Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Aged 0 - 5 Years in the Yénawa District of Cotonou (Benin) in 2023

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections remain one of the main causes of mortality in children aged 0 to 5. This work aimed to study the associated factors with the occurrence of acute respiratory infections in children 0 to 5 years old in Yénawa, Cotonou in 2023. Subjects and Method: It was an analytical cross-sectional study of children aged 0 - 5 years and their mothers in Yénawa, selected by four-degree random sampling. The sampling size, calculated using the Schwartz formula, was 126 children and 126 mothers. The dependent variable was the occurrence of acute respiratory infections. The independent variables were classified into four groups: socio-demographic and economic characteristics, behavioral factors, child-related factors, and environmental factors. Data collected by observation and questionnaire survey were analyzed using STATA version 15 software. Associated factors were investigated by bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression, at the 5% significance level. Results: A total of 126 children aged 0 - 5 years and 126 mothers were surveyed, aged 23.5 (11 - 36) months and 30 (18 - 48) years respectively. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections was 74.60% (CI95% = 66.89 to 82.30). The associated factors were the mother’s age between 18 and 28 (OR = 10.77;CI95% = 1.89 to 61.27;p = 0.007), the use of charcoal/wood for cooking (OR = 7.36;IC = 1.99 to 27.10;p = 0.003)), children's poor personal hygiene (OR = 8.87;IC = 2.92 to 26.97;p 0.001)), and cohabitation with domestic animals (OR = 7.27;IC = 1.67 to 31.71;p = 0.015). Conclusion: Communicating with mothers about the factors identified will help reduce the prevalence of acute respiratory infections in children aged 0 to 5.

Risk Factors for Geo-Helminthiasis in Children Aged 6 - 36 Months in a Rural Health District in Cameroon

Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.

Prevalence and Years Lived with Disability for Dental Caries among Children Aged 0-14 Years in China, 1990-2016

The estimate of dental caries among Chinese children at the microscale level using standard methodology remains unclear. In this study, we assessed and analyzed the disease burden of childhood dental caries in China by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 （GBD 2016）. In 2016, the number of cases, prevalence, years lived with disability （YLD）, and age-standardized YLD rate of dental caries was 93.0 million, 43.0%, 32,200 person years, and 14.8 per 100,000, respectively. Across 33 provincial units, the disease burden was highest in Hubei （YLD rate 28.6 per 100,000）, lowest in Macao （9.1 per 100,000）, while geographical clustering was not observed. Compared with 1990, the prevalence in 2016 decreased from 46.8% to 43.0%, and the YLD rate decreased from 16.5 per 100,000 to 14.8 per 100,000. Given the slight decrease in dental caries burden, the prevalence and disease burden remained high among Chinese children. Strategies for addressing the spatial inequity of childhood dental caries require geographical targeting.

The overview of the language acquisition for Chinese city children aged 0-3 years

This paper examines the language development of Chinese children aged 0-3years in city family. About baby＇s language development by the time stages accordingly. Paying special attention to the efforts for the parents or caregivers. Infants receive more talking education and speak earlier. Most parents can hardly wait for their baby to say its first word and communicate with their baby. From about 2 years old, the child should be able to use simple phrases, retell simple story and even to sing song. Parents play an important role in this stage. By the 3 years children begin to use most of function words rather than omit them. And acquisition for the second language will help children＇s language development. The children have a gift for learning language.

Factors Influencing Preventive Behaviors of Mothers for Diarrhea in Children Aged 1-5 Years in Buol District, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the factors related with mothers＇ behaviors in preventing diarrhea in children aged 1-5 years inBuol District. This was a cross-sectional survey design with health belief model as the conceptual framework. A total of 300mothers were selected by using purposive sampling method based on criteria. Mothers were interviewed by using astructured questionnaire during October to November 2015. A chi-square （X^2） test was used to determine a significantassociation between independent variables and dependent variable. The finding showed that 68.3% of mothers hadgood behaviors in preventing diarrhea. The factors significantly related to mothers＇ behaviors included perceivedsusceptibility to diarrhea, perceived severity of diarrhea, perceived benefits of diarrhea prevention behaviors, and perceivedbarriers of diarrhea prevention behaviors CP 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, and p 〈 .01 respectively）. Further, mothers had highperception to comply with diarrhea prevention behaviors. Those who perceived that diarrhea prevention behaviors werehighly beneficial to their children had good behaviors in preventing diarrhea. However, taking certain actions must considernegative aspects.

