反应性淋巴细胞比例)改变及SAA水平。统计外周血细胞形态学(核左移、反应性淋巴细胞比例)改变及SAA检出血常规正常小儿病毒性呼吸道感染情况,以病原学诊断结果为金标准,分析外周血细胞形态学改变、SAA及联合检测对小儿病毒性呼吸道感染病情诊断的特异性及敏感性。比较不同病情程度患儿外周血细胞形态学改变及SAA水平,应用Spearman分析外周血细胞形态学改变及SAA水平与病情程度相关性。结果 病毒组儿童的核左移数量、反应性淋巴细胞比例及血清SAA分别为(9.54±3.15)个、(5.94±1.87)%、(29.60±9.53) mg/L,明显高于对照组的(2.27±0.66)个、(0.32±0.20)%、(3.60±0.92) mg/L,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);以病原学诊断结果为金标准,外周血细胞形态学改变联合SAA诊断小儿病毒性呼吸道感染的敏感度(98.36%)、特异度(99.18%)、准确率(98.77%)最高,漏诊率(1.64%)最低(P<0.05);重症肺炎儿童的核左移数量、反应性淋巴细胞比例、血清SAA分别为(15.87±5.02)个、(14.26±3.78)%、(47.25±11.33) mg/L,明显高于普通肺炎儿童的(10.61±2.30)个、(5.13±1.54)%、(30.29±8.57) mg/L和上呼吸道感染儿童的(6.09±1.54)个、(6.09±1.54)%、(22.32±4.40) mg/L,而普通肺炎儿童的核左移数量、反应性淋巴细胞比例、血清SAA明显高于上呼吸道感染儿童,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Spearman分析结果显示,核左移数量、反应性淋巴细胞比例、SAA水平与病情程度均呈正相关(r=0.725、0.801、0.820,P<0.05)。结论 小儿病毒性呼吸道感染反应性淋巴细胞比例及血清SAA增高,核左移明显,在血常规检测不能反映临床表现的情况下,联合外周血细胞形态学改变、SAA可为临床诊断提供可靠的感染证据及病原学信息,从而指导临床做出正确的治疗决策方案。

血清IL-6、PCT、SAA、NF-кB水平对儿童细菌性和病毒性呼吸道感染的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素原(PCT)、淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、核因子κB(NF-κB)水平对儿童细菌性和病毒性呼吸道感染的鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2022年4月至2023年4月该院诊治的110例呼吸道感染患儿的临床资料,根据病原学检查结果将其分为细菌感染组43例和病毒感染组67例。比较两组基线资料及用药前血清IL-6、PCT、SAA、NF-кB水平。以细菌感染为阳性绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析血清IL-6、PCT、SAA、NF-кB水平单独及联合检测对儿童细菌性、病毒性呼吸道感染的鉴别诊断价值。结果:两组性别、年龄、体质量指数、扁桃体周围及咽后壁脓肿情况等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。细菌感染组血清IL-6、PCT、SAA水平均高于病毒感染组,血清NF-кB水平低于病毒感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清IL-6、PCT、SAA、NF-кB水平单项检测鉴别呼吸道感染类型的曲线下面积(AUC)均>0.7,有一定诊断价值,联合检测的AUC为0.970,大于各指标单项检测,诊断价值较高。结论:血清IL-6、PCT、SAA、NF-кB水平均与呼吸道感染患儿病原类型关系密切,各指标联合检测在鉴别细菌性和病毒性呼吸道感染中的应用价值高于单项指标检测。

CRP、SAA、IL-6、PCT及WBC在儿童上呼吸道感染及消化道感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的研究CRP、SAA、IL-6、PCT及WBC在儿童上呼吸道感染及消化道感染性疾病中的水平及其临床价值。方法选取2020年1月至2021年3月甘肃省人民医院门诊就诊的患儿,其中242例急性上呼吸道感染患儿、163例小儿肺炎、121例小儿肠炎、194例正常儿童,收集所有患儿及正常儿童的血常规资料,同时检测其CRP、SAA、IL-6、PCT水平;Spearman分析3组受试儿童各变量之间的相关性;绘制ROC曲线分析CRP、SAA、IL-6、PCT、WBC单独及联合检测对诊断急性上呼吸道感染、小儿肺炎及小儿肠炎的灵敏度和特异性。结果在3组感染性疾病中各炎性指标水平均高于正常儿童;Spearman相关分析结果显示,3组儿童感染性疾病中CRP、SAA、IL-6、PCT、WBC两两之间均存在相关性,高水平的WBC、CRP、IL-6可能进一步导致SAA的增高;ROC曲线分析CRP、SAA、IL-6、PCT和WBC在儿童急性上呼吸道感染组的灵敏度和特异性,其中SAA的AUC最高,5项联合检测可进一步提高诊断的灵敏度和特异性。小儿肺炎组中SAA的AUC最高,5项联合检测提高其诊断的灵敏度。小儿肠炎中5项联合检测可提高诊断的特异性。结论急性上呼吸道感染、小儿肠炎、小儿肺炎患儿CRP、SAA、IL-6、WBC、PCT表达均增高,且各炎性指标之间存在相关性,高水平的CRP、IL-6、WBC可进一步导致SAA的增高。CRP、SAA、IL-6、WBC、PCT 5项联合检测可提高小儿急性上呼吸道感染、小儿肠炎灵敏度和特异性,为临床早期诊断提供帮助。

Alterations of intestinal flora and the effects of probiotics in children with recurrent respiratory tract infection

Background Recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) is a disease occurred frequently in preschool children.Methods A total of 120 RRTI children were randomly divided into active group,remission group,intervention group and control group,meanwhile 30 healthy children were selected as the healthy group.Children in the intervention group were given oral Bifidobaeterium tetravaccine tablets (Live) for 2 months,while the control group received routine treatment.Stool sample were detected to analyze the bacterial strains.The occurrence of respiratory tract infection (RTI) was compared between different groups during 1 year follow-up.Results Compared with the healthy group,the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the active group,remission group,intervention group and control group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05).The number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intervention group was significantly higher compared to other RRTI groups (P < 0.05).During the follow-up period,the average annual frequency of different acute RTI and use of antibiotics were significantly reduced (P < 0.05),the average duration of cough,fever and use of antibiotics at each episode were also significantly shortened (P < 0.05) in the intervention group compared to the control group.Conclusions Children with RRTI are susceptible to intestinal flora imbalance.Oral probiotics can effectively improve the RRTI intestinal microecological balance in children and reduce the frequency of RTI.

Human adenovirus(HAdV)infection in children with acute respiratory tract infections in Guangzhou,China,2010–2021:a molecular epidemiology study

Background Human adenovirus(HAdV)infection can cause a variety of diseases.It is a major pathogen of pediatric acute respiratory tract infections(ARIs)and can be life-threatening in younger children.We described the epidemiology and subtypes shifting of HAdV among children with ARI in Guangzhou,China.Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 161,079 children diagnosed with acute respiratory illness at the Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center between 2010 and 2021.HAdV specimens were detected by real-time PCR and the hexon gene was used for phylogenetic analysis.Results Before the COVID-19 outbreak in Guangzhou,the annual frequency of adenovirus infection detected during this period ranged from 3.92%to 13.58%,with an epidemic peak every four to fve years.HAdV demonstrated a clear seasonal distribution,with the lowest positivity in March and peaking during summer(July or August)every year.A signifcant increase in HAdV cases was recorded for 2018 and 2019,which coincided with a shift in the dominant HAdV subtype from HAdV-3 to HAdV-7.The latter was associated with a more severe disease compared to HAdV-3.The average mortality proportion for children infected with HAdV from 2016 to 2019 was 0.38%but increased to 20%in severe cases.After COVID-19 emerged,HAdV cases dropped to 2.68%,suggesting that non-pharmaceutical interventions probably reduced the transmission of HAdV in the community.Conclusion Our study provides the foundation for the understanding of the epidemiology of HAdV and its associated risks in children in Southern China.