National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0–17 Years of Age in China

The main purpose of the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children 0-17 years of age in China(CNHSC)was to collect basic data on the nutrition,development,and health status for children in different regions across China using evidence-based,reliable,and cost-effective approaches.Children and their parents or guardians from seven regions(south,southwest,north,northwest,eastern,central,and northeast China)in China were recruited.A multi-stage stratified randomized sampling method was used.Two provinces were randomly sampled from each of the seven regions,from which one urban district and one rural country were also randomly sampled,resulting in a total of 28 survey counties/districts.Dietary surveys,health examinations,laboratory testing,and questionnaires were used to collect dietary intake,nutritional status,child development,and health status information.Nutrition,health,and lifestyle assessment of children and their parents was determined using the Knowledge Attitude Practice(KAP)survey.Greater than 100,000 children(38,000 children<6 years of age and 66,000 children6-17 years of age)completed the survey.The survey provided comprehensive data on child nutrition and health status for future studies and will serve as the basis for an integrated nutrition and health improvement strategies proposal for children in China.

某地2022年0~6岁儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种情况的卫生统计分析

目的调查分析莱阳市2022年0~6岁儿童的国家免疫规划疫苗接种情况。方法应用分层抽样法,调查2022年莱阳市下辖5个街道、13个镇中630名0~6岁儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种情况。结果莱阳市630名0~6岁儿童基础免疫接种情况中,乙肝疫苗、脊灰疫苗、百白破疫苗接种率均>90.00%,卡介疫苗、麻风疫苗、麻腮风疫苗、白破疫苗接种率分别为99.05%、96.03%、97.30%、97.62%,均>95.00%,其中卡介疫苗接种率最高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);莱阳市630名0~6岁儿童扩大免疫接种情况中,A群流脑疫苗、A+C群流脑疫苗、乙脑减毒活疫苗第1针接种率分别为97.14%、97.50%、97.14%,均>95.00%;后续接种率均>95.00%;甲肝减毒活疫苗接种率为95.83%。结论莱阳市2022年0~6岁儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种情况良好,其接种率均>90.00%,乙肝疫苗、脊灰疫苗、百白破疫苗等需多次接种疫苗,第1针接种率均>95.00%,且后续接种率仍均>95.00%,接种率高,但为进一步提升疫苗接种率,建议加强相关宣教,提升该地区儿童健康生长发育质量。

2013—2022年新疆克拉玛依市0~6岁儿童保健及健康状况分析

目的对2013—2022年新疆克拉玛依市0~6岁儿童保健和健康状况进行分析,为促进克拉玛依市儿童保健管理工作提供参考依据。方法对2013—2022年新疆克拉玛依市0~6岁儿童保健和健康情况年报表相关指标进行分析,采用χ2检验对5岁以下儿童、婴儿及新生儿死亡率、6个月以内婴儿母乳喂养率、纯母乳喂养率、0~6岁儿童健康管理率、3岁以下儿童系统管理率、新生儿访视率、5岁以下儿童营养情况等指标分别进行单因素分析。结果2013—2022年新疆克拉玛依市5岁以下儿童、婴儿及新生儿死亡率均逐年降低,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)_(趋势)=36.656、χ^(2)_(趋势)=32.463、χ^(2)_(趋势)=38.033,均P<0.001)。0~6岁儿童健康管理率时有波动,2020年最低(95.41%)。3岁以下儿童系统管理率、新生儿访视率、6个月以内婴儿母乳喂养率和纯母乳喂养率均逐年上升,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)_(趋势)=1179.752、χ^(2)_(趋势)=172.109、χ^(2)_(趋势)=709.559、χ^(2)_(趋势)=1731.738,均P<0.001)。5岁以下儿童超重、肥胖发生率逐年上升,2022年超重率最高(20.86%),2021年肥胖率最高(7.74%)。5岁以下儿童贫血患病率自2019年开始逐步下降,但白碱滩区和乌尔禾区的儿童贫血患病率仍然较高,达到了17.70%和15.64%。结论2013—2022年新疆克拉玛依市0~6岁儿童保健和健康状况良好,但超重、肥胖率较高,需要政府、家庭、医疗机构、学校、社会共同配合,有效预防和减少儿童超重和肥胖的发生。针对克拉玛依市部分地区应进一步分析贫血患病的危险因素,有针对性地开展防治工作。