Clinical practices s of Traditional Chinese Medicine for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children

OBJECTIVE:To develop Clinical practice s of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) for acute upper respiratory tract infection(AURI) in children;TCM is usedalone or administered together with antibiotics.METHODS:Under the guidance of evidence-based medicine concept,in strict accordance with the rules of international s development,as well as on the basis of evidence of clinical research of TCM,the s solicited opinions from clinical experts and methodologists in TCM and Western Medicine.GRADE standard was applied to form experts' consensus.RESULTS:The s standardized classification of TCM patterns and TCM treatments in children with AURI,including prescription,Chinese patent medicine,non-drug treatment and prevention.CONCLUSION:Follows the principle of "evidence based,consensus supplemented,and experience referred",these s were formulated,but the quality of evidence of included studies were relatively low.Further refinement of the s should be needed as deeper clinical studies as available in future.

海南省2012-2021年儿童RSV急性呼吸道感染流行病学特征分析

目的分析海南省儿童呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)急性呼吸道感染(ARTI)的流行病学特征,为预防和诊治儿童RSV感染提供参考。方法收集2012年3月至2021年12月于海南省多家医院住院治疗的59312例ARTI患儿的临床资料,对RSV感染病例的流行病学和临床资料进行回顾性分析。采用间接免疫荧光法检测血清中RSV、肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、肺炎衣原体、腺病毒、Q热立克次体、副流感病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒等九项呼吸道病原体IgM抗体。结果59312例ARTI患儿的RSV-IgM阳性率为2.07%(1226/59312)。2016—2018年RSV-IgM阳性率呈上升趋势,并在2017年、2018年达到高值,分别为4.46%、5.20%,随后呈下降趋势。男性ARTI患儿的RSV-IgM阳性率显著高于女性(2.21%vs 1.82%;χ^(2)=10.714,P<0.001)。夏季ARTI患儿RSV-IgM阳性率最高(2.59%),秋季最低(1.70%)。1226例RSV-IgM阳性患儿中,单纯RSV-IgM阳性485例(39.56%),混合感染741例(60.44%)。其中合并1种其他病原体感染505例(41.19%),合并2种其他病原体感染191例(15.58%),合并3种其他病原体感染45例(3.67%)。对于RSV-IgM阳性患儿,以临床诊断为肺炎的占比最高,以咳嗽为最常见的临床症状。混合感染患儿发热的发生率高于单一RSV感染者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论海南省2012—2021年住院ARTI患儿RSV-IgM总阳性率为2.07%。RSV感染以夏季发病率最高,秋季发病率最低。各年龄段均有RSV感染发生,其中婴儿期RSV感染率最高,学龄期最低。男性RSV感染率高于女性。RSV感染常合并1种病原体感染,多为肺炎支原体。RSV感染临床症状主要为咳嗽、发热、鼻塞、流涕、喘息和气促。

血清PA、SAA、IL-6检测在小儿急性上呼吸道感染诊断中的应用

目的 分析血清前白蛋白(PA)、淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)联合白介素(IL-6)检测在小儿急性上呼吸道感染诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2020年3月至2023年1月成都市龙泉驿区第一人民医院收治的急性上呼吸道感染患儿98例(观察组)作为研究对象,选取同期进行健康体检的70名儿童为对照组。对比两组研究对象以及观察组不同病情严重程度血清PA、SAA、IL-6水平的差异,采用Logistic回归分析影响小儿急性上呼吸道感染发生的危险因素,绘制ROC曲线分析血清PA、SAA及IL-6单独检测及联合检测小儿急性上呼吸道感染的诊断效果。结果 观察组SAA、IL-6水平均高于对照组,PA水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不同病情严重程度血清PA水平:轻度>中度>重度,血清SAA水平:重度>中度>轻度,血清IL-6水平:重度>中度>轻度,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析发现,血清PA、SAA及IL-6为影响小儿急性上呼吸道感染发生的独立影响因素(P<0.05);血清PA、SAA、IL-6联合检测的AUC为0.827,高于血清PA、SAA、IL-6单独检测(P<0.05)。结论 小儿急性上呼吸道感染患儿血清PA、SAA及IL-6水平均处于异常状态,监测上述指标有助于为临床小儿急性上呼吸道感染早期诊断、治疗提供有效的依据。