0~6岁儿童生长发育状况及家庭因素对儿童生长发育的影响

目的:调查0~6岁儿童生长发育状况,并分析家庭因素对其生长发育的影响.方法:选取2021年1月至2022年12月于本院儿童保健科建档的0~6岁儿童200例作为研究对象.收集儿童的基本资料和家庭信息,采用Z评分分析法评估儿童生长发育状况,利用有序多分类Logistic回归法分析家庭因素对儿童生长发育的影响.结果:200例儿童的年龄别身高Z评分(HAZ)结果显示,矮身材为27例,高身材为19例;年龄别体重Z评分(WAZ)结果显示,体重过轻为22例,体重过重为18例.Logistic回归分析显示,家庭年收入、照护人营养知识评分越高,其儿童具有更高的HAZ、WAZ等级.结论:本研究纳入的0~6岁儿童总体生长发育情况良好,但仍存在一定的矮小率和肥胖率,家庭经济状况和照护人营养知识是影响儿童生长发育的重要因素,应对其引起重视.

北京市0-6岁智力低下儿童的病因及相关致病因素分析

【目的】了解北京市0～6岁智力低下（mental retardation．MR）儿童病因构成特点及相关致病因素，为政府相关部门制定政策提供科学依据。【方法】采用概率比例、二阶段分层整群抽样方法进行横断面调查及病例对照研究。使用丹佛发育筛查测验及Gesell发育诊断量表分别进行智力筛查和诊断。【结果】①本次共调查0～6岁儿童28738人，智力残疾现患率为9．31‰。②北京市0～6岁智力低下儿童主要致病原因以围产因素、社会心理因素为主；按病因的作用时间分析．出生前因素占首位；农村的社会文化心理因素所致MR比例远远高于城市。③性别为男性、母亲的文化水平低、母亲生育年龄偏高、近亲结婚、居住在城市是儿童智力低下发生的重要影响因素；母孕期受一定的精神刺激，家族中有五类残疾、出生窒息、出生低体重、在婴幼儿期患过与脑发育有关的疾病是智力低下发生的生物相关致病因素。【结论】儿童智力低下的预防应以围生期因素、社会文化因素为主。防治重点应在农村。

松滋市0～6岁儿童血清25-羟基维生素D水平调查

目的调查及评价松滋市0~6岁儿童体内维生素D水平,为该地区制定预防儿童维生素D缺乏的措施提供参考。方法选取2016-2017年于湖北省某医院出生以及接受体检的189名0~6岁儿童作为研究对象,检测其血清中25-羟基维生素D水平,同时采用半定量食物频率问卷对研究对象30d内的饮食情况进行调查。结果研究对象血清25-羟基维生素D水平为(16.13±7.69)ng/mL,其中25-羟基维生素D营养状况为严重缺乏的有25例(13.22%),缺乏的有60例(31.75%),不足的有45例(23.81%),正常的有59例(31.22%)。年龄<1岁的研究对象25-羟基维生素D营养状况为严重缺乏的人数比例为13.64%,1~<2岁的研究对象25-羟基维生素D营养状况为严重缺乏的人数比例为14.00%,2~6岁的研究对象25-羟基维生素D营养状况为严重缺乏的人数比例为10.34%。年龄<1岁的研究对象维生素D补充剂添加率为90.91%,高于1~<2岁研究对象的68.00%及2~6岁研究对象的41.38%(P<0.05)。此外,年龄<1岁、1~<2岁及2~6岁的研究对象其膳食维生素D摄入量与儿童维生素D推荐摄入量的比值≤40%的人数比例分别为6.36%,10.00%及13.79%。结论松滋市0~6岁儿童维生素D水平较低,维生素D缺乏普遍。建议对该地区维生素D缺乏的儿童进行膳食干预。此外,加大在学校开展维生素D等营养素相关知识的健康宣教力度,增加学生的户外活动,以降低该地区儿童的维生素D缺乏率。

从儿童发展心理学视角谈如何为0-6岁幼儿挑选图画书

公共图书馆肩负着为儿童提供书籍和服务的使命,图画书则是0-6岁儿童最适合的读物。本文从儿童发展心理学视角出发,把0-6岁儿童细分为0-1岁婴儿期,1-3岁幼儿期,3-6岁学龄前期。根据皮亚杰的认知发展理论和埃里克森的人格发展理论,分别介绍了各个阶段儿童的认知和社会化发展特点,同时结合优秀图画书的必备要素,论述如何依据儿童的心理发展特点为其选择合适的图画书。

2001年-2014年海口市0岁～6岁儿童铅中毒情况统计分析

目的：分析0岁～6岁儿童铅中毒情况，描述其分布特征。方法通过计算机检索2001年—2014年公开发表的关于海口儿童血铅水平和（或）铅中毒率研究的论文，按年份分类整理。按照纳入标准，入选文献有4篇：2001年1篇、2006年1篇、2007年1篇、2010年1篇、2011年1篇。结果2001、2006、2007、2010年海口市0岁~6岁儿童标准铅中毒率分别是：27.80%，8.72%，8.13%，1.11%，0岁~6岁儿童铅中毒率随年份增加而逐渐降低；0岁~1岁组儿童平均铅中毒率为6.16%，1岁~3岁组儿童平均铅中毒率为8.18%，3岁~6岁组儿童的铅中毒率为11.36%。不同年龄组儿童铅中毒率存在明显差别，高年龄组铅中毒率大于低年龄组；不同性别间，男性儿童平均铅中毒率为10.06%，女性儿童的铅中毒率为6.09%，男性铅中毒率高于女性，存在明显差异。结论2001年—2014年海口0岁~6岁儿童的铅中毒率总体上呈降低趋势；并且随着年龄的增加而升高；同时，儿童铅中毒率存在性别差异，男性儿童高于女性儿童。预防儿童铅中毒仍然是我国今后应当重视的医学问题和社会问题。

我国0~6岁儿童照养人对儿童健康关注情况调查

研究目的:了解我国0~6岁儿童的照养人对儿童健康话题的关注,为针对养育需求开展儿童保健服务提供依据。研究方法:在8个省妇幼保健机构的儿童早期发展基地中开展,对接受儿童保健服务的4232名0~6岁儿童的照养人采用自拟问卷进行调查。研究结果:0~6岁儿童的照养人对儿童健康主题的关注度依次排名前5位的是营养喂养(79.3%)、免疫接种(58.8%)、心理健康(58.5%)、疾病预防(54.2%)和日常护理(52.1%)。照养人对营养喂养、免疫接种和疾病预防等的关注度在各年龄组中都较高,但随儿童增长至一定年龄而呈降低趋势;对心理健康、肥胖、安全技能、儿童忽视/虐待的关注度随儿童年龄增加而呈增长趋势。此外,大多数儿童健康主题的关注度存在地区差异,并受照养人文化程度等的影响。研究结论:照养人对儿童健康主题的关注受到儿童个体、照养人自身和环境因素的多重影响,提升公众认知、加强重点人群支持,有利于促进儿童健康知识的普及,达到促进儿童健康发展的目的。

Epidemio-Clinical Profile and Factors Associated with Performance Indicators of Integrated Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 6 - 59 Months Hospitalized at the Kalaban Coro Reference Health Center

Introduction: Malnutrition is an important reason for consultation in Mali’s health facilities and remains a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemioclinical profile and associated factors with performance indicators of integrated management of severe acute malnutrition in children aged 06 to 59 months. Methodology: this was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection (January 2021 to December 2022). All children hospitalized for severe acute malnutrition in the pediatric department and whose medical records were usable were included. Data collected using a standardized questionnaire was analyzed with SPSS Version 20 software. Results: A total of 534 children were included. The 12 to 23 months age group (49.1%) and the female sex (53.18%) were the most affected. Fully vaccinated children by age represented 49.4%. The predominant form of malnutrition was marasmus (77.7%). Diarrhea/vomiting (30.3%), fever (18.4%) and cough (15.5%) were the main reasons for consultations. Cure, discontinuation and death rates were 78.5%, 2.1% and 9.2%, respectively. On univariate analysis, the factors statistically associated with performance indicators (cure, drop-out, death) were gastroenteritis (P-value Conclusion: This study reveals that the frequency of severe acute malnutrition remains high at the Kalaban Coro reference health center. Better prevention of illnesses such as malaria, gastroenteritis, and respiratory infections, as well as timely referral, could help facilitate its management.

临沂市区0-6岁儿童血铅水平调查

【目的】了解临沂市区0～6岁儿童血铅水平及铅中毒流行状况，为制定防止环境铅污染。保护儿童健康政策提供科学依据。【方法】在严格质量控制下．应用原子吸收光谱法对临沂市区2670名0～6岁儿煮进行血铅含量检测并统计分析。【结果】2670名0～6岁儿童血铅水平均值为0．344μmol／L。其中，血铅含量≥0．483μmol／L者387例．铅中毒检出率为14．5％。不同性别间儿童血铅水平均值和铅中毒率差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）；随着年龄增加。0～岁组、1～岁组、2～岁组血铅水平均值有逐渐增高趋势，而2～岁组、3～岁组、4～岁组随着年龄增加叉表现出血铅水平均值略有下降趋势。【结论】临沂市区0～6岁儿童血铅水平较高，铅中毒流行状况不容乐观，应引起儿童家长乃至全体市民的高度重视。

2010-2015年务川自治县0～6岁学龄前儿童传染病发病情况分析

目的为了解务川自治县0~6岁学龄前儿童传染病发病情况,掌握发病规律,为预防和控制0~6岁学龄前儿童传染病的发生和流行提供科学依据。方法从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中导出务川自治县2010-2015年所有传染病个案信息资料,针对年龄为0~6岁年龄组的个案信息采用描述流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果务川自治县2010-2015年0~6岁学龄前儿童共计发生传染病2 148例,年均报告发病率为1 000.03/10万,年报告发病率在391.68/10万~1 624.50/10万之间,发病数逐年增多,散居儿童发病比托幼儿童高,年龄发病以1岁组儿童发病为最高(31.61%),男性发病多于女性,以夏季为发病高峰,占总病例数的37.80%。结论手足口病、水痘、其他感染性腹泻是危害儿童身体健康和生命安全的重点传染病,1岁组、2岁组散居儿童是0~6岁学龄前儿童传染病的高发年龄,以夏、冬两个季节发病为主,提示要加大健康教育宣传和二类疫苗接种力度,预防和控制0~6岁学龄前儿童传染病的发生。

如东县0~6岁儿童营养性疾病调查分析

目的调查和分析如东县0~6岁儿童营养性疾病情况。方法选取2018年1月至2021年12月在如东县接受健康管理服务的儿童,分析2018—2021年0~6岁儿童营养性疾病的发病趋势及肥胖分布状况。结果2018—2021年0~6岁儿童蛋白质-能量营养不良(低体重、生长迟缓、消瘦)、营养性缺铁性轻/中度贫血、维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的发病率呈逐年下降趋势;肥胖的发病率呈逐年上升趋势(P<0.05)。2018—2021年0~2岁儿童肥胖发病率均低于3~6岁儿童(P<0.05)。2018—2021年3~6岁儿童肥胖发病率呈逐年上升趋势(P<0.05)。结论0~6岁儿童肥胖的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,应针对致病因素加强对儿童肥胖的防控。

Evaluation of the Integrated Management Program for Acute Malnutrition in the Douentza Health District, Mopti Region, Mali

Introduction: Malnutrition is a major public health problem in Mali, despite the efforts of the government, its technical and financial partners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrated management program for acute malnutrition (IMPAM). Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that took place from January to December 2020 in the Douentza health district. The study included anyone with at least one malnourished child aged 6 to 59 months in their care who agreed to take part in the study, community health center staff who had given their consent, and the URENI manager at the Douentza reference health center. Data collected via questionnaires were entered into Excel and then analyzed using Epi-Info version 7 software. Results: A total of 138 acutely malnourished children aged 6 - 59 months, including 71 girls (51.45%), 138 accompanying mothers and 11 health workers, were included in our case study. Among the malnourished, 54.34% were in the 12 - 23 months age group and 69.57% had the severe form. 93% of the mothers interviewed were satisfied with the care provided, and all the health staff interviewed stated that community conflicts had an impact on IMPAM’s activities. Cure rates were 81% in Moderate Outpatient Nutritional Recovery and Education Unit (URENAM), 84% in Severe Ambulatory Nutritional Recovery and Education Unit (URENAS) and 92% in Recovery and Intensive Nutritional Education Unit (URENI). Drop-out rates were 19% in URENAM, 16% in URENAS and 0% in URENI. The death rate was 8% in URENI and 0% in URENAM and URENAS. Conclusion: This study confirms the high prevalence of malnutrition in the district (10.54%). It also reveals that factors such as inter-community conflict and insecurity have seriously affected the IMPAM program.

豫西地区0～6岁儿童血铅水平及影响因素的流行病学研究

【目的】 了解豫西地区 0～ 6岁儿童血铅水平现状及影响因素。 【方法】 血铅测定采用末梢血纸片法 ,并进行问卷调查。 【结果】 5 85名儿童血铅水平均数为 0 .42 5 μmol/L ,高于目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒诊断标准≥ 0 .483 μmol/L的比例是 3 1.96%,儿童血铅水平存在显著的地域差异 ,黄金开采区最高 ,近郊城区最低 ,两地区均数分别为 0 .5 3 6μmol/L和 0 .3 19μmol/L。儿童每日在马路上时间长 ,经常啃手指、吃皮蛋及爆米花 ,经常饮用罐头饮料等是儿童血铅水平升高的主要危险因素。 【结论】 目前豫西地区儿童血铅水平较高 。